Unified combatant command

<h2 id="command-authority">Command authority</h2>
The Department of Defense defines at least four types of command authority:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<ol><li>COCOM – combatant command (legal authority): unitary control not further delegatable by the combatant commander (CCDR) within their geographic or functional combatant command (CCMD).</li>
<li>ADCON – administrative control of the command function of "obtaining resources, direction for training, methods of morale and discipline"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></li>
<li>OPCON – operational control of a command function, e.g. sustainment. In that case, OPCON is embodied in the Army Field Support Brigades (<a href="/facts/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army/p93AUh3v">AFSBs</a>)</li>
<li>TACON – tactical control of sustainment, for example as embodied in a Contracting Support Brigade</li></ol>
<h2 id="list-of-combatant-commands">List of combatant commands</h2>

<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Emblem</th><th rowspan="2">Combatant command(Acronym)</th><th rowspan="2">Establishment asa unified command</th><th rowspan="2">Headquarters</th><th colspan="3">Commander</th></tr><tr><th>Portrait</th><th>Name</th></tr><tr><th colspan="6">Geographic combatant commands</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Africa_Command/6ls1s2ah">Africa Command</a>(USAFRICOM)</td><td>October 2008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kelley_Barracks/es7fv3Q8">Kelley Barracks</a>, Stuttgart,Germany‡</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Michael_E._Langley/PFqaUgg6">Michael E. Langley</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">USMC</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Central_Command/RleyluAU">Central Command</a>(USCENTCOM)</td><td>January 1983</td><td><a href="/facts/MacDill_Air_Force_Base/Go68qFJa">MacDill Air Force Base</a>,Florida‡</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Michael_E._Kurilla/8Jme43md">Michael E. Kurilla</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">USA</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_European_Command/6raWrnU4">European Command</a>(USEUCOM)</td><td>August 1952</td><td><a href="/facts/Patch_Barracks/0KQkHxrj">Patch Barracks</a>, Stuttgart,Germany</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Alexus_Grynkewich/MouvgjwV">Alexus G. Grynkewich</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">USAF</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command/eeqQM4dU">Indo-Pacific Command</a>(USINDOPACOM)</td><td>January 1947</td><td><a href="/facts/Camp_H._M._Smith/sT004A81">Camp H. M. Smith</a>,Hawaii</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Admiral_(United_States)/4EnHN4bR">Admiral</a><a href="/facts/Samuel_J._Paparo_Jr./2dgXsDU3">Samuel J. Paparo Jr.</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">USN</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Northern_Command/4eeakmJS">Northern Command</a>(USNORTHCOM)</td><td>October 2002</td><td><a href="/facts/Peterson_Space_Force_Base/JhrzXokK">Peterson Space Force Base</a>,Colorado</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Gregory_M._Guillot/VHPzJWEt">Gregory M. Guillot</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">USAF</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Southern_Command/JhMVN1sI">Southern Command</a>(USSOUTHCOM)</td><td>June 1963</td><td><a href="/facts/Doral%2c_Florida/jUMSECya">Doral</a>,Florida‡</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Admiral_(United_States)/4EnHN4bR">Admiral</a><a href="/facts/Alvin_Holsey/AJCsSPDr">Alvin Holsey</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">USN</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Command/uDfQjTQa">Space Command</a>(USSPACECOM)</td><td>August 2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Peterson_Space_Force_Base/JhrzXokK">Peterson Space Force Base</a>,Colorado‡<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Stephen_Whiting/UlJl9M94">Stephen N. Whiting</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">USSF</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">Functional combatant commands</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Cyber_Command/G09JxTAm">Cyber Command</a>(USCYBERCOM)</td><td>May 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fort_George_G._Meade/c7BkDSaR">Fort George G. Meade</a>,Maryland</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)/B4rVa2LV">Lieutenant General</a><a href="/facts/William_J._Hartman/8V0fCVey">William J. Hartman</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">USA</a>Acting<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Special_Operations_Command/eEf4JyAv">Special Operations Command</a>(USSOCOM)</td><td>April 1987</td><td><a href="/facts/MacDill_Air_Force_Base/Go68qFJa">MacDill Air Force Base</a>,Florida</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Bryan_P._Fenton/SnhN5Jh3">Bryan P. Fenton</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">USA</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Strategic_Command/Qp4m8VhP">Strategic Command</a>(USSTRATCOM)</td><td>June 1992</td><td><a href="/facts/Offutt_Air_Force_Base/gDJx1Mly">Offutt Air Force Base</a>,Nebraska</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Anthony_J._Cotton/gfGLLvmq">Anthony J. Cotton</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">USAF</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Transportation_Command/0jwcNzqP">Transportation Command</a>(USTRANSCOM)</td><td>July 1987</td><td><a href="/facts/Scott_Air_Force_Base/GbIkDMS9">Scott Air Force Base</a>,Illinois</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/General_(United_States)/xepv3HkX">General</a><a href="/facts/Randall_Reed/qGeqEfF7">Randall Reed</a><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">USAF</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
‡ Currently, four geographic combatant commands have their <a href="/facts/Headquarters/5rUlMcoP">headquarters</a> located outside their geographic area of responsibility.

