Pepper Martin

<h2 id="baseball-career">Baseball career</h2>
<h3>Early career</h3>
Born in Temple, Oklahoma, Martin moved to <a href="/facts/Oklahoma_City/o7P8l8Cd">Oklahoma City</a> with his parents at the age of six where he grew up playing baseball.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> He began his <a href="/facts/Professional_baseball/2QUeNUQL">professional baseball</a> career at the age of 19 when he signed to play as a <a href="/facts/Shortstop/Rs9uGnr9">shortstop</a> in the <a href="/facts/Oklahoma_State_League/NAGoDMny">Oklahoma State League</a> for a team in Guthrie, Oklahoma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> When the league folded in 1924, his contract was sold to the <a href="/facts/Greenville_Hunters/ezRHXvwp">Greenville Hunters</a> of the <a href="/facts/East_Texas_League/4IF8nDSB">East Texas League</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In 1925, he posted a .340 batting average in 98 games for the Hunters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> and his contract was acquired by the <a href="/facts/St._Louis_Cardinals/rPQxQGwq">St. Louis Cardinals</a> to play for their <a href="/facts/Western_Association/CKVLLE9L">Western Association</a> affiliate, the <a href="/facts/Fort_Smith_Twins/LAe42grg">Fort Smith Twins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> He continued to post batting averages above the .300 mark. In 1927, Martin hit for a .306 average in 147 games with the <a href="/facts/Houston_Buffaloes/nJ0jpy22">Houston Buffaloes</a>, earning him a promotion to the major leagues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
After spending five years in the <a href="/facts/Minor_League_Baseball/7vFxYneR">minor leagues</a>, Martin made his major league debut with the Cardinals on April 16, <a href="/facts/1928_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/HEue8UCd">1928</a> at the age of 24.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> He posted a .308 batting average in 39 games as a <a href="/facts/Utility_player/vj5tcvNs">utility player</a>, helping the Cardinals win the National League pennant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Martin made one appearance as a <a href="/facts/Pinch_runner/9xav4vPd">pinch runner</a> in the <a href="/facts/1928_World_Series/eFj7WFVB">1928 World Series</a>, when the Cardinals lost in four straight games to the <a href="/facts/1928_New_York_Yankees_season/HSUuj4rI">New York Yankees</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Despite his respectable batting average, Martin was sent back to the Houston Buffaloes in January 1929 where he hit for a .298 batting average.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The following season, he was promoted to the <a href="/facts/Rochester_Red_Wings/FunXvMQm">Rochester Red Wings</a> where his offensive statistics improved with 20 <a href="/facts/Home_run/op1enhjP">home runs</a>, a .363 batting average and a .631 <a href="/facts/Slugging_percentage/HXoEoT1I">slugging percentage</a>, helping the Red Wings win the 1930 <a href="/facts/International_League/EmQGk2vA">International League</a> title.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The Red Wings then defeated the <a href="/facts/Louisville_Colonels_(minor_league_baseball)/EwDXXgYQ">Louisville Colonels</a> of the <a href="/facts/American_Association_(20th_century)/N3VAwRcz">American Association</a> to win the <a href="/facts/Junior_World_Series/nVwot4tE">Junior World Series</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Martin's performance earned him a return to the major leagues with the Cardinals in <a href="/facts/1931_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/UxdnqCcC">1931</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> When veteran <a href="/facts/Center_fielder/CR5X3lhP">center fielder</a> <a href="/facts/Taylor_Douthit/z1oWofLo">Taylor Douthit</a> went into a hitting slump, Martin replaced him and played well enough that Cardinals' president, <a href="/facts/Branch_Rickey/kdNjpr1U">Branch Rickey</a>, traded Douthit to the <a href="/facts/Cincinnati_Reds/dXCFjCGI">Cincinnati Reds</a> in June.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Martin impressed observers with his hustle in the outfield as well as on the base paths where he often slid into bases head-first.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> He ended the year with a .300 batting average along with seven home runs and 75 <a href="/facts/Runs_batted_in/nMKo0RLc">runs batted in</a> to help the Cardinals clinch the 1931 National League <a href="/facts/Pennant_(sports)/711k18lS">pennant</a> by 13 games over the <a href="/facts/1931_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season/g92mfbK4">New York Giants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h3>World Series star</h3>
The <a href="/facts/1931_World_Series/U0z3Qovv">1931 World Series</a> was a rematch of the previous year's participants, pitting the Cardinals against the <a href="/facts/1931_Philadelphia_Athletics_season/M2MwBlf2">Philadelphia Athletics</a>. Led by <a href="/facts/Connie_Mack/cGFYETXM">Connie Mack</a>, the Athletics had won the previous two World Series and were heavily favored to win for a third consecutive year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> They featured a lineup that included five future <a href="/facts/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame/S6us3Lke">National Baseball Hall of Fame</a> members in <a href="/facts/Mickey_Cochrane/lJfTQc4k">Mickey Cochrane</a>, <a href="/facts/Jimmie_Foxx/FGuMlHw9">Jimmie Foxx</a>, <a href="/facts/Lefty_Grove/00WEgAtb">Lefty Grove</a>, <a href="/facts/Waite_Hoyt/B6YnVUK3">Waite Hoyt</a> and <a href="/facts/Al_Simmons/VAKSqvem">Al Simmons</a>.
