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Glossary of leaf morphology
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<h2 id="leaf-structure">Leaf structure</h2> <p>Leaves of most plants include a flat structure called the blade or lamina supported by a network of veins, a petiole and a leaf base;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> but not all leaves are flat, some are cylindrical. Leaves may be simple, with a single leaf blade, or compound, with several <a href="/facts/Leaflet_(botany)/LkIdafp2">leaflets</a>. Compound leaves may be pinnate with pinnae (leaflets) on both sides of a rachis (axis), or may be palmate with multiple leaflets arising from a single point.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Leaf structure is described by several terms that include: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Image</th><th scope="col">Term</th><th scope="col">Latin</th><th scope="col">Description</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td>bifoliolate</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3">Having two leaflets<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>geminate</td></tr><tr><td>jugate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>bigeminate</td><td></td><td>Having two leaflets, each leaflet being bifoliolate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>bipinnate</td><td><i>bipinnatus</i></td><td>The leaflets are themselves pinnately-compound; twice pinnate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> see imparipinnate and paripinnate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>biternate</td><td></td><td>With three components, each with three leaflets<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td>imparipinnate</td><td></td><td rowspan="2">With an <a href="/facts/Parity_(mathematics)/7zq2UM4V">odd number</a> of leaflets, pinnate with a terminal leaflet (the opposite of paripinnate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>odd-pinnate</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td>paripinnate</td><td></td><td rowspan="2">Pinnate with an <a href="/facts/Parity_(mathematics)/7zq2UM4V">even number</a> of leaflets, lacking a terminal leaflet (the opposite of imparipinnate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>even-pinnate</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmately compound</td><td><i>palmatus</i></td><td>Consisting of leaflets all radiating from one point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> <a href="/facts/Simple_leaf/1m6wCNTg">simple</a></td><td></td><td>Leaf blade in one continuous section, without leaflets (not compound)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td>ternate</td><td><i>ternatus</i></td><td rowspan="3">With three leaflets<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>trifoliate</td><td><i>trifoliatus</i></td></tr><tr><td>trifoliolate</td><td><i>trifoliolatus</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>tripinnate</td><td><i>tripinnatus</i></td><td>Pinnately compound in which each leaflet is itself bipinnate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="leaf-and-leaflet-shapes">Leaf and leaflet shapes</h2> <p>Being one of the more visible features, leaf shape is commonly used for plant identification. Similar terms are used for other plant parts, such as <a href="/facts/Petal/DQMkpRSm">petals</a>, <a href="/facts/Tepal/c34KrfNG">tepals</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bract/pnMGNMdn">bracts</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Image</th><th scope="col">Term</th><th scope="col">Latin</th><th scope="col">Refers principally to</th><th scope="col">Description</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>acicular</td><td><i>acicularis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Slender and pointed, needle-like</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>acuminate</td><td><i>acuminatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Tapering to a long point in a concave manner</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>acute</td><td></td><td>leaf tip or base</td><td>Pointed, having a short sharp apex angled less than 90°</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>apiculate</td><td><i>apiculatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Tapering and ending in a short, slender point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>aristate</td><td><i>aristatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Ending in a stiff, bristle-like point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>asymmetrical</td><td></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>With the blade shape different on each side of the midrib</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>attenuate</td><td><i>attenuatus</i></td><td>leaf base</td><td>Having leaf tissue taper down the petiole to a narrow base and always having some leaf material on each side of the petiole</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>auriculate</td><td><i>auriculatus</i></td><td>leaf base</td><td>Having ear-shaped appendages reaching beyond the attachment to the petiole or stem (in case of a seated leaf)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>caudate</td><td><i>caudatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Tailed at the apex</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cirrus, cirrate</td><td></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Having a <a href="/facts/Rachis_(botany)/pqGhCDd5">rachis</a> that extends beyond the leaf blade or leaflets into a long whip-like extension or cirrus (common in climbing palms); antonym: <i>ecirrate</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cordate, cordiform</td><td><i>cordatus</i></td><td>whole leaf or base</td><td><a href="/facts/Heart_(symbol)/I0S5wltI">Heart</a>-shaped, with the petiole or stem attached to the notch</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cuneate</td><td><i>cuneatus</i></td><td>leaf base</td><td>Triangular, wedge-shaped, stem attaches to point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cuneiform</td><td></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Narrowly triangular, widest on the opposite end from the stem, with the corners at that end rounded</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cuspidate</td><td><i>cuspidatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>With a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>deltoid, deltate</td><td><i>deltoideus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like the Greek letter <i><a href="/facts/Delta_(letter)/otPsSYj6">delta</a></i>; triangular with stem attached to side</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>digitate</td><td><i>digitatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>A palmately compound leaf with