Ardiaei

<h2 id="name">Name</h2>
<h3>Attestation</h3>
The Ardiaei are attested since the 3rd century BC. They often appear in ancient accounts describing the <a href="/facts/Illyrian_Wars/D3BhX1Az">Illyrian Wars</a> and <a href="/facts/Macedonian_Wars/WwIlGCou">Macedonian Wars</a>. Their name was written in <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> as Ἀρδιαῖοι, Ardiaioi, or Οὐαρδαῖοι, Ouardaioi, and in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> as Vardiaei or Vardaei.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>Etymology</h3>
The tribal name Ardiaei may be related to the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> ardea meaning "<a href="/facts/Heron/4G5a0YFP">heron</a>", a symbol of <a href="/facts/Illyrian_religion/mjJ2VrER">animal totemism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="location">Location</h2>

Accounts in ancient sources create much confusion about the original location of the Ardiaei.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Up to the 4th century BC, the Ardiaei were not a coastal people, as they were described by later Roman historiography from the mid-3rd century BC onwards. Their inland location in older times can be inferred by the cause of war between them and the Autariatae – a long-running conflict over the possession of salt sources near their common border. If they had inhabited the Adriatic coastal area, they would not have had such a pronounced need to undertake a dangerous war because of the mountain salt springs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
The arrival of the Ardiaei on the coast must have occurred at some time after the mid-4th century BC, as the <a href="/facts/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Skylax/Fkbr4h6d">Periplus of Pseudo-Skylax</a> dating back to that time does not mention this Illyrian tribe at all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> At that time the lower course of the <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Naro river</a> was inhabited by the Manioi, while the middle course was likely inhabited by the Ardiaei. The territory of the Ardiaei and Autariatae must have met somewhere along the upper Naro valley near the 'Great Lake', which was attested in the Periplus and has been identified with <a href="/facts/Hutovo_Blato/7W6YNIEa">Hutovo Blato</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The Autariatae most likely inhabited the other side of the lake. During the 2nd century BC the Manioi disappeared from historical sources, being replaced in some of their former regions by the Ardiaei and Daorsi, while some of the earlier Autariatan territories were inhabited by the <a href="/facts/Narensii/ye8IHuSt">Narensii</a>. Their tribal name indicates that Narensii certainly inhabited some of the areas along the Naron river, and that they probably appeared in historical sources after the disintegration of the coalition that was dominated by the Autariatae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
In the 3rd century BC, the Ardiaei attained political importance and conquered territories from the Autariatae until they acquired control of the entire Adriatic coast, from the region of the Daorsi at the mouth of the Naro river down to <a href="/facts/Labeatae/Jf4kyU4X">Labeatae</a> around <a href="/facts/Lake_Skadar/snSfjqIw">Lake Scodra</a>. It is possible that at that time their capital was in Rhizon in present-day Montenegro.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> In Roman times the Ardiaei were attested in the area of southern Illyria that was centered around the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Kotor/w53nWLzR">Bay of Kotor</a>, with Rhizon as a capital city, expanding from the <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Naro river</a> in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> along the Adriatic coast southwards to <a href="/facts/Scodra/Qufrkj6s">Scodra</a> (another capital of the Illyrian kingdom) in present-day 
Albania, as well as to the broad region of <a href="/facts/Lissus_(Illyria)/EzfryNvX">Lissus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

Ardiaei and other Illyrian tribes were protecting their homelands and resisting to the Romans expansion in Adriatic, so the Romans campaigned against them in the <a href="/facts/Illyrian_Wars/D3BhX1Az">Illyrian Wars</a>. They were viewed as fierce warriors by the <a href="/facts/Greeks/wXwd2xlb">Greeks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In earlier times the Ardiaei fueded with the <a href="/facts/Autariatae/yGvCdQKx">Autariatae</a> over a salt source near a shared border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
The Ardiaei briefly attained military might in 230 B.C. under the reign of king <a href="/facts/Agron_of_Illyria/22cfMsW8">Agron</a> (an Ardiaean by tribal origin). His widow, <a href="/facts/Queen_Teuta/dHMdSztX">Queen Teuta</a>, attempted to gain a foothold in the Adriatic but failed due to Roman intervention. Historic accounts hold that King Agron was hired<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> by King <a href="/facts/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus/LXTg3L5x">Demetrius II</a> to repel the invasion of Macedonia by the invading Aetolians. The Ardiaei had 20 decuriae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
The ancient geographer <a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a> listed the Ardiaei as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples – the other two being the Autariatae and the <a href="/facts/Dardani/WIVfS8lM">Dardani</a>. <a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a> writes;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> 