In Game 1 held at <a href="/facts/Sportsman%27s_Park/720crLl1">Sportsman's Park</a> in St. Louis, Martin had three hits, including a <a href="/facts/Double_(baseball)/2qzxaDuM">double</a>, a <a href="/facts/Stolen_base/rcmWuNn6">stolen base</a> and drove in one run in a 6–2 loss to the ace of the Athletics staff, 31-game winning pitcher Lefty Grove.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Martin proved to be the difference in Game 2 in what was otherwise a tight pitching duel between <a href="/facts/Bill_Hallahan/WCJJov5R">Bill Hallahan</a> of the Cardinals and <a href="/facts/George_Earnshaw/3VfEzSHl">George Earnshaw</a> for the Athletics. He scored the first <a href="/facts/Run_(baseball)/IP2KJrgQ">run</a> of the game in the second <a href="/facts/Inning/QINt6SBV">inning</a> by stretching a <a href="/facts/Single_(baseball)/FXgntVU0">single</a> into a double when the ball was mishandled in the outfield, stealing third base, and then scoring on a <a href="/facts/Sacrifice_fly/gFSTfprG">sacrifice fly</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Martin added another run in the seventh inning when he hit a single, stole second base, took third base on a <a href="/facts/Fielder%27s_choice/xzmzRHKd">fielder's choice</a>, and then scored on a <a href="/facts/Squeeze_play_(baseball)/kKSNMst5">squeeze bunt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Those would be the only runs of the game as Hallahan pitched a three-hit <a href="/facts/Shutouts_in_baseball/FU1v0GzA">shutout</a> to even the series at one win apiece.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
The series then moved to <a href="/facts/Shibe_Park/nRDvSCGW">Shibe Park</a> in Philadelphia for Game 3, where Martin had two hits, including a double and scored twice in a 5–2 Cardinals' victory over Grove.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> In Game 4, he produced the only two hits by the Cardinals as they lost to Earnshaw, 3–0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Martin almost single-handedly provided the offense for the Cardinals in Game 5, driving home four runs with two singles, a home run and a sacrifice fly, as the Cardinals triumphed 5–1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Although he was held hitless in the final two games of the series, he made an impressive catch to extinguish an Athletics two-run rally in the ninth inning of Game 7 to end the game and clinch the world championship for the Cardinals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
He set a then record 12 hits in the series, including four doubles, a home run, five stolen bases and five runs batted in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Martin's .500 series batting average may have made the difference in the series outcome, as without him the Cardinals batted just .205 as a team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> During the series, Martin was asked how he had learned to run so fast; he replied, "I grew up in Oklahoma, and once you start runnin' out there there ain't nothin' to stop you".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Longtime major league manager, <a href="/facts/John_McGraw/s6Lwdm0a">John McGraw</a>, described Martin's performance as "the greatest individual performance in the history of the World Series".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> In December, he was selected as <a href="/facts/Associated_Press_Athlete_of_the_Year/X8lC86JY">male athlete of the year</a> by the <a href="/facts/Associated_Press/b4T5P1bT">Associated Press</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h3>Later career</h3>
Martin experienced an injury-plagued season in <a href="/facts/1932_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/7cTEAYs3">1932</a>, missing several weeks when he dislocated his shoulder in April and missed a month and a half when he broke a finger in July while sliding into <a href="/facts/Home_plate/RM6d8NBc">home plate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> In August, Cardinals manager <a href="/facts/Gabby_Street/WTMe6GG0">Gabby Street</a> converted Martin into a third baseman in an attempt to fill the gap left by the injured <a href="/facts/Sparky_Adams/dCSB7BoE">Sparky Adams</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Martin was not a naturally gifted third baseman, often fielding balls after having stopped them with his chest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> He ended the season with a .238 batting average with four home runs and 34 runs batted in as the Cardinals fell to seventh place in the National League.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>