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_former_unified_combatant_commands/e8VRuul2">List of former unified combatant commands</a>

The current system of unified commands in the U.S. military emerged during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> with the establishment of geographic theaters of operation composed of forces from multiple service branches that reported to a single commander who was supported by a joint staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> A unified command structure also existed to coordinate British and U.S. military forces operating under the <a href="/facts/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff/xsAgYDbr">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a>, which was composed of the British <a href="/facts/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee/MCTg9Sj8">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> and the U.S. <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h3>World War II and afterwards</h3>
In mainland Europe, Allied forces fell under the command of the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force/gCQmDyHX">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (SHAEF). There was a separate command for the Mediterranean area. After SHAEF was dissolved at the end of the war, American forces were unified under a single command, the US Forces, European Theater (USFET), commanded by <a href="/facts/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)/6TVpXKev">General of the Army</a> <a href="/facts/Dwight_D._Eisenhower/a21WXe8r">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. In the Pacific, the split in the location of base areas (the Philippines and then Australia, versus Hawaii and the U.S. West Coast); General <a href="/facts/Douglas_MacArthur/roDnxxbj">Douglas MacArthur</a>'s towering ego; and Army-Navy rivalries meant that two separate commands were created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
The Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to advocate for permanent unified commands, and President <a href="/facts/Harry_S._Truman/2E2LmMoB">Harry S. Truman</a> approved the first plan on 14 December 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Known as the "Outline Command Plan", it would become the first in a series of Unified Command Plans.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The original 1946 plan established seven unified commands: <a href="/facts/Far_East_Command_(United_States)/tNLXTdSF">Far East Command</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Pacific_Command/eeqQM4dU">Pacific Command</a>, <a href="/facts/Alaskan_Command/aCoTHehV">Alaskan Command</a>, <a href="/facts/U.S._Northeastern_Command/Su59F72B">Northeast Command</a>, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Atlantic_Fleet/Ygq6vknY">U.S. Atlantic Fleet</a>, Caribbean Command, and European Command. However, on 5 August 1947, the CNO recommended instead that CINCLANTFLT be established as a fully unified commander under the broader title of Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT). The Army and Air Force objected, and CINCLANTFLT was activated as a unified command on 1 November 1947. A few days later, the CNO renewed his suggestion for the establishment of a unified Atlantic Command. This time his colleagues withdrew their objections, and on 1 December 1947, the <a href="/facts/U.S._Atlantic_Command/1QeyVM3G">U.S. Atlantic Command</a> (LANTCOM) was created under the Commander in Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Under the original plan, each of the unified commands operated with one of the service chiefs (the <a href="/facts/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army/aDFtQtl1">Chief of Staff of the Army</a> or <a href="/facts/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force/WTgbKtP2">Air Force</a>, or the <a href="/facts/Chief_of_Naval_Operations/IP7Skh60">Chief of Naval Operations</a>) serving as an executive agent representing the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> This arrangement was formalized on 21 April 1948 as part of a policy paper titled the "Function of the Armed Forces and the Joint Chiefs of Staff" (informally known as the "<a href="/facts/Key_West_Agreement/uJwqt8z9">Key West Agreement</a>").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The responsibilities of the unified commands were further expanded on 7 September 1948 when the commanders' authority was extended to include the coordination of the administrative and logistical functions in addition to their combat responsibilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

<h3>Cold War era</h3>
Far East Command and U.S. Northeast Command were disestablished under the <a href="/facts/Unified_Command_Plan/GhMUXheg">Unified Command Plan</a> of 1956–1957.
