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<h2 id="mortality-salience">Mortality salience</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Mortality_salience/t2WqgoJ0">Mortality salience</a>, <a href="/facts/Memento_mori/735Lkfdk">Memento mori</a>, and <a href="/facts/Terror_management_theory/SKGqIgzS">Terror management theory</a></p> <p>Seneca's <i>Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium</i> advise <a href="/facts/Lucilius_Junior/bQ1Cyfw1">Lucilius Junior</a> to meditate on death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Later, <a href="/facts/Epictetus/2m4qPoew">Epictetus</a> was reported by his students in his <i><a href="/facts/Discourses_of_Epictetus/GhwK1UFJ">Discourses</a></i> to advise reminding oneself of the impermanent nature of things and the mortality of living beings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Memento_mori/735Lkfdk">Memento mori</a></i> (Latin 'remember death'), or contemplation of death, is considered by the Stoics to be one form of negative visualization, since it trains the practitioner of the inevitability of death, whether that of the practitioner, of one's loved ones, or of everyone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Defensive_pessimism/j1RJ6QDn">Defensive pessimism</a></li></ul> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (1607). Ad Lucilium epistolarum liber M. Antonii notis, Ferdinandi Pinciani castigationibus, Erasmi Roterodami annotationibus, Joannis Obsopoei collectaneis, Jani Gruteri et Fr. Jureti animadversionibus illustratus (in Latin). Foillet. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Delbrun, Pierre (1675). Le grand dictionaire royal du P. Pierre Delbrun de la Compagnie de Iesus. Pour composer avec pureté, elegance et facilité de françois en latin: ... Enrichi d'vn seconde dictionaire, pour composer aisement & exactement de latin en grec. Avec vn traité des accents, des esprits & de la syntaxe grecque: \1! (in French). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgLHqfZBcwAC&q=%22Futurorum+malorum+pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PA686" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VgLHqfZBcwAC&q=%22Futurorum+malorum+pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PA686</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cicero, Tusculan Disputations Book III, Chapters XIII and XV <a href="/wiki/Cicero" target="_blank">/wiki/Cicero</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (1607). Ad Lucilium epistolarum liber M. Antonii notis, Ferdinandi Pinciani castigationibus, Erasmi Roterodami annotationibus, Joannis Obsopoei collectaneis, Jani Gruteri et Fr. Jureti animadversionibus illustratus (in Latin). Foillet. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Foucault, Michel (1999). Religion and Culture. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719054679. <a href="978-0719054679" target="_blank">978-0719054679</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Foucault, Michel; Lotringer, Sylvère (1997). The Politics of Truth. Semiotext(e). ISBN 978-1570270277. <a href="978-1570270277" target="_blank">978-1570270277</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Law, Stephen (2019). What Am I Doing with My Life?: And other late night internet searches answered by the great philosophers. Random House. ISBN 978-1473567931. <a href="978-1473567931" target="_blank">978-1473567931</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Irvine, William B. (2008). A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199705566. <a href="978-0199705566" target="_blank">978-0199705566</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Tenumah, Amas (2019). Joyful Stoic. Bien Publishing. ISBN 978-0578221540. <a href="978-0578221540" target="_blank">978-0578221540</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Pigliucci, Massimo; Lopez, Gregory (2019). A Handbook for New Stoics: How to Thrive in a World Out of Your Control – 52 Week-by-Week Lessons. The Experiment. ISBN 978-1615195343. <a href="978-1615195343" target="_blank">978-1615195343</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Auslegung. University of Kansas. 2001. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw8EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw8EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Pigliucci, Massimo (2017). How to Be a Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465097968. <a href="978-0465097968" target="_blank">978-0465097968</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Law, Stephen (2019). What Am I Doing with My Life?: And other late night internet searches answered by the great philosophers. Random House. ISBN 978-1473567931. <a href="978-1473567931" target="_blank">978-1473567931</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Tenumah, Amas (2019). Joyful Stoic. Bien Publishing. ISBN 978-0578221540. <a href="978-0578221540" target="_blank">978-0578221540</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Williams, James W. (18 June 2020). Stoicism: The Timeless Wisdom to Living a Good life – Develop Grit, Build Confidence, and Find Inner Peace. SD Publishing LLC. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXsDwAAQBAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22&pg=PA96" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXsDwAAQBAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22&pg=PA96</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Pigliucci, Massimo; Lopez, Gregory (2019). A Handbook for New Stoics: How to Thrive in a World Out of Your Control – 52 Week-by-Week Lessons. The Experiment. ISBN 978-1615195343. <a href="978-1615195343" target="_blank">978-1615195343</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Holiday, Ryan (2014). The Obstacle Is the Way: The Timeless Art of Turning Trials into Triumph. Penguin. ISBN 978-1101620595. <a href="978-1101620595" target="_blank">978-1101620595</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Randolph, Keith (1984). Creative Visualization. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0875423531. <a href="978-0875423531" target="_blank">978-0875423531</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Masterson, John T.; Beebe, Steven A.; Watson, Norman H. (1989). Invitation to Effective Speech Communication. Scott, Foresman. ISBN 978-0673185655. <a href="978-0673185655" target="_blank">978-0673185655</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Mason, L. John (1986). Guide to Stress Reduction. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0890874523. <a href="978-0890874523" target="_blank">978-0890874523</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Sellnow, Deanna D. (2002). Public Speaking: A Process Approach. Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 978-0155075573. <a href="978-0155075573" target="_blank">978-0155075573</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>McCroskey, James C. (2001). An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0205317226. <a href="978-0205317226" target="_blank">978-0205317226</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Germanson, Susan R. (2001). Ouch! Life Can Hurt, But Healing Is Your Choice. Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0533134816. <a href="978-0533134816" target="_blank">978-0533134816</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Makay, John J. (2000). Public Speaking: Theory Into Practice. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0757517464. <a href="978-0757517464" target="_blank">978-0757517464</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Pigliucci, Massimo (2017). How to Be a Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465097968. <a href="978-0465097968" target="_blank">978-0465097968</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>O'Connell, Samantha S. (2010). Challenging the Taboo of Negative Thinking: Positive Effects of Negative Visualization for Defensively Pessimistic Athletes. Suffolk University. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7kBaAEACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=F7kBaAEACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>PhD, Roland A. Carlstedt (2012). Evidence-Based Applied Sport Psychology: A Practitioner's Manual. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0826105530. <a href="978-0826105530" target="_blank">978-0826105530</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Dern, Nate (2017). Not Quite a Genius. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1501122224. <a href="978-1501122224" target="_blank">978-1501122224</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Green, Alexander (2011). Beyond Wealth: The Road Map to a Rich Life. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118078341. <a href="978-1118078341" target="_blank">978-1118078341</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Irvine, William B. (2008). A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199705566. <a href="978-0199705566" target="_blank">978-0199705566</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Williams, James W. (18 June 2020). Stoicism: The Timeless Wisdom to Living a Good life – Develop Grit, Build Confidence, and Find Inner Peace. SD Publishing LLC. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXsDwAAQBAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22&pg=PA96" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXsDwAAQBAJ&q=%22premeditatio+malorum%22&pg=PA96</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Aurelius, Marcus. "Meditations" – via Wikisource. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_-_His_Meditations_concerning_himselfe" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_-_His_Meditations_concerning_himselfe</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (1607). Ad Lucilium epistolarum liber M. Antonii notis, Ferdinandi Pinciani castigationibus, Erasmi Roterodami annotationibus, Joannis Obsopoei collectaneis, Jani Gruteri et Fr. Jureti animadversionibus illustratus (in Latin). Foillet. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=s4pXAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Futurorum%20malorum%20pr%C3%A6meditatio%22&pg=PT25</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Seneca. Moral letters to Lucilius (Epistulae morales ad Lucilium). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Epictetus. Epictetus, the Discourses as reported by Arrian, the Manual, and Fragments. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epictetus,_the_Discourses_as_reported_by_Arrian,_the_Manual,_and_Fragments" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epictetus,_the_Discourses_as_reported_by_Arrian,_the_Manual,_and_Fragments</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Robertson, Donald (2018). The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Stoic Philosophy as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0429907517. <a href="978-0429907517" target="_blank">978-0429907517</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Press, Stoic Lifestyle (2019). Memento Mori: A Stoic Journal and Stoicism Notebook. Independently Published. ISBN 978-1671198500. <a href="978-1671198500" target="_blank">978-1671198500</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>