Having rebounded from his injuries, in <a href="/facts/1933_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/Ve0rYCKX">1933</a> Martin was leading the league in hitting with a .363 batting average in the middle of June, earning him a starting role as the third baseman for the <a href="/facts/National_League_(baseball)/xTHwLBAD">National League</a> team in the inaugural <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game/J7gpgzaT">Major League Baseball All-Star Game</a> held on July 6, <a href="/facts/1933_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game/DheyhPeW">1933</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Now hitting as the Cardinals' <a href="/facts/Leadoff_hitter/JlVek2zE">leadoff hitter</a>, he finished the season ranked sixth in the league with a career-high .316 average and led the league with 122 runs scored and 26 stolen bases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Martin ranked tenth in the league with a .456 <a href="/facts/Slugging_percentage/HXoEoT1I">slugging percentage</a>, and he had a career-high .387 <a href="/facts/On-base_percentage/Kpn3mMfw">on-base percentage</a> along with 36 doubles, 12 <a href="/facts/Triple_(baseball)/TfCyGABt">triples</a> and eight home runs as the Cardinals improved to a fifth-place finish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> He came in fifth place in the voting results for the 1933 National League <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award/ou1HVhNB">Most Valuable Player Award</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
Martin's batting average dropped to .289 in <a href="/facts/1934_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/UwvzXHpC">1934</a>, but he once again led the league in stolen bases as the Cardinals rallied from seven games behind the <a href="/facts/1934_New_York_Giants_(MLB)_season/joR9b1w4">New York Giants</a> in early September to win the National League pennant on the last day of the season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> He made an appearance as a <a href="/facts/Relief_pitcher/CC4b8tLn">relief pitcher</a> on August 19, allowing one hit in two innings pitched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> In a memorable <a href="/facts/1934_World_Series/AFNJukq1">1934 World Series</a> against the <a href="/facts/1934_Detroit_Tigers_season/P4Dcka3w">Detroit Tigers</a>, the Cardinals were down 3 games to 2, before rebounding to win the final two games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> The series was highlighted by several rough plays on the base paths that culminated in Game 7, when Joe Medwick made a rough slide into Tigers' third baseman <a href="/facts/Marv_Owen/WFGmIacx">Marv Owen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> The following inning, outraged Detroit fans pelted Medwick with debris when he assumed his defensive position in the outfield.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The disturbance wasn't quelled until the umpires appealed to Baseball Commissioner <a href="/facts/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis/TatHARkN">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a>, who had Medwick removed from the game.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Martin ended the series with 11 hits for a .355 average, stole two bases and scored eight runs in the series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> He experienced difficulties in the field, committing 3 <a href="/facts/Error_(baseball)/YGrIxenw">errors</a> in Game 4 and setting a World Series record with four errors overall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> While in a St. Louis hospital in December 1934, for a minor operation on his left arm, Martin insisted that he be entertained by a <a href="/facts/Western_music_(North_America)/cvEgpo3u">cowboy</a> musical group that he had hired. He created such a disturbance among the other patients that the hospital staff moved him to an isolated wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> Martin, along with Cardinals teammates such as <a href="/facts/Leo_Durocher/v1Vs7cNL">Leo Durocher</a>, <a href="/facts/Dizzy_Dean/GhDWzdu3">Dizzy Dean</a> and <a href="/facts/Joe_Medwick/HDVcGjw0">Joe Medwick</a> among others, became known as the 1934 <a href="/facts/Gashouse_Gang/le2T5FXb">Gashouse Gang</a> due to their boisterous activities on and off the field.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> He played the guitar in a <a href="/facts/Old-time_music/Jc6PNdPd">hillbilly</a> band composed of Cardinals players named The Mudcat Band.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
