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Hybrid swarm
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>In plants, it is possible for a hybrid swarm to form between <a href="/facts/Self-pollination/zvnJrYSx">self-pollinating</a> and outcrossing species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> One such example is hybridization between the self-pollinating wood aven and the mostly outcrossing water aven in the UK.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In one study of a young hybrid swarm of these two species, the population was found to be composed of the parent species, F1 generation offspring, and backcrosses with the water aven, but no backcrosses with the wood aven and no F2 generation, which would result from self-pollinating F1s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Hybrid swarms can also form between domestic and wild species, with one study proposing that wild rice is a hybrid swarm that has genetically mixed with domesticated rice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="invasive-species">Invasive species</h2> <p>Hybrid swarms can pose a significant threat to an ecosystem when they involve <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a>, as invasive hybrids are frequently able to easily outcompete native species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> As with other hybrid swarms, the hybrid genotypes may be more or less fit than the parent genotypes. In the event of a particular hybrid genotype having the greatest fitness, not only the native parent species, but also the exotic parent species may be outcompeted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> On the other hand, if there is not one dominant genotype but rather trade-offs between different hybrid genotypes, a high degree of variability will occur between the hybrids, native species, and exotic species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>One example of an invasive hybrid swarm occurs among shiners in the upper <a href="/facts/Coosa_River/wmXxsszG">Coosa River</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> A hybrid swarm was formed between the <a href="/facts/Blacktail_shiner/EwqGTNu7">blacktail shiner</a>, a species native to the river, and the <a href="/facts/Red_shiner/mv3qM7WD">red shiner</a>, an invasive species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The population has expanded its range over time, moving both downstream and upstream while the proportion of hybrid individuals in the system is increasing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In addition, the size of the hybrid swarm has experienced a great degree of flux, experiencing alternating growth and decline over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hybrid_speciation/IFIlTCmm">Hybrid speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hybrid_zone/4udhBVhc">Hybrid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Introgression/8M4m4cae">Introgression</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Cockayne, L.; Allan, H.H. (1926). "The Naming of Wild Hybrid Swarms". Nature. 118 (2974): 623–624. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..623C. doi:10.1038/118623a0. S2CID 4125412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kalinowski, S T; Powell, J H (March 2015). "A parameter to quantify the degree of genetic mixing among individuals in hybrid populations". Heredity. 114 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.93. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 4815573. PMID 25388141. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815573" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815573</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ward, Jessica L; Blum, Mike J; Walters, David M; Porter, Brady A; Burkhead, Noel; Freeman, Byron (June 2012). "Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 5 (4): 380–392. Bibcode:2012EvApp...5..380W. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00249.x. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3353357. PMID 25568058. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ward, Jessica L; Blum, Mike J; Walters, David M; Porter, Brady A; Burkhead, Noel; Freeman, Byron (June 2012). "Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 5 (4): 380–392. Bibcode:2012EvApp...5..380W. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00249.x. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3353357. PMID 25568058. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ward, Jessica L; Blum, Mike J; Walters, David M; Porter, Brady A; Burkhead, Noel; Freeman, Byron (June 2012). "Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 5 (4): 380–392. Bibcode:2012EvApp...5..380W. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00249.x. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3353357. PMID 25568058. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Li, Yue; Tada, Fumito; Yamashiro, Tadashi; Maki, Masayuki (2016-01-22). "Long-term persisting hybrid swarm and geographic difference in hybridization pattern: genetic consequences of secondary contact between two Vincetoxicum species (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 20. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...20L. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0587-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4724111. PMID 26801608. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Hybrid Zones". www.els.net. Retrieved 2017-12-01. <a href="http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0001752.html" target="_blank">http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0001752.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Li, Yue; Tada, Fumito; Yamashiro, Tadashi; Maki, Masayuki (2016-01-22). "Long-term persisting hybrid swarm and geographic difference in hybridization pattern: genetic consequences of secondary contact between two Vincetoxicum species (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 20. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...20L. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0587-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4724111. PMID 26801608. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Li, Yue; Tada, Fumito; Yamashiro, Tadashi; Maki, Masayuki (2016-01-22). "Long-term persisting hybrid swarm and geographic difference in hybridization pattern: genetic consequences of secondary contact between two Vincetoxicum species (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 20. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...20L. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0587-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4724111. PMID 26801608. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724111</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Harrison, Richard G.; Larson, Erica L. (2014-01-01). "Hybridization, Introgression, and the Nature of Species Boundaries". Journal of Heredity. 105 (S1): 795–809. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu033. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 25149255. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/S1/795/2961884/Hybridization-Introgression-and-the-Nature-of" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/S1/795/2961884/Hybridization-Introgression-and-the-Nature-of</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Harrison, Richard G.; Larson, Erica L. (2014-01-01). "Hybridization, Introgression, and the Nature of Species Boundaries". Journal of Heredity. 105 (S1): 795–809. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu033. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 25149255. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/S1/795/2961884/Hybridization-Introgression-and-the-Nature-of" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/S1/795/2961884/Hybridization-Introgression-and-the-Nature-of</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Twyford, A. D.; Ennos, R. A. (2011-09-07). "Next-generation hybridization and introgression". Heredity. 108 (3): 179–189. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.68. PMC 3282392. PMID 21897439. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282392" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282392</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ruhsam, M; Hollingsworth, P M; Ennos, R A (September 2011). "Early evolution in a hybrid swarm between outcrossing and selfing lineages in Geum". Heredity. 107 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.9. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3183954. PMID 21448227. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ruhsam, M; Hollingsworth, P M; Ennos, R A (September 2011). "Early evolution in a hybrid swarm between outcrossing and selfing lineages in Geum". Heredity. 107 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.9. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3183954. PMID 21448227. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ruhsam, M; Hollingsworth, P M; Ennos, R A (September 2011). "Early evolution in a hybrid swarm between outcrossing and selfing lineages in Geum". Heredity. 107 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.9. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3183954. PMID 21448227. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183954</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Wang, Hongru; Vieira, Filipe G.; Crawford, Jacob E.; Chu, Chengcai; Nielsen, Rasmus (2017-04-06). "Asian wild rice is a hybrid swarm with extensive gene flow and feralization from domesticated rice". Genome Research. 27 (6): 1029–1038. doi:10.1101/gr.204800.116. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 5453317. PMID 28385712. <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2017/04/06/gr.204800.116" target="_blank">http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2017/04/06/gr.204800.116</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hall, Richard J; Hastings, Alan; Ayres, Debra R (2006-06-07). "Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1385–1389. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3473. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560304. PMID 16777727. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Hall, Richard J; Hastings, Alan; Ayres, Debra R (2006-06-07). "Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1385–1389. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3473. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560304. PMID 16777727. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hall, Richard J; Hastings, Alan; Ayres, Debra R (2006-06-07). "Explaining the explosion: modelling hybrid invasions". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1385–1389. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3473. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1560304. PMID 16777727. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J. (2016-04-27). "Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (6): 741–755. Bibcode:2016EvApp...9..741G. doi:10.1111/eva.12371. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 4908461. PMID 27330551. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J. (2016-04-27). "Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (6): 741–755. Bibcode:2016EvApp...9..741G. doi:10.1111/eva.12371. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 4908461. PMID 27330551. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J. (2016-04-27). "Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (6): 741–755. Bibcode:2016EvApp...9..741G. doi:10.1111/eva.12371. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 4908461. PMID 27330551. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J. (2016-04-27). "Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (6): 741–755. Bibcode:2016EvApp...9..741G. doi:10.1111/eva.12371. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 4908461. PMID 27330551. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>