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Technology transfer in computer science
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<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <p>Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include: </p><table><tbody><tr><th>Year of transfer</th><th>Technology</th><th><p>Field(s)</p></th><th>Originally developed at</th><th>Transfer method(s)</th><th>Commercialised at</th><th>Patented</th><th>Used by</th></tr><tr><td>c. 1964</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/VYMl5TmA">BASIC</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">Programming languages</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dartmouth_College/JLk2nNaN">Dartmouth College</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Freeware/c8oGA9ju">Freeware</a></td><td>Computer manufacturers and others</td><td>No</td><td>Numerous <a href="/facts/BASIC_dialects/yXHk8YS2">BASIC dialects</a></td></tr><tr><td>1974 (Internet Protocol published)<p>1992 (interconnection)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/The_Internet/Xw1rVvJU">The Internet</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Computer_networking/3w5RM99p">Computer networking</a><p><a href="/facts/The_Internet/Xw1rVvJU">The Internet</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/DARPA/Uf9sarhT">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Request_for_Comments/esftTvE7">RFC</a><p>1992 law permitting commercial interconnection</p></td><td>Numerous companies</td><td>No</td><td>Millions of <a href="/facts/Web_sites/SAsjJnca">web sites</a> and other internet properties</td></tr><tr><td>1981</td><td><a href="/facts/KMS_(hypertext)/hkTRNWd0">KMS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hypertext/qD8ozxSb">Hypertext</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a></td><td>Spin-out</td><td>Knowledge Systems</td><td>No</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/MATLAB/qPjLISCk">MATLAB</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">Programming languages</a><p><a href="/facts/Scientific_computing/PnVD19hw">Scientific computing</a></p><p><a href="/facts/List_of_numerical_analysis_software/yKFzDBDK">Numerical computing</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_New_Mexico/7KnmajYB">University of New Mexico</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td>Incorporation and rewrite<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/MathWorks/tLCq7ajV">MathWorks</a></td><td>No (original)<p>Yes (from 2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></p></td><td>Millions of users</td></tr><tr><td>c. 1985</td><td><a href="/facts/HyperTIES/fDq0QnX7">HyperTIES</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hypertext/qD8ozxSb">Hypertext</a></td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Intellectual_property_license/xaP3U6ga">Licensing</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cognetics_Corporation/B0KbAhcG">Cognetics Corporation</a></td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Union_Carbide/kCE5YHal">Union Carbide</a>, <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">Hewlett-Packard</a>, others<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1990 (initial software)<p>1994 (Netscape)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hypertext/qD8ozxSb">Hypertext</a><p><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a></td><td>Unfettered use (no patents)<p><a href="/facts/W3C/lGWmhF6M">Consortium</a> (to create recommended standards)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Netscape/JGWlEUI7">Netscape</a> and others</td><td>No</td><td>Millions of <a href="/facts/Web_sites/SAsjJnca">web sites</a></td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td><a href="/facts/Gopher_(protocol)/G2bpDRQJ">Gopher</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Computer_networking/3w5RM99p">Computer networking</a><p><a href="/facts/The_Internet/Xw1rVvJU">The Internet</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Information_retrieval/MFSmpeNw">Information retrieval</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota/vN1uQvP5">University of Minnesota</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Request_for_Comments/esftTvE7">RFC</a><p><a href="/facts/Freeware/c8oGA9ju">Freeware</a></p></td><td>Numerous companies</td><td>No</td><td>Numerous Gopher sites</td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td><a href="/facts/PageRank/KtJRJFUX">PageRank</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Information_retrieval/MFSmpeNw">Information retrieval</a><p><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a></p><p><a href="/facts/Algorithms/fnl5NmRt">Algorithms</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spin-out/AAdmMr3u">Spin-out</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Google_Inc./GT9Sugza">Google</a></td><td>Yes</td><td><a href="/facts/Google_Search/LFnCogKt">Google Search</a></td></tr><tr><td>2004 (software)<p>2011 (incorporation)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Programming_languages/cWTYbgWa">Programming languages</a><p><a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">Object-oriented programming</a></p></td><td><a href="/facts/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne/IBPANwjM">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a></td><td>Open source</td><td><a href="/facts/Typesafe_Inc./9Hcgxt23">Typesafe Inc.</a> and others</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Play_framework/kf8eygKu">Play</a>, <a href="/facts/Akka_(toolkit)/nt5MDjnW">Akka</a> and others</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td><a href="/facts/Conflict-free_replicated_data_types/Q9lC3K9T">CRDTs</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Distributed_computing/o5nyhqTF">Distributed computing</a></td><td><a href="/facts/INRIA/ruIkcapf">INRIA</a> and others</td><td>?</td><td><a href="/facts/Basho_Technologies/FLMRwloU">Basho Technologies</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Riak/zhRLQHh8">Riak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Moler, Cleve (2004). "The Origins of MATLAB". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014. <a href="http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html" target="_blank">http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Moler, Cleve (2004). "The Origins of MATLAB". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014. <a href="http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html" target="_blank">http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Patents". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014. <a href="http://uk.mathworks.com/company/aboutus/policies_statements/patents.html" target="_blank">http://uk.mathworks.com/company/aboutus/policies_statements/patents.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Hypertext Research: The Development of HyperTIES". Human Computer Interaction Lab. University of Maryland. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/" target="_blank">http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Hypertext Research: The Development of HyperTIES". Human Computer Interaction Lab. University of Maryland. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/" target="_blank">http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Cognetics History". Cognetics Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="http://www.leadersintheknow.biz/AboutUs/OurHistory/tabid/174/Default.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.leadersintheknow.biz/AboutUs/OurHistory/tabid/174/Default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lasar, Matthew (11 October 2011). "Before Netscape: the forgotten Web browsers of the early 1990s". Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 November 2014. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/business/2011/10/before-netscape-forgotten-web-browsers-of-the-early-1990s/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/business/2011/10/before-netscape-forgotten-web-browsers-of-the-early-1990s/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Introducing Riak 2.0: Data Types, Strong Consistency, Full-Text Search, and Much More". Basho Technologies. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014. <a href="http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/" target="_blank">http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Introducing Riak 2.0: Data Types, Strong Consistency, Full-Text Search, and Much More". Basho Technologies. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014. <a href="http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/" target="_blank">http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>