Although Martin had a good year offensively in <a href="/facts/1935_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/YxCR5oJw">1935</a>, he continued to struggle defensively at third base. In the midst of a tight <a href="/facts/Pennant_race/Tqacja7U">pennant race</a> in July, he committed three costly errors in a loss to the New York Giants, and ended the year with 30 errors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> He was hitting for a .333 average by mid-season to earn the starting third baseman's position in the <a href="/facts/1935_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game/egqPVswq">1935 All-Star Game</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> For the season, he hit for a .299 average with nine home runs and 54 runs batted in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> In October, Martin underwent surgery again, this time on his right arm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> In January 1936, Branch Rickey asked Martin to curtail his extra-curricular activities. Already well known as a hunting and fishing enthusiast, Martin had taken up the hobby of <a href="/facts/Midget_car_racing/NA2Ttudy">midget car racing</a> and was also playing in football and basketball games during the winter months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> He also became the vice-president and general manager of an Oklahoma City ice hockey team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
Martin moved back to the outfield, playing as the Cardinals' <a href="/facts/Right_fielder/PvBp90D9">right fielder</a> in <a href="/facts/1936_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/6VUGyfQA">1936</a> as the Cardinals battled the New York Giants for the National League title before settling for second place. He responded with a good year offensively, hitting for a .309 average with career-highs in home runs (11) and in runs batted in (76).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Martin also led the National League in stolen bases with 23.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> He continued to hit well by <a href="/facts/1937_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/Ra1wRbq5">1937</a>, although he was relegated to a part-time role, as his spirited, headlong style of play took its toll on his body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> At the beginning of the <a href="/facts/1939_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/L9cpaIAp">1939 season</a>, he was named as the Cardinals' team captain, taking the job from Leo Durocher, who had been traded to the <a href="/facts/Brooklyn_Dodgers/1W4JPs4e">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> He experienced a resurgence, leading the team with a .340 batting average in June before a sprained wrist put him out of action for two weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> He ended the season with a .306 batting average in 88 games, helping the Cardinals to finish second in the National League.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> Martin hit for a respectable .316 average in <a href="/facts/1940_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/nvps6soa">1940</a> before the Cardinals named him as the <a href="/facts/Player-manager/Bz5GEo8f">player-manager</a> of the <a href="/facts/Sacramento_Solons/shomPUXM">Sacramento Solons</a> of the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Coast_League/XSqlVoS0">Pacific Coast League</a> in October.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
Martin led Sacramento to a second-place finish in 1941 before leading them to their first Pacific Coast League championship in 38 years in 1942.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> He then became a player-manager for the Rochester Red Wings in 1943.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> When professional baseball experienced a shortage of players during World War II, Martin returned to the major leagues in <a href="/facts/1944_St._Louis_Cardinals_season/jclukUwK">1944</a> with the Cardinals at the age of 40. In 40 games with the Cardinals, he posted a .279 batting average and an impressive .386 on-base percentage to help the Cardinals clinch the 1944 National League pennant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Martin did not appear in the <a href="/facts/1944_World_Series/UeM6WMJa">1944 World Series</a>, playing his final major league game on October 1, 1944.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h2 id="career-statistics">Career statistics</h2>