leaflets, similar to palmate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ecirrate</td><td></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Without a cirrus; antonym: <i>cirrate</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>elliptic</td><td><i>ellipticus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like an <a href="/facts/Ellipse/1wUDnGxY">ellipse</a> (widest at mid-blade and with similar convex tapering towards apex and base), with a short or no point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>emarginate</td><td><i>emarginatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Slightly indented at the tip</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ensiform</td><td><i>ensiformis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like a sword; long and narrow with a sharp pointed tip</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>falcate</td><td><i>falcatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td><a href="/facts/Sickle/bGTMHRCD">Sickle</a>-shaped</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>fenestrate</td><td><i>fenestratus</i></td><td>leaf surface features</td><td>Large openings through the leaf; see perforate; sometimes used to describe leaf <a href="/facts/Epidermal_window/ApGjMskL">epidermal windows</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>filiform</td><td><i>filiformis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Thread- or filament-shaped</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>flabellate</td><td><i>flabellatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Semi-circular or fan-like</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>hastate</td><td><i>hastatus</i></td><td>whole leaf or base</td><td>Spear-shaped: pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>laciniate</td><td><i>lacinatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Very deeply lobed with the lobes being very drawn out and often making the leaf look somewhat like a branch or a pitchfork</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>laminar</td><td></td><td>3-D shape</td><td>Flat (like most leaves)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>lanceolate</td><td><i>lanceolatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Long, wider in the middle, shaped like a <a href="/facts/Lance/d3KEh6Wn">lance</a> tip</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>linear</td><td><i>linearis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Long and very narrow like a blade of grass</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>lobed</td><td><i>lobatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Being divided by clefts; may be pinnately lobed or palmately lobed</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>lorate</td><td><i>loratus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having the form of a thong or strap</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>lyrate</td><td><i>lyratus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like a <a href="/facts/Lyre/aCzXT1L4">lyre</a>, pinnately lobed leaf with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes. <i>See also <a href="/facts/List_of_lyrate_plants/SXMBmTap">List of lyrate plants</a></i>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>mucronate</td><td><i>mucronatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>Ending abruptly in a small sharp point as a continuation of the midrib<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>multifid</td><td><i>multi</i> + <i>findere</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Cleft into many parts or lobes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>obcordate</td><td><i>obcordatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td><a href="/facts/Heart_(symbol)/I0S5wltI">Heart</a>-shaped, stem attaches at the tapering end</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>oblanceolate</td><td><i>oblanceolatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip; reversed lanceolate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>oblique</td><td></td><td>leaf base</td><td>Asymmetrical leaf base, with one side lower than the other</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>oblong</td><td><i>oblongus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having an elongated form with slightly parallel sides; roughly rectangular</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>obovate</td><td><i>obovatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end; reversed ovate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>obtrullate</td><td></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Reversed trullate; the longer sides meet at the base rather than the apex.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>obtuse</td><td><i>obtusus</i></td><td>leaf tip or base</td><td>Blunt, forming an angle > 90°</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>orbicular</td><td><i>orbicularis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Circular</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ovate</td><td><i>ovatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Egg-shaped, with a tapering point and the widest portion near the petiole</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmate</td><td><i>palmatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Palm-shaped, i.e. with lobes or leaflets stemming from the leaf base<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmately lobed</td><td><i>palmatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Lobes spread radially from a point<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmatifid</td><td><i>palma</i> + <i>findere</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Palm-shaped, having lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway toward the petiole</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmatipartite</td><td><i>palma</i> + <i>partiri</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having palmate lobes with incisions that extend over halfway toward the petiole</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>palmatisect</td><td><i>palma</i> + <i>secare</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having palmate lobes with incisions that extend almost up, but not quite to the petiole.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pandurate</td><td><i>panduratus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Fiddle-shaped; obovate with a constriction near the middle.