A 1958 "reorganization in <a href="/facts/National_Command_Authority_(United_States)/WGCPNf4A">National Command Authority</a> relations with the joint commands" with a "direct channel" to unified commands such as <a href="/facts/Continental_Air_Defense_Command/0G5n6jDe">Continental Air Defense Command</a> (CONAD) was effected after President <a href="/facts/Dwight_Eisenhower/a21WXe8r">Dwight Eisenhower</a> expressed concern[specify] about nuclear command and control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> CONAD itself was disestablished in 1975.
<a href="/facts/United_States_Central_Command/RleyluAU">United States Central Command</a> was established in 1983, an upgrading of the three-star <a href="/facts/Rapid_Deployment_Joint_Task_Force/pelsYNzs">Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force</a>.
Although not part of the original plan, the <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> also created specified commands that had broad and continuing missions but were composed of forces from only one service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Examples include the U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and the U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command. Like the unified commands, the specified commands reported directly to the JCS instead of their respective service chiefs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> These commands have not existed since Strategic Air Command was disestablished in 1992. The relevant section of federal law, however, remains unchanged, and the President retains the power to establish a new specified command.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
The <a href="/facts/Goldwater%25E2%2580%2593Nichols_Act/I93GWFqN">Goldwater–Nichols Defense Reorganization Act</a> of 1986 clarified and codified responsibilities that commanders-in-chief (CINCs) undertook, and which were first given legal status in 1947. After that act,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> CINCs reported directly to the United States <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">Secretary of Defense</a>, and through him to the President of the United States.

<h3>Post Soviet era</h3>
Then-Secretary of Defense <a href="/facts/Dick_Cheney/7EUs9oQV">Dick Cheney</a> announced in 1993 that the command system should continue to evolve toward a joint global structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Atlantic Command became the <a href="/facts/United_States_Joint_Forces_Command/KzxJftkz">Joint Forces Command</a> in the 1990s after the Soviet threat to the North Atlantic had disappeared and the need rose for an integrating and experimentation command for forces in the continental United States. 
In 1997 the former Soviet Central Asian republics were assigned to CENTCOM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> In January 2002 the area of the <a href="/facts/Russian_Federation/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> remained unassigned. The following month the Secretary approved General Myers' recommendation that assigned Russia to EUCOM with PACOM in support for the Russian Far East.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> By mid-2002, for the first time the entire surface of the earth was divided among the geographic commands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Rumsfeld assigned the last unassigned region—<a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>—to PACOM, which stretched from Pole to Pole and covered half of the globe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
On 24 October 2002, Secretary of Defense <a href="/facts/Donald_H._Rumsfeld/nTbFApTY">Donald H. Rumsfeld</a> announced that in accordance with <a href="/facts/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code/KCws61vy">Title 10 of the United States Code</a>, the title of "<a href="/facts/Commander-in-chief/pe6ojVyG">Commander-in-Chief</a>" would thereafter be reserved for the President, consistent with the terms of Article II of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Constitution/AJlEWNR3">United States Constitution</a>. Thereafter, the military CINCs would be known as "combatant commanders", as heads of the unified combatant commands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
A sixth geographical unified command, <a href="/facts/United_States_Africa_Command/6ls1s2ah">United States Africa Command</a> (USAFRICOM), was approved and established in 2007 for Africa. It operated under U.S. European Command as a sub-unified command during its first year, and transitioned to independent Unified Command Status in October 2008. In 2009, it focused on synchronizing hundreds of activities inherited from three regional commands that previously coordinated U.S. military relations in Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
Joint Forces Command was disbanded on 3 August 2011 and its components placed under the <a href="/facts/Joint_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Staff</a> and other combatant commands.