<blockquote>“Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans.”</blockquote>
King Agron, son of Pleuratus who belonged to the ruling house of the Ardiaei, disposed of the most powerful forces, both by land and sea, of any of the kings who had reigned in Illyria before him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
<a href="/facts/Theopompus/uwtkztk8">Theopompus</a> in the second book of his Philippics (History of <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Macedon/8xV3hI8V">Philip II of Macedon</a>) write that Ardiaei had 300,000 slaves, who were called Prospelatae, and they were like the <a href="/facts/Helots/QmRgUbwn">Helots</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h2 id="ardiaean-dynasty">Ardiaean dynasty</h2>
The following list reports the members of the Ardiaean dynasty documented as such in ancient sources or coinage:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Pleuratus_II/AQX4SMCN">Pleuratus</a> (fl. c. 280 BC): father of Agron;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ballaios/lDFzw9t4">Ballaios</a> (fl. c. 260–230 BC): attested only from silver and bronze coinage, found abundantly along both coasts of the <a href="/facts/Adriatic/v5I5Jl3f">Adriatic</a>;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Agron_of_Illyria/22cfMsW8">Agron</a> (– 231 BC): son of <a href="/facts/Pleuratus_II/AQX4SMCN">Pleuratus</a>; married <a href="/facts/Triteuta/Te1vUwqS">Triteuta</a> with whom he had <a href="/facts/Pinnes/I462xmTf">Pinnes</a>; he then divorced his first wife and married <a href="/facts/Teuta/dHMdSztX">Teuta</a>;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Teuta/dHMdSztX">Teuta</a> (231 – 228): married Agron and was queen regent for Pinnes after Agron's death;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Demetrius_of_Pharos/PB8dlEdu">Demetrius</a> (fl. c. 228 – 219 BC): married Triteuta and was king regent for Pinnes after Teuta's abdication;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pinnes/I462xmTf">Pinnes</a> (220 – after 217): son of Agron and Triteuta.</li></ul>
The branch of <a href="/facts/Scerdilaidas/GmISBqCy">Scerdilaidas</a>, and his successors <a href="/facts/Pleuratus_III/NzTao4RV">Pleuratus III</a> and <a href="/facts/Gentius/0J5FsdgQ">Gentius</a>, is generally considered a <a href="/facts/Labeatae/Jf4kyU4X">Labeatan</a> dynasty, that emerged after the fall of <a href="/facts/Agron_of_Illyria/22cfMsW8">Agron</a> and <a href="/facts/Teuta/dHMdSztX">Teuta</a> in the <a href="/facts/First_Illyrian_War/D3BhX1Az">First Roman–Illyrian War</a>. Indeed, the Illyrian king Gentius is also attested as reigning among the Labeatae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> It is possible that the decline of the Ardiaean dynasty after Queen Teuta's defeat in the <a href="/facts/First_Illyrian_War/D3BhX1Az">First Illyrian War</a> against <a href="/facts/Roman_Republic/Han0FRLT">Rome</a> caused the emergence of the Labeatan dynasty on the political scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes/nRUFM0vL">List of Illyrian peoples and tribes</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li>Bearzot, Cinzia (2004). "Celti in Illiria. A proposito del frg. 40 di Teopompo". In Urso, Gianpaolo (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCNpAAAAMAAJ">Dall'Adriatico al Danubio: l'Illirico nell'età greca e romana : atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25-27 settembre 2003</a>. I convegni della Fondazione Niccolò Canussio (in Italian). ETS. pp. 63–78. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 884671069X.</li>
<li>Dyczek, Piotr (2019). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/41420545">"Illyrian King Ballaios, King Agron and Queen Teuta from ancient Rhizon"</a>. ANODOS Studies of the Ancient World (13/2013). Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozofcká fakulta: 195–202. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1338-5410">1338-5410</a>.</li>
<li>Dyczek, Piotr (2020). "Rhizon – capital of the Illyrian kingdom – some remarks". In Krzysztof Jakubiak; Adam Lajtar (eds.). Ex Oriente Lux. Studies in Honour of Jolanta Młynarczyk. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 423–433.</li>
<li>Dzino, Danijel (2005). "Late Republican Illyrian Policy of Rome 167-60 BC: the Bifocal Approach". In C. Deroux (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoJfAAAAMAAJ">Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History</a>. Vol. 12. Latomus. pp. 48–73. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9782870312285.</li>
<li>Dzino, Danijel (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC">Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-19419-8.</li>
<li>Dzino, Danijel (2014). <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2014_num_40_2_3944">"'Illyrians' in ancient ethnographic discourse"</a>. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 40 (2): 45–65. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fdha.402.0045">10.3917/dha.402.0045</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_Elsie/NHDAz0yE">Elsie, Robert</a> (2015). <a href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A2015EarlyHistoryAlbania.pdf">"The Early History of Albania"</a> (PDF). Keeping an Eye on the Albanians: Selected Writings in the Field of Albanian Studies. Vol. 16. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-5141-5726-8.</li>
