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Treatment of human lice
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<h2 id="medications">Medications</h2> <p>Insecticides used for the treatment of head lice include <a href="/facts/Lindane/cPQMjec7">lindane</a>, <a href="/facts/Malathion/1Atv79Yf">malathion</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbaryl/nhUaldvc">carbaryl</a>, <a href="/facts/Pyrethrum/mdyKjAu9">pyrethrum</a>, <a href="/facts/Piperonyl_butoxide/FyrfT62Y">piperonyl butoxide</a>, <a href="/facts/Permethrin/mYyrNwQn">permethrin</a>, <a href="/facts/Phenothrin/x6QLH9pv">phenothrin</a>, <a href="/facts/Bioallethrin/DBPRFQ12">bioallethrin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Spinosad/GJ76Mf8v">spinosad</a>. </p><p>Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Pediculicides may rapidly lose their efficacy because of the development of resistance. Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as <a href="/facts/Lindane/cPQMjec7">lindane</a>, <a href="/facts/Malathion/1Atv79Yf">malathion</a>, <a href="/facts/Phenothrin/x6QLH9pv">phenothrin</a> and <a href="/facts/Permethrin/mYyrNwQn">permethrin</a> has been reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It concluded that treatment with current insecticides may not be effective and is likely the cause of increased levels of infestations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Ivermectin/6H3H05nI">Ivermectin</a> by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of <a href="/facts/Head_lice_infestation/2fH0T2CC">louse infestation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ivermectin/6H3H05nI">Ivermectin</a> is approved by the U.S. <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for pediculosis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include <a href="/facts/Abametapir/E0z7pJ69">abametapir</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a>[<i>needs update</i>] </p> <h2 id="heated-air">Heated air</h2> <p>A standard home <a href="/facts/Blow_dryer/eyFv0Nop">blow dryer</a> will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> To be effective, the blow dryer must be used repeatedly (every 1 to 7 days since eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days) until the natural life cycle of the lice is over (about 4 weeks).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>A number of commercial head lice treatment companies across the country offer a heated air treatment. </p> <h2 id="combing">Combing</h2> <p>A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used. For a treatment with louse comb alone, it is recommended to comb the hair for an hour to an hour and a half (depending the length and type of the hair) daily or every second day for 14 days. Wetting the hair especially with water and shampoo or conditioner will facilitate the combing and the removal of lice, eggs and nits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Electronic louse combs use a small electrical charge to kill lice. The metal teeth of the comb have alternating positively and negatively charged tines, which are powered by a small battery. When the comb is used on dry hair, lice make contact with multiple tines of the fine-toothed comb, thereby closing the circuit and receiving an electrical charge. A non-peer-reviewed letter has been published in a dermatology journal claiming effectiveness based on personal experience (total of 6 uses).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="procedures">Procedures</h2> <p>Shaving the head or cutting the hair extremely short can be used to control lice infestation. Short hair, baldness, or a shaven scalp are generally seen as a preventive measure against louse infestation. This will also eliminate – particularly if maintained for the length of the parasites' reproductive cycle – louse infestation. </p><p>Infestation with lice is not a serious disease and the medical symptoms are normally minimal. In any case, health providers and parents should try not to create emotional problems for children during examination and treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>Shaving of the area above and behind the ears and the upper part of the neck while leaving the crown of the head with hair is commonly used to prevent lice among tribes in Africa, Asia, and America (in America – <a href="/facts/Mohawk_hairstyle/VPoNnxEP">Mohawk</a> style). </p> <h2 id="school-treatment">School treatment</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/No_nit_policy/1JftqQen">No nit policy</a></p> <p>Schools in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, and <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> commonly exclude infested students, and prevent return of those students until all lice, eggs, and nits are removed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> This is the basis of the "no-nit policy". Data from a primarily American study during 1998–1999 found that no-nit policies were present at 82% of the schools attended by children suspected of louse infestation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> A separate 1998 survey revealed that 60% of American <a href="/facts/School_nursing/FRTKehMA">school nurses</a> felt that "forced absenteeism of any child who has any nits in their hair is a good idea."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>A number of health researchers and organizations object to the no-nit policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Opponents to the no-nit policy mention that visible nits may only be empty egg casings which pose no concern as transmission can only occur via live lice or eggs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> This has led to the perception that the no-nit policy serves only to ease the workload of school nurses and punish the parents of infested children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Proponents of the no-nit policy counter that only a consistently nit-free child can be reliably shown to be infestation-free.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> That is, the presence of nits serves as an indirect proxy for infestation status. Proponents argue that such a proxy is necessary because lice screening is prone to false negative conclusions (i.e., failure to find lice present on actively infested children).