President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> announced on 18 August 2017 that the <a href="/facts/United_States_Cyber_Command/G09JxTAm">United States Cyber Command</a> (USCYBERCOM) would be elevated to the status of a unified combatant command from a sub-unified command. It was also announced that the separation of the command from the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">NSA</a> would be considered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> USCYBERCOM was elevated on 4 May 2018.
Vice President <a href="/facts/Mike_Pence/yF3PHK7L">Mike Pence</a> announced on 18 December 2018 that President Donald Trump had issued a memorandum ordering the stand-up of a <a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Command/uDfQjTQa">United States Space Command</a> (USSPACECOM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> A previous unified combatant command for unified space operations was decommissioned in 2002. The new USSPACECOM will include "(1) all the general responsibilities of a Unified Combatant Command; (2) the space-related responsibilities previously assigned to the Commander, <a href="/facts/United_States_Strategic_Command/Qp4m8VhP">United States Strategic Command</a>; and (3) the responsibilities of Joint Force Provider and Joint Force Trainer for Space Operations Forces".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> USSPACECOM was re-established on 29 August 2019.

<h2 id="combatant-commanders">Combatant commanders</h2>
Each combatant command (CCMD) is headed by a four-star general or admiral (the CCDR) recommended by the Secretary of Defense, nominated for appointment by the President of the United States, confirmed by the Senate and commissioned, at the President's order, by the Secretary of Defense. The Goldwater–Nichols Act and its subsequent implementation legislation also resulted in specific <a href="/facts/Joint_Professional_Military_Education/B2fP7R3I">Joint Professional Military Education</a> (JPME) requirements for officers before they could attain flag or general officer rank thereby preparing them for duty in Joint assignments such as UCC staff or Joint Chiefs of Staff assignments, which are strictly controlled tour length rotations of duty. However, in the decades following enactment of Goldwater–Nichols, these JPME requirements have yet to come to overall fruition. This is particularly true in the case of senior naval officers, where sea duty / shore duty rotations and the culture of the naval service has often discounted PME and JPME as a measure of professional development for success. Although slowly changing, the JPME requirement still continues to be frequently waived in the case of senior admirals nominated for these positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
The operational chain of command runs from the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">President</a> to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">Secretary of Defense</a> to the combatant commanders of the combatant commands. The <a href="/facts/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Prqqf1xT">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> may transmit communications to the Commanders of the combatant commands from the President and Secretary of Defense and advises both on potential courses of action, but the Chairman does not exercise military command over any combatant forces. Under Goldwater–Nichols, the service chiefs (also four stars in rank) are charged with the responsibility of the strategic direction; unified operation of combatant commands; and the integration of all land, naval, and air forces in an efficient "unified combatant command" force. Furthermore, the Secretaries of the Military Departments (i.e., <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army/NEYwoeBx">Secretary of the Army</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy/g5vUGAYA">Secretary of the Navy</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force/Ec2kf5C0">Secretary of the Air Force</a>) are legally responsible to "organize, train and equip" combatant forces and, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, assign their forces for use by the combatant commands. The Secretaries of the Military Departments thus exercise administrative control (ADCON)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> rather than operational control (OPCON—the prerogative of the combatant commander) over their forces.

<h3>Sub-unified commands</h3>
A sub-unified command, or, subordinate unified command, may be established by combatant commanders when authorized to do so by the Secretary of Defense or the president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> They are created to conduct a portion of the mission or tasking of their parent geographic or functional command. Sub-unified commands may be either functional or geographic, and the commanders of sub-unified commands exercise authority similar to that of combatant commanders.