<li>Ferone, Claudio (2004). "Appiano, "Illyr." 3 e la pirateria illirica nel IV sec.A.C." [Appian, "Illyr." 3 and the Illyrian piracy in the 4th century BC]. Hermes (in Italian). 132 (3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 326–337. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477612">4477612</a>.</li>
<li>Hammond, N. G. L. (1982). "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia". In John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC">The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.</a> Vol. III (part 3) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0521234476.</li>
<li>Hammond, N. G. L. (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC">"Illyrians and North-west Greeks"</a>. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC. Cambridge University Press: 422–443. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521233484.017">10.1017/CHOL9780521233484.017</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521233484.</li>
<li>Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). <a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document">Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C</a> (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie).</li>
<li>Katičić, Radoslav (1976). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a29JAAAAYAAJ">Ancient Languages of the Balkans</a>. Mouton. p. 158.</li>
<li>Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0N9SEAAAQBAJ">Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache</a>. Kohlhammer Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783170377103.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Salmedin_Mesihovi%25C4%2587/GHYqP7Un">Mesihović, Salmedin</a> (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cK83AwAAQBAJ">ΙΛΛΥΡΙΚΗ (Ilirike)</a> (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9958-0311-0-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Salmedin_Mesihovi%25C4%2587/GHYqP7Un">Mesihović, Salmedin</a>; Šačić, Amra (2015). Historija Ilira [History of Illyrians] (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu [University of Sarajevo]. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9958-600-65-4.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fanula_Papazoglu/fxQAbFgU">Papazoglu, Fanula</a> (1978). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians</a>. Amsterdam: Hakkert. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789025607937.</li>
<li>Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ">Appian and Illyricum</a>. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-961-6169-36-3.</li>
<li>Severyn Bernolak; Vladoila Kolarić (1912). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=feRKmQEACAAJ">Iz povjesti Bosne i Hercegovine: Ardijejci</a>. vlast. nakl.</li>
<li>Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2007). "The Illyrian King Ballaeus – Some Historical Aspects". In Berranger, Danièle; Centre de recherches sur les civilisations antiques (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kFU6h77ssC">Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: Mélanges offerts au Professeur Pierre Cabanes</a>. Presses Universitaire Blaise Pascal. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-84516-351-5.</li>
<li>Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2013). <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376">"The 'great lake' and the Autariatai in Pseudo-Skylax"</a>. Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité. 125 (1): 247–257. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fmefra.1376">10.4000/mefra.1376</a>.</li>
<li>Shehi, Eduard (2023). "Archaic, Classical, and Roman Pottery". In Galaty, Michael L.; Bejko, Lorenc (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ_UEAAAQBAJ">Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume Two: Artifacts and Artifact Analysis</a>. Memoirs Series. Vol. 64. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781951538699.</li>
<li>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1974). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ">The Illyrians: history and culture</a> (1977 ed.). Noyes Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0815550525.</li>
<li>Vickers, Miranda (1999). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC">The Albanians: a modern history</a>. New York: <a href="/facts/I._B._Tauris/ByRmsQ1N">I. B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-86064-541-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/J._J._Wilkes/DUKcrTuE">Wilkes, John J.</a> (1992). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19807-5.</li>
<li>Waterfield, Robin (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pm_eAgAAQBAJ">Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-166414-4.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Their name was written in Ancient Greek as Ἀρδιαῖοι, Ardiaioi, or Οὐαρδαῖοι, Ouardaioi, and in Latin as Vardiaei or Vardaei.[1] <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Croatian Encyclopedia, "...retreating before the Celts after 300 BC, they occupied the coastal belt from today's Makarska littoral to Pelješac..." <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/ardijejci" target="_blank">https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/ardijejci</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Šašel Kos 2005, p. 320: "The Ardiaei were certainly also settled in the hinterland, along the Naro River at least as far as the Konjic region..." - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. ISBN 978-961-6169-36-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Wilkes 1992, p. 188: "probably the result of pressure from new Illyrian groups, including the Ardiaei and Delmatae, moving towards the Adriatic..." - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Vickers 1999, p. 2. - Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: a modern history. New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Dyczek 2020, pp. 423–433. - Dyczek, Piotr (2020). "Rhizon – capital of the Illyrian kingdom – some remarks". In Krzysztof Jakubiak; Adam Lajtar (eds.). Ex Oriente Lux. Studies in Honour of Jolanta Młynarczyk. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 423–433. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Wilkes 1992, pp. 156–157: "Agron, son of Pleuratus belonged to the ruling house of the Ardiaei. 'Agron was king of that part of Illyrian which borders Adriatic sea, over which Pyrrhus and his successors had held sway. In turn he captured part of Epirus and also Corcyra, Epidamnus and Pharos in succession, and established garrisons in them'(Appian Illyrike 7). The new power disposed of the most powerful force, both by land and sea, of any of the kings who had reigned in Illyria before him', we are informed by Polybius (2.2)" - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Shehi 2023, pp. 183–184. - Shehi, Eduard (2023). "Archaic, Classical, and Roman Pottery". In Galaty, Michael L.; Bejko, Lorenc (eds.). Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume Two: Artifacts and Artifact Analysis. Memoirs Series. Vol. 64. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9781951538699. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ_UEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ_UEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Plb. 2.11, "The Romans, taking the Epidamnians under their protection, advanced into the interior of Illyricum, subduing the Ardiaei as they went." <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234:book=2:chapter=11&highlight=ardiaeiardiaeiardiaei" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234:book=2:chapter=11&highlight=ardiaeiardiaeiardiaei</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">vardaei-geo <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=vardaei-geo&highlight=ardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaei" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=vardaei-geo&highlight=ardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaeiardiaei</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Dzino 2010, p. 64. - Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19419-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Wilkes 1992, p. 139: "... describes a long-running feud between the Autariatae and the Ardiaei over the possession of a salt-source near their common border ..." p. 223: "The salt source that was a cause of conflict between the Illyrian Ardiaei and Autariatae may be that at Orahovica in the upper Neretva valley near Konjic." - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">App. Ill. 1, "In like manner the Ardiæi, who were distinguished for their maritime power, were finally destroyed by the Autarienses, whose land forces were stronger, but whom they had often defeated." <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0230:text=Ill.:chapter=1&highlight=ardiaeiardiaei" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0230:text=Ill.:chapter=1&highlight=ardiaeiardiaei</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Wilkes 1992, p. 216: "The Ardiaei, or Vardaei as they were known to the Romans, 'once the ravagers of Italy' and now reduced to a mere." - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Elsie 2015, p. 2: "Their name may be related to the heron (Lat. ardea) as a totem symbol." - Elsie, Robert (2015). "The Early History of Albania" (PDF). Keeping an Eye on the Albanians: Selected Writings in the Field of Albanian Studies. Vol. 16. ISBN 978-1-5141-5726-8. <a href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A2015EarlyHistoryAlbania.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A2015EarlyHistoryAlbania.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Dzino 2010, p. 46. - Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19419-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Mesihović 2014, p. 94 - Mesihović, Salmedin (2014). ΙΛΛΥΡΙΚΗ (Ilirike) (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu. ISBN 978-9958-0311-0-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cK83AwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cK83AwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Šašel Kos 2013, p. 250. - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2013). "The 'great lake' and the Autariatai in Pseudo-Skylax". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité. 125 (1): 247–257. doi:10.4000/mefra.1376. <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376" target="_blank">https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Šašel Kos 2013, p. 255. - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2013). "The 'great lake' and the Autariatai in Pseudo-Skylax". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité. 125 (1): 247–257. doi:10.4000/mefra.1376. <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376" target="_blank">https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Šašel Kos 2013, p. 253. - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2013). "The 'great lake' and the Autariatai in Pseudo-Skylax". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité. 125 (1): 247–257. doi:10.4000/mefra.1376. <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376" target="_blank">https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Jaupaj 2019, p. 68. - Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie). <a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document" target="_blank">https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Šašel Kos 2005, p. 320. - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. ISBN 978-961-6169-36-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Dzino 2005, p. 58. - Dzino, Danijel (2005). "Late Republican Illyrian Policy of Rome 167-60 BC: the Bifocal Approach". In C. Deroux (ed.). Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. Vol. 12. Latomus. pp. 48–73. ISBN 9782870312285. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoJfAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yoJfAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Šašel Kos 2013, p. 250. - Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2013). "The 'great lake' and the Autariatai in Pseudo-Skylax". Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité. 125 (1): 247–257. doi:10.4000/mefra.1376. <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376" target="_blank">https://journals.openedition.org/mefra/1376</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Vickers 1999, p. 2. - Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: a modern history. New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Dyczek 2020, pp. 423–433. - Dyczek, Piotr (2020). "Rhizon – capital of the Illyrian kingdom – some remarks". In Krzysztof Jakubiak; Adam Lajtar (eds.). Ex Oriente Lux. Studies in Honour of Jolanta Młynarczyk. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 423–433. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Jaupaj 2019, pp. 67–68. - Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie). <a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document" target="_blank">https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Wilkes 1992, p. 221: "To the Greek world the Illyrians appeared heavy drinkers, from the drinking bouts of the Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women, who had also participated, to the overindulgence of their kings ..." - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Wilkes 1992, p. 139: "... describes a long-running feud between the Autariatae and the Ardiaei over the possession of a salt-source near their common border ..." p. 223: "The salt source that was a cause of conflict between the Illyrian Ardiaei and Autariatae may be that at Orahovica in the upper Neretva valley near Konjic." - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 7, Part 1, by Frank William Walbank, 1984, ISBN 0-521-23445-X, page 452 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">A group of ten men. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Strab. 7.5 <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=5&highlight=ardiaei" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=5&highlight=ardiaei</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Wilkes 1992, pp. 156–157: "Agron, son of Pleuratus belonged to the ruling house of the Ardiaei. 'Agron was king of that part of Illyrian which borders Adriatic sea, over which Pyrrhus and his successors had held sway. In turn he captured part of Epirus and also Corcyra, Epidamnus and Pharos in succession, and established garrisons in them'(Appian Illyrike 7). The new power disposed of the most powerful force, both by land and sea, of any of the kings who had reigned in Illyria before him', we are informed by Polybius (2.2)" - Wilkes, John J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Shehi 2023, pp. 183–184. - Shehi, Eduard (2023). "Archaic, Classical, and Roman Pottery". In Galaty, Michael L.; Bejko, Lorenc (eds.). Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume Two: Artifacts and Artifact Analysis. Memoirs Series. Vol. 64. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9781951538699. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ_UEAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ_UEAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), pelatae <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=pelatae-cn" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=pelatae-cn</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, 6.101 <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2013.01.0001%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D101" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2013.01.0001%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D101</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Dzino 2010, p. xvii; Dzino 2014, p. 57; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 49; Šašel Kos 2007, p. 133; Dyczek 2019, pp. 198, 200. - Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19419-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Dzino 2010, p. xvii; Dzino 2014, p. 57; Waterfield 2014, p. 57; Šašel Kos 2007, p. 137. - Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19419-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7vvjB_DKQNIC</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Jaupaj 2019, p. 69. - Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie). <a href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document" target="_blank">https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02493973/document</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Ardiaei open-in-new

Ardiaei