In a 13-year major league career, Martin played in 1,189 <a href="/facts/Games_played/KakU2N8K">games</a>, accumulating 1,227 <a href="/facts/Hit_(baseball)/STnUHCvq">hits</a> in 4,117 <a href="/facts/At_bats/jJfeG3o0">at bats</a> for a .298 career batting average along with 756 <a href="/facts/Run_(baseball)/IP2KJrgQ">runs</a>, 270 <a href="/facts/Double_(baseball)/2qzxaDuM">doubles</a>, 75 <a href="/facts/Triple_(baseball)/TfCyGABt">triples</a>, .443 slugging percentage, 59 home runs, 501 runs batted in, 146 stolen bases, 369 <a href="/facts/Bases_on_balls/4wXWn8VN">bases on balls</a> and an <a href="/facts/On-base_percentage/Kpn3mMfw">on-base percentage</a> of .358.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> He retired with a .973 career <a href="/facts/Fielding_percentage/UdW7hljp">fielding percentage</a> in 613 games as an outfielder and a .927 fielding percentage in 429 games as a third baseman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> A four-time All-Star, Martin's World Series career batting average of .418 (23-for-55) is still a series record, and he is tied for 10th with seven World Series stolen bases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> He led the National League three times in stolen bases and once in runs scored.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> On May 5, 1933, Martin <a href="/facts/Hitting_for_the_cycle/yYa37s0c">hit for the cycle</a> in a game against the <a href="/facts/Philadelphia_Phillies/1BBxpBm0">Philadelphia Phillies</a> at the <a href="/facts/Baker_Bowl/XTqsuEBU">Baker Bowl</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>

<h2 id="managerial-career">Managerial career</h2>

After the end of his major league career, Martin returned to the minor leagues, serving as a player-manager with the <a href="/facts/San_Diego_Padres_(PCL)/dn20j84b">San Diego Padres</a> of the Pacific Coast League in 1945 and 1946 before becoming the player-manager for the <a href="/facts/Greenville_Spinners/DgKCY62f">Greenville Spinners</a> of the <a href="/facts/South_Atlantic_League/6wRsnTY1">South Atlantic League</a> in 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> His fiery, competitive nature was still evident in July 1945 when it was reported that he had punched one of his players for not performing to his standards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> While managing the <a href="/facts/Miami_Sun_Sox/tITkqtbA">Miami Sun Sox</a> of the <a href="/facts/Florida_International_League/KIxoIQUx">Florida International League</a> in 1949, he was fined and suspended for the remainder of the season for choking an <a href="/facts/Umpire_(baseball)/88yA8rYQ">umpire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> In August 1951, he made news again when he was arrested after a Sun Sox game when he went into the stands to punch a spectator in <a href="/facts/Lakeland,_Florida/706EhCYP">Lakeland, Florida</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>
When the Sun Sox released him, Martin was hired to manage the Miami Beach Flamingos of the Florida International League in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Despite leading them to a 103-49 record, the Flamingos finished the season one game behind his former team, the Sun Sox.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> In 1953, he became the manager of the Fort Lauderdale Lions and led them to the Florida International League title.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> After spending the 1954 season as the manager for the <a href="/facts/Portsmouth_Merrimacs/mGwSElAs">Portsmouth Merrimacs</a>, Martin was named as a <a href="/facts/Coach_(baseball)/boNM8UtF">coach</a> for the <a href="/facts/Chicago_Cubs/XRzBTVbG">Chicago Cubs</a> in September 1955.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> <a href="/facts/Stan_Hack/7J5eeAaF">Stan Hack</a> was fired as the Cubs manager when they finished in last place in the <a href="/facts/1956_Chicago_Cubs_season/oUoUTQCn">1956 season</a>, and the new Cubs manager, <a href="/facts/Bob_Scheffing/y1xecQkl">Bob Scheffing</a>, asked for Martin's resignation along with the rest of the coaching staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> Martin returned to the minor leagues once again where he became a player-coach for the <a href="/facts/Tulsa_Oilers_(baseball)/EruyCn7x">Tulsa Oilers</a>, playing his final game at the age of 54.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> He took his final field assignment as the manager of the <a href="/facts/Miami_Marlins_(IL)/WcweKN28">Miami Marlins</a> in 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>

<h2 id="later-life">Later life</h2>
Before his death, Martin served briefly as the athletic director of the <a href="/facts/Oklahoma_State_Penitentiary/rBYMxNk3">Oklahoma State Penitentiary</a> at <a href="/facts/McAlester,_Oklahoma/Evjr4BBV">McAlester, Oklahoma</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> He died on March 5, 1965, after suffering a heart attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> His wife, Ruby, survived him by over four decades, dying just after her 99th birthday in 2009.