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pedate</td><td><i>pedatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Palmate, with cleft lobes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>peltate</td><td><i>peltatus</i></td><td>stem attachment</td><td>A round leaf where the petiole attaches near the center, e.g. a <a href="/facts/Nelumbo/n7vCYG64">lotus</a> leaf</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>perfoliate</td><td><i>perfoliatus</i></td><td>stem attachment</td><td>With the leaf blade surrounding the stem such that the stem appears to pass through the leaf</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>perforate</td><td><i>perforatus</i></td><td>leaf surface features</td><td>Many holes, or <a href="/facts/Perforate_leaf/JtknEJdh">perforations</a>, on leaf surface. Compare with fenestrate.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pinnately lobed</td><td><i>pinna</i> + <i>lobus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having lobes pinnately arranged on the central axis</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pinnatifid</td><td><i>pinna</i> + <i>findere</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having lobes with incisions that extend less than halfway to the midrib</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pinnatipartite</td><td><i>pinnatus</i> + <i>partiri</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having lobes with incisions that extend more than halfway to the midrib</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pinnatisect</td><td><i>pinnatus</i> + <i>sectus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Having lobes with incisions that extend almost to, or up to, the midrib</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>reniform</td><td><i>reniformis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like a <a href="/facts/Kidney/HBspPrv9">kidney</a>, with an inward curve on one side</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>retuse</td><td></td><td>leaf tip</td><td>With a shallow notch in a round apex</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>rhomboid, rhombic</td><td><i>rhomboidalis</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Diamond-shaped</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>rounded</td><td><i>rotundifolius</i></td><td>leaf tip or base</td><td>Circular, no distinct point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>semiterete</td><td></td><td>3-D shape</td><td>Rounded on one side and flat on the other</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>sagittate</td><td><i>sagittatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td><a href="/facts/Arrowhead/M3BUXh59">Arrowhead</a>-shaped with the lower lobes folded, or curled downward</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>spatulate</td><td><i>spathulatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Spoon-shaped; having a broad flat end which tapers to the base</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>spear-shaped</td><td><i>hastatus</i></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>See hastate.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>subobtuse</td><td><i>subobtusus</i></td><td>leaf tip or base</td><td>Somewhat blunted; neither blunt nor sharp</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>subulate</td><td><i>subulatus</i></td><td>leaf tip</td><td><a href="/facts/Bradawl/P7EhMsQ1">Awl</a>-shaped with a tapering point</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Terete/6VzlXfwl">terete</a></td><td></td><td>3-D shape</td><td>Cylindrical with a circular or distorted circular cross-section and a single surface wrapping around it with no grooves or ridges. Subterete means the leaves are not completely terete, as seen in various <a href="/facts/Lichens/lUrd6Sn7">lichens</a> and <a href="/facts/Succulents/FjShYdlH">succulents</a>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>trullate</td><td></td><td>whole leaf</td><td>Shaped like a <a href="/facts/Masonry_trowel/ofBHI8Yv">masonry trowel</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>truncate</td><td><i>truncatus</i></td><td>leaf tip or base</td><td>With a squared-off end</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>undulate</td><td><i>undulatus</i></td><td>3-D shape</td><td>Wave-like</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>unifoliate</td><td><i>unifoliatus</i></td><td>compound leaves</td><td>With a single leaflet; it is distinct from a simple leaf by the presence of two <a href="/facts/Abscission_(botany)/ABgpLzeL">abscission layers</a> and often by <a href="/facts/Petiolule/pext65Wr">petiolules</a> and <a href="/facts/Stipel/1m6wCNTg">stipels</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="edge">Edge</h2> <p>Leaf margins (edges) are frequently used in visual plant identification because they are usually consistent within a species or group of species, and are an easy characteristic to observe. Edge and margin are interchangeable in the sense that they both refer to the outside perimeter of a leaf. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Image</th><th scope="col">Term</th><th scope="col">Latin</th><th scope="col">Description</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>entire</td><td><i>Forma</i><i>integra</i></td><td>Even; with a smooth margin; without toothing</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>ciliate</td><td><i>ciliatus</i></td><td>Fringed with hairs</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>crenate</td><td><i>crenatus</i></td><td>Wavy-toothed; dentate with rounded teeth</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>crenulate</td><td><i>crenulatus</i></td><td>Finely crenate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>crisped</td><td><i>crispus</i></td><td>Curly</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>dentate</td><td><i>dentatus</i></td><td>Toothed;<p>may be coarsely dentate, having large teeth</p><p>or glandular dentate, having teeth which bear glands</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>denticulate</td><td><i>denticulatus</i></td><td>Finely toothed</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>doubly serrate</td><td><i>duplicato-dentatus</i></td><td>Each tooth bearing smaller teeth</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>serrate</td><td><i>serratus</i></td><td>Saw-toothed; with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>serrulate</td><td><i>serrulatus</i></td><td>Finely serrate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>sinuate</td><td><i>sinuosus</i></td><td>With deep, wave-like indentations; coarsely crenate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>lobate</td><td><i>lobatus</i></td><td>Indented, with the indentations not reaching the center</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>undulate</td><td><i>undulatus</i></td><td>With a wavy edge, shallower than sinuate</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>spiny or pungent</td><td><i>spiculatus</i></td><td>With stiff, sharp points such as <a href="/facts/Thistle/uqErCyg9">thistles</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="leaf-folding">Leaf folding</h2> <p>Leaves may also be folded, sculpted or rolled in various ways. If the leaves are initially folded in the bud, but later unrolls it is called <a href="/facts/Vernation/tpd4NQvz">vernation</a>, ptyxis is the folding of an individual leaf in a bud. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Image</th><th scope="col">Term</th><th scope="col">Latin</th><th scope="col">Description</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>carinate or keeled</td><td><i>carinatus</i></td><td>With a longitudinal ridge, <a href="/facts/Keel/Ep5vCBc4">keel</a>-shaped</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>conduplicate</td><td></td><td>Folded upwards, with the surfaces close to parallel</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>cucullate</td><td></td><td>Forming a hood, margins and tip curved downward</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>involute</td><td></td><td>Rolled upwards (towards the adaxial surface)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>plicate</td><td><i>plicatus</i></td><td>With parallel folds</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>reduplicate</td><td></td><td>Folded downwards, with the surfaces close to parallel</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>revolute</td><td></td><td>Rolled downwards (towards the abaxial surface)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>supervolute</td><td></td><td>Opposing left and right halves of lamina folded along longitudinal axis, with one half rolled completely within the other</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="latin-descriptions">Latin descriptions</h2> <p>The Latin word for 'leaf', <i>folium</i>, is neuter. In descriptions of a single leaf, the neuter singular ending of the adjective is used, e.g. <i>folium lanceolatum</i> 'lanceolate leaf', <i>folium lineare</i> 'linear leaf'. In descriptions of multiple leaves, the neuter plural is used, e.g. <i>folia linearia</i> 'linear leaves'. Descriptions commonly refer to the plant using the ablative singular or plural, e.g. <i>foliis ovatis</i> 'with ovate leaves'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">Glossary of botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Glossary_of_plant_morphology/JwfMYURn">Glossary of plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cladophyll/pext65Wr">Cladophylls</a> are leaf-like petioles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leaf_size/Jonb5sC2">Leaf size</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sinus_(botany)/45f7Il1X">Sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leaflet_(botany)/LkIdafp2">Leaflet (botany)</a> and <a href="/facts/Rachis/pqGhCDd5">Rachis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Petiole_(botany)/pext65Wr">Petiole (botany)</a> and <a href="/facts/Plant_stem/QlQWSzV4">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Phylloclade/QUUcRDsF">Phylloclades</a> are flattened stems that resemble leaves</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pinnation/1tm6hMyo">Pinnation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plant_morphology/HU43Ld0R">Plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Taxonomy_(biology)/Qkg8wuyw">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Stearn, W.T. (2004). <i>Botanical Latin</i> (4th (p/b) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7153-1643-6.</li> <li><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_v.html">"Leaves"</a>., in Massey & Murphy (1996)</li> <li><a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/b_iii.html">"Shapes"</a>., in Massey & Murphy (1996)</li> <li>Massey, Jimmy R.; Murphy, James C. (1996). <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/">"Vascular plant systematics"</a>. <i>NC Botnet</i>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.cs.rochester.edu/users/faculty/nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/leaves/index.html#shape">The Description of Leaves, University of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.virtualherbarium.org/glossary/glossary.php?cid=29">Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222055914/http://www.vplants.org/plants/glossary/plate03.html">Vplants</a></li> <li><a href="http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termlf2.htm">Botany 115</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228221759/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termlf2.htm">Archived</a> 2015-12-28 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://theseedsite.co.uk/leafshapes.html">The seed site</a></li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Leaf margins. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Leaf diagrams. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Radford, A.E.; Dickison, W.C.; Massey, J.R.; Bell, C.R. (1976). "Phytography - Morphological Evidence". Vascular Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York. <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/" target="_blank">http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9. <a href="978-0-1434-1954-9" target="_blank">978-0-1434-1954-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Index of Garden Plants, Mark Griffiths, Timber Press, 1992 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Mucronate Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Answers.com, from Roget's Thesaurus. <a href="http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=Mucronate&gwp=13" target="_blank">http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=Mucronate&gwp=13</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"palmate (adj. palmately)". GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms. iVillage GardenWeb. 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213124631/http://glossary.gardenweb.com:80/glossary/palmate.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090213124631/http://glossary.gardenweb.com:80/glossary/palmate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Nelson, Randal C. (2009) [2012]. "Leaf description glossary". University of Rochester. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801032721/https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/leaves/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200801032721/https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~nelson/wildflowers/glossaries/leaves/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Nicholson, George; Garret, John; Trail, JWH (1887–1889). The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. London: L. Upcott Gill. ISBN 978-1436572316. <a href="978-1436572316" target="_blank">978-1436572316</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Stearn (2004), pp. 439–440. - Stearn, W.T. (2004). Botanical Latin (4th (p/b) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-7153-1643-6. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>