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> For example, a 1998 Israeli study found that 76% of live lice infestations were missed by visual inspection (as verified by subsequent combing methods).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Although lice cannot fly or jump, they are fast and agile in their native environment (i.e., clinging to hairs near the warmth of the scalp),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and will try to avoid the light used during inspection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Louse colonies are also sparse (often fewer than 10 lice), which can contribute to difficulty in finding live specimens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Further, lice populations consist predominantly of immature nymphs,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> which are even smaller and harder to detect than adult lice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="alternative-medicine">Alternative medicine</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Tea_tree_oil/JyRRnjd2">Tea tree oil</a> has been promoted as a treatment for head lice; however, evidence of its effectiveness is weak.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> A 2012 review of head lice treatment recommended against the use of tea tree oil for children because it could cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, because of <a href="/facts/Contraindication/HawhU8x9">contraindications</a>, and because of a lack of knowledge about the oil's safety and effectiveness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Other home remedies such as putting vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, or melted butter in the hair have been partially disproven,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The use of plastic bags may be dangerous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Similarly, the <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/NmoJNDV5">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> reports that swimming has no effect on treating lice, and can in fact harm the treatment by commercial products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">Ethanol</a> (ethyl alcohol, common alcohol) is toxic to arthropods including lice and an external application of it is harmless to humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gasoline or kerosene</h3> <p>The use of <a href="/facts/Kerosene/DoHPYXKp">kerosene</a> or <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">gasoline</a> for prevention or treatment of lice is dangerous due to the inherent fire hazard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Since 1989, there have been at least nine cases of children being severely burned during such attempts. These cases apparently occurred because, contrary to popular belief, it is the fumes of the gasoline, rather than the liquid itself, that are flammable. These fumes can ignite due to the presence of even a small spark or open flame - such as those caused by electrical appliances, cigarette lighters, or pilot lights in stoves and water heaters. The use of gasoline to treat lice also carries a high risk of <a href="/facts/Dermatitis/JwlyQBa2">dermatitis</a> (i.e. irritation of the scalp).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>Before <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">gasoline (Petrol)</a> was used as fuel, it was sold in small bottles as a treatment against lice and their eggs. At that time, the word <i>Petrol</i> was a trade name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Head-lice/Pages/Treatment.aspx">"Head lice and nits"</a>. NHS. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lice/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Parasitic Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/head_lice/article.htm">MedicineNet.com: Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.headlice.org">National Pediculosis Association</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gratz, Norman G. (1998), Human lice, their prevalence and resistance to insecticides (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), retrieved 20 April 2020 <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63791/WHO_CTD_WHOPES_97.8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63791/WHO_CTD_WHOPES_97.8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Frankowski, Barbara L; Bocchini, Joseph A.; Council on School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases (August 2010). "Head Lice". Pediatrics. 126 (2): 392–403. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1308. PMID 20660553. S2CID 29226586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>[needs update]Mumcuoglu, Kosta (1 May 2006). "Effective Treatment of Head Louse with Pediculicides". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 5 (5): 451–452. PMID 16703782. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>[needs update]Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Barker, CS; Burgess, IF; Combescot-Lang, C; Dagleish, RC; Larsen, KS; Miller, J; Roberts, RJ; Taylan-Ozkan, A. (2007). "International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 6 (4): 409–414. PMID 17668538. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Roberts, RJ; Casey D; Morgan DA; Petrovic M (12 August 2000). "Comparison of Wet Combing With Malathion for Treatment of Head Lice in the UK: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial". The Lancet. 356 (9229). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 540–544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02578-2. PMID 10950230. S2CID 9790264. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Lancet</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mumcuoglu, KY; Miller, J. (October 1991). "The Efficacy of Pediculicides in Israel". Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 27 (10). Jerusalem: Weizmann Science Press: 562–565. PMID 1955310. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Medical_Association_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Israel_Medical_Association_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Vander Stichele, Robert H; Dezeure Els M; Bogaert Marc G. (2 September 1999). "Systematic Review of Clinical Efficacy of Topical Treatments for Head Lice". British Medical Journal. 311 (7005). London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd: 604–608. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7005.604. PMC 2550649. PMID 7545045. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2550649" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2550649</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Meinking, Terri L.; Entzel, Pamela; Villar, Maria Elena; Vicaria, Maureen; Lemard, Glendene A; Porcelain, Sherri L. (March 2001). "Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Pediculosis Capitis Infestations". Archives of Dermatology. 137 (3). Chicago: American Medical Association: 287–292. PMID 11255326. Retrieved 2008-01-03. <a href="http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/137/3/287" target="_blank">http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/137/3/287</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P, Hahn C, Wolfe N, Rahman HA, Laserson K, Telford SR, Spielman A (September 1999). "Differential Permethrin Susceptibility of Head Lice Sampled in the United States and Borneo". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 153 (9). Chicago: American Medical Association: 969–973. doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.9.969. PMID 10482215. <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Pediatrics_%26_Adolescent_Medicine" target="_blank">/wiki/Archives_of_Pediatrics_%26_Adolescent_Medicine</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Burkhart, Craig G. (May 2004). "Relationship of Treatment-Resistant Head Lice to the Safety and Efficacy of Pediculicides". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 79 (5). Rochester, Minnesota: Mayo Clinic: 661–666. doi:10.4065/79.5.661. PMID 15132409. Retrieved 8 February 2024. <a href="https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62289-1/fulltext" target="_blank">https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62289-1/fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Yoon, Kyong Sup; Gao, Jian-Rong; Lee, Si Hyeock; Clark, J. Marshall; Brown, Leon; Taplin, David (August 2003). "Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment". Archives of Dermatology. 139 (8). Chicago: American Medical Association: 994–1000. doi:10.1001/archderm.139.8.994. PMID 12925385. <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Dermatology" target="_blank">/wiki/Archives_of_Dermatology</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Mohammadi, Jalal; Azizi, Kourosh; Alipour, Hamzeh; Kalantari, Mohsen; Bagheri, Masoumeh; Shahriari-Namadi, Marzieh; Ebrahimi, Saeedeh; Moemenbellah-Fard, Mohammad D. (2021). "Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasite. 28: 86. doi:10.1051/parasite/2021083. PMC 8693761. PMID 34935614. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693761" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693761</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Mohammadi, Jalal; Azizi, Kourosh; Alipour, Hamzeh; Kalantari, Mohsen; Bagheri, Masoumeh; Shahriari-Namadi, Marzieh; Ebrahimi, Saeedeh; Moemenbellah-Fard, Mohammad D. (2021). "Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasite. 28: 86. doi:10.1051/parasite/2021083. PMC 8693761. PMID 34935614. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693761" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693761</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, et al. (March 2010). "Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (10): 896–905. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905471. PMID 20220184. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa0905471" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa0905471</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Munirathinam A, Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Tyagi BK (November 2009). "Impact of ivermectin drug combinations on Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in primary schoolchildren of south Indian rural villages". Int. J. Dermatol. 48 (11): 1201–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.04059.x. PMID 20064176. S2CID 33425444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Foucault C, Ranque S, Badiaga S, Rovery C, Raoult D, Brouqui P (February 2006). "Oral ivermectin in the treatment of body lice". J. Infect. Dis. 193 (3): 474–6. doi:10.1086/499279. PMID 16388498. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F499279" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F499279</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Highlights of Prescribing Information: Sklice (ivermectin)" (PDF). fda.gov. <a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202736s000lbl.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202736s000lbl.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Drug Trial Snapshot: Xeglyze". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 July 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trial-snapshot-xeglyze" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trial-snapshot-xeglyze</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Amy J. McMichael; Maria K. Hordinsky (2008). Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments. Informa Health Care. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-57444-822-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010. <a href="978-1-57444-822-1" target="_blank">978-1-57444-822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Goates, Brad M.; Atkin, Joseph S.; Wilding, Kevin G.; Birch, Kurtis G.; Cottam, Michael R.; Bush, Sarah E.; Clayton, Dale H. (5 November 2006). "An Effective Nonchemical Treatment for Head Lice: A Lot of Hot Air" (PDF). Pediatrics. 118 (5): 1962–1970. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1847. PMID 17079567. S2CID 9482708. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011053939/http://www.zoologia.hu/pediatrics.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101011053939/http://www.zoologia.hu/pediatrics.