Martin was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame in 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> and was enshrined into the <a href="/facts/St._Louis_Cardinals_Hall_of_Fame_Museum/t0dAXRor">St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame</a> in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Biography portal</li><li>Baseball portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_to_hit_for_the_cycle/tL20Kebk">List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_runs_scored_leaders/KGr8QAax">List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_stolen_base_leaders/WCMRUXuA">List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_who_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise/6cQ41UyH">List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Barthel, Thomas (2003). Pepper Martin: A Baseball Biography. <a href="/facts/McFarland_%26_Company/UGcW6D1h">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0786416028.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>King, Norm. <a href="http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/81aa707b">"Pepper Martin"</a>. <a href="/facts/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research/x6369Uf9">SABR</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://tulsatvmemories.com/peprecip.html">Pepper Martin's Sour Dough Biscuits Recipe</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li>Career statistics from <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml">Baseball Reference</a>, or <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh">Baseball Reference (Minors)</a>, or <a href="http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/Pmartp103.htm">Retrosheet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.uni-watch.com/wp-content/uploads/1935-Pepper-Martin-Dizzy-Dean-racecar-edit2.jpg">Photo of Martin behind the wheel of his midget race car</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9769">Pepper Martin</a> at <a href="/facts/Find_a_Grave/oRU854B1">Find a Grave</a> </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Vass, George (October 1971). All-Time World Series Team. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozIDAAAAMBAJ&q=pepper+martin+baseball+digest&pg=PA24" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ozIDAAAAMBAJ&q=pepper+martin+baseball+digest&pg=PA24</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Dizzy, Dazzy and Ducky". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Dizzy, Dazzy and Ducky". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Pepper Martin May Be Another Ty Cobb". The Times Daily. October 14, 1931. p. 7. Retrieved December 28, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NywsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3430,3638112&dq=pepper+martin+ty+cobb&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NywsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3430,3638112&dq=pepper+martin+ty+cobb&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"John Leonard Pepper Martin Second Ty Cobb". The Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal. October 18, 1931. p. 15. Retrieved December 28, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJBSAAAAIBAJ&pg=1072,5508100&dq=pepper+martin+ty+cobb&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJBSAAAAIBAJ&pg=1072,5508100&dq=pepper+martin+ty+cobb&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Pepper Martin Once More Sparks Cards". The Deseret News. August 25, 1939. p. 15. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S4MqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4815,1097439&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S4MqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4815,1097439&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Pepper Martin minor league managing record". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh#standard_managing::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh#standard_managing::none</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"McGwire, McCarver, Martin join Cardinals HOF". Major League Baseball. Retrieved August 29, 2017. <a href="https://www.mlb.com/news/mcgwire-mccarver-martin-join-cardinals-hof-c250793924" target="_blank">https://www.mlb.com/news/mcgwire-mccarver-martin-join-cardinals-hof-c250793924</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Pepper Martin at the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame". jimthorpeassoc.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Pepper Martin at the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame". jimthorpeassoc.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Laux, France (June 1970). The Game I'll Never Forget. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Pepper Martin minor league statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Pepper Martin minor league statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Pepper Martin minor league statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Pepper Martin post-season batting statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Pepper Martin minor league statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Cards Release Two To Houston Club". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. January 5, 1929. p. 5. Retrieved March 15, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JGZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6022,935216&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JGZQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6022,935216&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Pepper Martin minor league statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Rochester Wins "Little Series" From Louisville". Meriden Record. Associated Press. October 3, 1930. p. 13. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3dtHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1052,3071049&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3dtHAAAAIBAJ&pg=1052,3071049&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Douthit To The Reds". St. Joseph News-Press. Associated Press. June 15, 1931. p. 5. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sUtkAAAAIBAJ&pg=2507,1665267&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sUtkAAAAIBAJ&pg=2507,1665267&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Pepper Martin Sensation". Rochester Evening Journal. May 14, 1931. p. 26. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RU5ZAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=1531%2C2138025" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RU5ZAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=1531%2C2138025</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"1931 National League final standings". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1931.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1931.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"1931 World Series Game 1". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193110010.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193110010.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"1931 World Series Game 2". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193110020.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193110020.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Pepper Martin post-season batting statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"1931 World Series Game 3". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110050.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110050.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"1931 World Series Game 4". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110060.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110060.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"1931 World Series Game 5". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110070.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHA/PHA193110070.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"One-Man Show Off To St. Louis". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. October 8, 1931. p. 26. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XtBXAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=7133%2C2042267" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XtBXAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=7133%2C2042267</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Pepper Martin post-season batting statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"The Book: Red Smith on Baseball". BaseballLibrary.