Examples of former and present sub-unified commands are the <a href="/facts/Alaskan_Command/aCoTHehV">Alaskan Command</a> (ALCOM) under <a href="/facts/United_States_Northern_Command/4eeakmJS">USNORTHCOM</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Forces_Korea/ch5oCkrG">United States Forces Korea</a> (USFK) and <a href="/facts/United_States_Forces_Japan/lm0enKKc">United States Forces Japan</a> (USFJ) under <a href="/facts/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command/eeqQM4dU">USINDOPACOM</a>, and United States Forces—Afghanistan (USFA) under <a href="/facts/United_States_Central_Command/RleyluAU">USCENTCOM</a>.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">United States Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">United States Coast Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">United States Marine Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">United States Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">United States Space Force</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2>

<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code/KCws61vy">Title 10 of the United States Code</a> (10 U.S.C.) <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/161-">"§ 161"</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421182424/http://www.africom.mil/AfricomFAQs.asp">"AFRICOM FAQs"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Africa_Command/6ls1s2ah">United States Africa Command</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.africom.mil/africomFAQs.asp">the original</a> on April 21, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/unifiedcommand">"DefenseLINK — Unified Command Plan"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. Retrieved January 15, 2009.</li>
<li>Holder, Leonard; Murray, Williamson (Spring 1998). <a href="https://digitalndulibrary.ndu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ndupress&CISOPTR=16478&REC=1">"Prospects for Military Education"</a>. Joint Force Quarterly. Vol. 18.</li>
<li>JCS History (December 20, 1977). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf">"History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977"</a> (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from <a href="http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528175122/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/269.pdf">"History of the Unified Command Plan, 1977–1983"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. July 1985. Archived from <a href="http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/269.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027024636/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1.pdf">"Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. March 20, 2009. Archived from <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 27, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2009.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310102614/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf">"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff/Uvqu4MJ1">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. January 31, 2011. Joint Publication 1-02. Archived from <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208195931/http://www.jfcom.mil/about/jwfc_history.htm">"Joint Warfighting Center History"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Joint_Forces_Command/KzxJftkz">United States Joint Forces Command</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.jfcom.mil/about/jwfc_history.htm">the original</a> on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2007.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.tpub.com/content/advancement/14148/css/14148_21.htm">"Specified Command"</a>. Naval Advancement. Retrieved August 21, 2016.</li>
<li>Story, William C. (June 21, 1999). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010052854/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30245.pdf">Military Changes to the Unified Command Plan: Background and Issues for Congress</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/facts/Congressional_Research_Service/5y05h11b">Congressional Research Service</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30245.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 10, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021051013/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/February/20070206170933MVyelwarC0.2182581.html">"US Creating New Africa Command to Coordinate Military Efforts"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/February/20070206170933MVyelwarC0.2182581.html">the original</a> on October 21, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808111417/http://www.centcom.mil/area-of-responsibility-countries">"U.S. Central Command Area of Responsibility Countries"</a>. <a href="/facts/USCENTCOM/RleyluAU">USCENTCOM</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.centcom.mil/area-of-responsibility-countries">the original</a> on August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823072510/http://www.eucom.mil/mission/the-region/">"The Region EUCOM, Stronger Together"</a>. <a href="/facts/USEUCOM/6raWrnU4">USEUCOM</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.eucom.mil/mission/the-region">the original</a> on August 23, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513180226/http://nrt.sraprod.com/nrtconf/reports/040316/USNORTHCOM%20101.ppt">USNORTHCOM 101</a> (Report). SRA. Archived from <a href="http://nrt.sraprod.com/nrtconf/reports/040316/USNORTHCOM%20101.ppt">the original</a> on May 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/adana/19452/pdfs/uspacom.pdf">"ADM Keating's Letter"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/USPACOM/eeqQM4dU">USPACOM</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813044853/http://www.southcom.mil/aboutus/Pages/Area-of-Responsibility.aspx">"Area of Responsibility (USSOUTHCOM)"</a>. <a href="/facts/USSOUTHCOM/JhMVN1sI">USSOUTHCOM</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">United States Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.southcom.mil/aboutus/Pages/Area-of-Responsibility.aspx">the original</a> on August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unified Combatant Command.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf">"Interactive Map—US Africa Command (USAFRICOM) area of operation"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Africa/KV9WNJ0H">United States Army Africa</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf">the original</a> on January 17, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.today/20121212022612/http://www.defense.gov/specials/unifiedcommand/">"Unified Command Plan"</a>. <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.defense.gov/specials/unifiedcommand/">the original</a> on December 12, 2012.