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Hot air for head lice". 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OCLC 1533520. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Mumcuoglu KY, Friger M, Ioffe-Uspensky I, Ben-Ishai F, Miller J (2001). "Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations". Pediatric Dermatology. 18 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2001.018001009.x. PMID 11207962. S2CID 27464495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Jacobi, Tillmann (22 September 2011). "The Basics – The management of head lice". GP: 38. All in all, the evidence for alternative treatments, such as tea tree oil and neem seed oil, remains weak. <a href="http://www.gponline.com/Clinical/article/1092178/Basics---management-head-lice/" target="_blank">http://www.gponline.com/Clinical/article/1092178/Basics---management-head-lice/</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"Tea tree oil". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved 8 February 2024. <a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tea-tree-oil" target="_blank">https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tea-tree-oil</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Eisenhower, Christine; Farrington, Elizabeth Anne (2012). "Advancements in the Treatment of Head Lice in Pediatrics". Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 26 (6): 451–61, quiz 462–4. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.05.004. PMID 23099312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Takano-Lee, Miwa; Edman, John D.; Mullens, Bradley A.; Clark, John M. (December 2004). "Elsevier". Journal of Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of Children and Families. 19 (6). Pediatricnursing.org: 393–398. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2004.11.002. PMID 15637580. Retrieved 2012-11-22. <a href="http://www.pediatricnursing.org/article/S0882-5963(04)00139-3/abstract" target="_blank">http://www.pediatricnursing.org/article/S0882-5963(04)00139-3/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Massachusetts toddler dies after lice treatment goes awry". Yahoo News/Reuters. 5 February 2015. <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/massachusetts-toddler-dies-lice-treatment-goes-awry-145850119.html" target="_blank">https://news.yahoo.com/massachusetts-toddler-dies-lice-treatment-goes-awry-145850119.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Healthy Water: Healthy Swimming: Lice, Pinworms, and MRSA". Cdc.gov. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi/other-infections.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi/other-infections.html</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Marriott, John F (2010). Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing (2nd ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780853699125. OCLC 640077286. ALCOHOL. After water, this is probably the next most important solvent used pharmaceutically. Although ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is rarely used as a lone solvent for preparations for internal use, it is used in the manufacture of some of the galenicals used in pharmacy (e.g. tinctures, see Chapter 2). In extemporaneous dispensing it is normally used for the production of lotions for external application to unbroken skin. It is particularly useful if rapid evaporation is required (e.g. for insecticidal lotions applied to hair for the treatment of lice)... <a href="9780853699125" target="_blank">9780853699125</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Szinwelski, N; Fialho, V. S.; Yotoko, K. S. C.; L. R., Seleme; C. F., Sperber (2012). "Ethanol fuel improves arthropod capture in pitfall traps and preserves DNA". ZooKeys (196): 11–22. Bibcode:2012ZooK..196...11S. doi:10.3897/zookeys.196.3130. PMC 3361084. PMID 22679388. ...It has been shown that at concentrations higher than 95%, commercial alcohol preserves DNA (Nagy 2010), but the use of highly concentrated commercial alcohol as a killing solution may be prohibitively expensive when needed in large quantities, such as in large-scale biodiversity sampling. In Brazil, for example, it is illegal to carry large amounts of commercial alcohol on long journeys, which could hinder its use in extensive field expeditions. Here we propose the use of ethanol fuel as a cheaper and logistically feasible alternative... <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361084" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361084</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Actualización en pediculosis capitis" (PDF). Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria (in Spanish). La cuasia amarga (palo amargo) se extrae de un arbusto que crece en el norte de la Argentina. El principio activo que se extrae de la madera es la cuasina y químicamente es un hidrocarburo soluble en alcohol. Popularmente se lo usa como repelente de piojos y como pediculicida. Es efectiva únicamente en solución alcohólica y no en solución acuosa. Así es tan efectiva como una solución pura de alcohol por lo cual se duda de su efecto pediculicida "per sé" y es irritativa <a href="http://sap.org.ar/docs/publicaciones/pediculosis.pdf" target="_blank">http://sap.org.ar/docs/publicaciones/pediculosis.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>[needs update]Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Barker, CS; Burgess, IF; Combescot-Lang, C; Dagleish, RC; Larsen, KS; Miller, J; Roberts, RJ; Taylan-Ozkan, A. (2007). "International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 6 (4): 409–414. PMID 17668538. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"Indiana teenager burned trying to kill head lice with gasoline". The Mercury News. 26 February 2009. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/02/26/indiana-teenager-burned-trying-to-kill-head-lice-with-gasoline/" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/02/26/indiana-teenager-burned-trying-to-kill-head-lice-with-gasoline/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Mikkelson, Barbara (26 February 2009). "Is Gasoline a Recommended Treatment for Getting Rid of Lice?". 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