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906012355/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/excerpts/excerpt.php?book=red_smith&page=9" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070906012355/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/excerpts/excerpt.php?book=red_smith&page=9</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Pepper Martin Now a Manager". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. October 16, 1940. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E6kwAAAAIBAJ&pg=3501,4002306&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E6kwAAAAIBAJ&pg=3501,4002306&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Pepper Martin Wins Poll On Outstanding Brilliance". The Day. Associated Press. December 19, 1931. p. 12. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upErAAAAIBAJ&pg=3127,3805870&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=upErAAAAIBAJ&pg=3127,3805870&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"League Champs Get Fans' Razzberry". The Sunday Morning Star. May 1, 1932. p. 25. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8NImAAAAIBAJ&pg=1073,7369203&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8NImAAAAIBAJ&pg=1073,7369203&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Pepper Martin Is Lost to Cardinals". The Telegraph-Herald. INS. July 4, 1932. p. 4. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=euNFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840,3809788&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=euNFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840,3809788&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Infielder "Pepper" Martin". The Deseret News. Associated Press. August 29, 1932. p. 12. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nXZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=4530,5091968&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nXZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=4530,5091968&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Laux, France (June 1970). The Game I'll Never Forget. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Barthel, Thomas (2003). Pepper Martin: a baseball biography. McFarland. ISBN 9780786416028. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="9780786416028" target="_blank">9780786416028</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Martin Is Pursued By Chuck Klein". The Milwaukee Sentinel. June 18, 1933. Retrieved March 15, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=30NQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4648,2937674&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=30NQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4648,2937674&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"1933 All-Star Game". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193307060.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193307060.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"1933 National League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"1933 National League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"1933 National League Most Valuable Player Award ballot". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1933.shtml#NLmvp" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1933.shtml#NLmvp</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Dizzy, Dazzy and Ducky". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">"Cards Split Bargain Bill With Braves". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. August 20, 1934. p. 10. Retrieved March 15, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oTwaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610,3178962&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oTwaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610,3178962&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Laux, France (June 1970). The Game I'll Never Forget. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dzIDAAAAMBAJ&q=1934+world+series+baseball+digest&pg=PA37</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"Cardinals Rule Baseball Third Time In Nine Years". The Meriden Daily Journal. Associated Press. October 9, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"Cardinals Rule Baseball Third Time In Nine Years". The Meriden Daily Journal. Associated Press. October 9, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Cardinals Rule Baseball Third Time In Nine Years". The Meriden Daily Journal. Associated Press. October 9, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=3307%2C273499</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Pepper Martin post-season batting statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml#batting_postseason::none</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"1934 World Series Game 4". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193410060.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SLN/SLN193410060.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">"Seven All-Time Records For World Series Set This Year". The Meriden Daily Journal. Associated Press. October 9, 1934. p. 4. Retrieved March 19, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=5905%2C271501" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-wpJAAAAIBAJ&dq=pepper%20martin&pg=5905%2C271501</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">"'Pepper' Martin Big Buddies; Both Met in Missouri Hospital". The Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal. United Press International. December 21, 1934. p. 12. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CN9BAAAAIBAJ&pg=2566,1680649&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CN9BAAAAIBAJ&pg=2566,1680649&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"Dizzy, Dazzy and Ducky". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1934-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Lyall, Smith (July 1960). The Gashouse Gang- Laughing Gas, That Is. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbcDAAAAMBAJ&q=gas+house+gang+baseball+digest&pg=PA29" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DbcDAAAAMBAJ&q=gas+house+gang+baseball+digest&pg=PA29</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Vass, George (June 1971). Baseball's All-Time Team of 'Screwballs'. Retrieved March 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTMDAAAAMBAJ&q=pepper+martin+baseball+digest&pg=PA70" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oTMDAAAAMBAJ&q=pepper+martin+baseball+digest&pg=PA70</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"New York Teams Hold On To Leads". Lawrence Journal World. Associated Press. July 24, 1935. p. 8. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v4hSAAAAIBAJ&pg=2426,4247124&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v4hSAAAAIBAJ&pg=2426,4247124&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"1935 All-Star Game". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193507080.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193507080.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">"Pepper Martin Is In Hospital". Herald-Journal. Associated Press. October 3, 1935. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iIosAAAAIBAJ&pg=3152,2898616&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iIosAAAAIBAJ&pg=3152,2898616&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Cardinals To "Curb" Martin". Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. January 11, 1936. p. 6. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9y5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=3450,3700249&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9y5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=3450,3700249&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Cardinals To "Curb" Martin". Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. January 11, 1936. p. 6. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9y5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=3450,3700249&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9y5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=3450,3700249&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"1936 National League Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1936-batting-leaders.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1936-batting-leaders.