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Joint Pub 1, p. GL-11. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Story, p. 2 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Kathleen J. McInnis, Analyst in International Security, Congressional research service (Updated February 18, 2020) Defense Primer: Commanding U.S. Military Operations Report IF10542, version 8 <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10542/8" target="_blank">https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10542/8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Hitchens, Theresa (August 26, 2020). "Exclusive: Milley To OK New Unified Command Plan; Defines SPACECOM's Roles". Breaking Defense. <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/exclusive-milley-to-sign-new-unified-command-plan-defines-spacecoms-roles/" target="_blank">https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/exclusive-milley-to-sign-new-unified-command-plan-defines-spacecoms-roles/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"A Better Approach to Organizing Combatant Commands". War on the Rocks. August 27, 2021. <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/a-better-approach-to-organizing-combatant-commands/" target="_blank">https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/a-better-approach-to-organizing-combatant-commands/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Joint Pub 1-02, p. 37. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Joint Pub 1, p. IV-4. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Dr. Christopher R. Paparone Army Logistician COCOM, ADCON, OPCON, TACON Support —Do You Know the Difference?". Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401004720/http://www.alu.army.mil/alog/issues/NovDec07/cmmd_relat_difference.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150401004720/http://www.alu.army.mil/alog/issues/NovDec07/cmmd_relat_difference.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"(JP-1) Air Force Doctrine, Annex 3-30 - Command and Control (7 January 2020) APPENDIX A: COMMAND AUTHORITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS" (PDF). <a href="https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/Annex_3-30/3-30-D60-C2-Appendix-ComRels-Overview.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/Annex_3-30/3-30-D60-C2-Appendix-ComRels-Overview.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Dr. Christopher R. Paparone Army Logistician COCOM, ADCON, OPCON, TACON Support —Do You Know the Difference?". Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401004720/http://www.alu.army.mil/alog/issues/NovDec07/cmmd_relat_difference.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150401004720/http://www.alu.army.mil/alog/issues/NovDec07/cmmd_relat_difference.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">U.S. Africa Command was established on 1 October 2007 as a sub-unified command under U.S. European Command. It separated from U.S. European Command and was elevated to full unified command status on 1 October 2008. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">The first U.S. Space Command was originally established as a unified combatant command in September 1985. It was disestablished in October 2002. The second U.S. Space Command, which is considered separate from the first, was established on 29 August 2019. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, AP (31 Jul 2023) Biden decides to keep Space Command in Colorado, rejecting move to Alabama
Theresa Hitchens (31 Jul 2023) Space Command HQ staying in Colorado, as Biden reverses Trump decision 
Sen. Jeanne Shaheen noted that Missile Defense Agency lost 80% of its workforce in the move to Alabama in 2005.—Marcus Weisgerber and Bradley Peniston (31 Jul 2023) Biden to reverse Trump decision to move Space Command to Alabama
 <a href="https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/space-command-biden-colorado-alabama-382b12b57733848fd1d083227aefa0bf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"US Space Command Takes Reins on Space Ops, but Questions Remain". August 27, 2019. <a href="http://www.airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2019/August%202019/US-Space-Command-Takes-Reins-on-Space-Ops-But-Questions-Remain.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.airforcemag.com/Features/Pages/2019/August%202019/US-Space-Command-Takes-Reins-on-Space-Ops-But-Questions-Remain.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"US Space Command Establishment Ceremony Launches New Era of Space Superiority Capabilities". <a href="https://www.spacecom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/Article/1948103/us-space-command-establishment-ceremony-launches-new-era-of-space-superiority-c/" target="_blank">https://www.spacecom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/Article/1948103/us-space-command-establishment-ceremony-launches-new-era-of-space-superiority-c/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">U.S. Cyber Command was established on 23 June 2009 as a sub-unified command under U.S. Strategic Command. It separated from U.S. Strategic Command and was elevated to full unified command status on 4 May 2018. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Nakashima, Ellen; Strobel, Warren (April 4, 2025). "National Security Agency and Cyber Command chief Gen. Timothy Haugh ousted". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025. <a href="https://archive.today/20250404032313/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/04/03/nsa-director-fired-tim-haugh/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20250404032313/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/04/03/nsa-director-fired-tim-haugh/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">JCS (1985), p. 1 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">JCS History 1977, p. 1. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"History of the Unified Command Plan 1946-77," p.1; Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-440-30424-1. <a href="978-0-440-30424-1" target="_blank">978-0-440-30424-1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">JCS History 1977, p. 2. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">JCS History 1977. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Joint History Office, History of the Unified Command Plan 1946–1993, pp. 14–15. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">JCS History 1977, p. 3. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">JCS History 1977, p. 5. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">JCS History 1977, p. 6. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Wainstein, L. (June 1975). The Evolution of U.S. Strategic Command and Control and Warning: Part One (1945–1953) (Report). Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 1–138. Study S-467. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Naval Advancement <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">JCS History 1977, p. 4. - JCS History (December 20, 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946–1977" (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174827/http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">10 U.S.C. 161 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Tobias Naegele (3 Nov 2022) Out of the Cold War, Into the Fire 12th CSAF Larry D. Welch; 13th CSAF Michael J. Dugan <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/out-of-the-cold-war-into-the-fire/" target="_blank">https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/out-of-the-cold-war-into-the-fire/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Cheney, Dick (1993). "Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy" (PDF). Washington: Department of Defense. p. 11. <a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA268979.pdf" target="_blank">https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA268979.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">title="History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-2012,Drea, Edward et al (2013). " Joint History Office, (Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff) , p 5, 75, 84, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf <a href="https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Drea, p.84 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Feickert, Andrew (2013). "The Unified Command Plan and Combatant Commands: Background and Issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service, (Washington: White House), p 48, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42077/11 <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42077/11" target="_blank">https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42077/11</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Drea, Edward et al (2013). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-2012," Joint History Office, (Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff) , p 83, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf <a href="https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Command_Plan.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Department of Defense Press Briefing by Adm. Harris in the Pentagon Briefing Room". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved October 24, 2024. <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/673426/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-adm-harris-in-the-pentagon-briefing-room/" target="_blank">https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/673426/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-adm-harris-in-the-pentagon-briefing-room/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Rumsfeld, Donald (24 October 2002). MEMORANDUM FOR SECRETARIES OF THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS SUBJECT: The Title "Commander-in-Chief" (PDF) (Report). The Rumsfeld Papers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115051555/https://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/223/2002-10-24%20re%20The%20Title%20Commander%20in%20Chief.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201115051555/https://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/223/2002-10-24%20re%20The%20Title%20Commander%20in%20Chief.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">AFRICOM FAQs <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Statement by President Donald J. Trump on the Elevation of Cyber Command". Office of the Press Secretary. whitehouse.gov (Press release). 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/18/statement-donald-j-trump-elevation-cyber-command" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/18/statement-donald-j-trump-elevation-cyber-command</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Trump, Donald (23 August 2017). "Presidential Documents: Memorandum of August 15, 2017: Elevation of U.S. Cyber Command to a Unified Combatant Command" (PDF). Federal Register. 82 (162). U.S. Government Printing Office: 39953–39954. Retrieved 23 August 2017. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" target="_blank">/wiki/Donald_Trump</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Remarks by Vice President Pence at Kennedy Space Center". Office of the White House Press Secretary. whitehouse.gov (Press release). Kennedy Space Center, Florida. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-kennedy-space-center/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-kennedy-space-center/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Text of a Memorandum from the President to the Secretary of Defense Regarding the Establishment of the United States Space Command". Office of the Press Secretary. whitehouse.gov (Press release). 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via National Archives. <a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/text-memorandum-president-secretary-defense-regarding-establishment-united-states-space-command/" target="_blank">https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/text-memorandum-president-secretary-defense-regarding-establishment-united-states-space-command/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Holder & Murray, p. 86. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Redfern, Justin M., Lt. Col.; Cornett, Aaron M., Maj. (5 April 2018). The challenging world of command and support relationships. United States Army (Report). Department of Defense.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.army.mil/article/203331/the_challenging_world_of_command_and_support_relationships" target="_blank">https://www.army.mil/article/203331/the_challenging_world_of_command_and_support_relationships</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Joint Pub 1, p. V-9. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Unified combatant command open-in-new

Unified combatant command