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">"The Peppering Of Philly". thisgreatgame.com. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.thisgreatgame.com/1931-baseball-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">"Pepper Martin Once More Sparks Cards". The Deseret News. August 25, 1939. p. 15. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S4MqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4815,1097439&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S4MqAAAAIBAJ&pg=4815,1097439&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">"Pepper Martin Named Captain Of Cardinals". Meriden Record. Associated Press. March 3, 1939. p. 13. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w6JHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7069,4839816&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w6JHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7069,4839816&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">"To Honor Pepper Martin". St. Joseph News-Press. Associated Press. June 1, 1939. p. 12. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tFJhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5180,5777290&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tFJhAAAAIBAJ&pg=5180,5777290&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">"Pepper Martin Now a Manager". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. October 16, 1940. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E6kwAAAAIBAJ&pg=3501,4002306&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E6kwAAAAIBAJ&pg=3501,4002306&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"Pepper Martin Through With Major League Ball". The Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. October 17, 1944. p. 2. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W7UWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,596069&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W7UWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,596069&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">"Pepper Martin Through With Major League Ball". The Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. October 17, 1944. p. 2. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W7UWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,596069&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W7UWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6294,596069&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">"World Series Records". mlb.com. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_records.jsp?type=career" target="_blank">http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_records.jsp?type=career</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">"Pepper Martin statistics". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martipe01.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">"May 5, 1933 Cardinals-Phillies box score". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI193305050.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PHI/PHI193305050.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">"Pepper Martin minor league managing record". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh#standard_managing::none" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=martin011joh#standard_managing::none</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">"Pepper Martin Slaps Pitcher". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Associated Press. July 24, 1945. p. 9. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oJNjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5212,1755186&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oJNjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5212,1755186&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">"Pepper Martin Is Suspended For Choking Umpire". The Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. September 2, 1949. p. 8. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9vQZAAAAIBAJ&pg=3026,883088&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9vQZAAAAIBAJ&pg=3026,883088&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">"Pepper Martin Arrested For Punching Fan". The News and Courier. Associated Press. August 12, 1951. p. 3. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4zRJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1331,2402488&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4zRJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1331,2402488&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">"Martin Hired". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. February 2, 1952. p. 29. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XOVOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2281,2855702&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XOVOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2281,2855702&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">"1952 Florida International League". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id=11523" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id=11523</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"1953 Florida International League". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id=11524" target="_blank">https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?id=11524</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">"Pepper Martin New Cub Coach". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. September 25, 1955. p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFQxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3550,2583186&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFQxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3550,2583186&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">"As Expected Scheffing Is Cub Pilot". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. October 13, 1956. p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QWBQAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085,1140900&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QWBQAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085,1140900&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">"Pepper Martin Back In Action". The Calgary Herald. Associated Press. May 31, 1958. p. 36. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lmZkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3977,7099643&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lmZkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3977,7099643&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">"Marlins Will Bite If They Can Absorb Martin's Pepper". The Pittsburgh Press. January 10, 1959. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jGYcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7241,3521485&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jGYcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7241,3521485&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">"Pepper Martin In Prison Job". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. October 6, 1960. p. 8. Retrieved March 16, 2011. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c8MxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5208,427075&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c8MxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5208,427075&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"Gas House Gang's Pepper Martin Dies". The Palm Beach Post. Associated Press. March 5, 1965. Retrieved March 16, 2011.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9cQiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1182,1216780&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9cQiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1182,1216780&dq=pepper+martin&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"Pepper Martin at the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame". jimthorpeassoc.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120524171242/http://www.jimthorpeassoc.org/ok-sports-hof/hall-of-fame-members/martin-pepper/</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">"McGwire, McCarver, Martin join Cardinals HOF". Major League Baseball. Retrieved August 29, 2017. <a href="https://www.mlb.com/news/mcgwire-mccarver-martin-join-cardinals-hof-c250793924" target="_blank">https://www.mlb.com/news/mcgwire-mccarver-martin-join-cardinals-hof-c250793924</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Pepper Martin open-in-new

Pepper Martin