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Plant arithmetic
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<h2 id="arithmetic-by-species">Arithmetic by species</h2> <h3>Venus flytrap</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Venus_flytrap/psedt0H2">Venus flytrap</a> can count to two and five in order to trap and then digest its prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>The Venus flytrap is a <a href="/facts/Carnivorous_plant/GWTld9Ke">carnivorous plant</a> that catches its prey with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. A Venus flytrap's reactions can occur due to electric and mechanical, or movement-related, changes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if a second contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption. </p><p>There are two steps, which are a closed and locked state, that a Venus flytrap undergoes after its open state and before <a href="/facts/Digestion/sjUBmhBS">digestion</a>, which differ due to the formation of the trap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> A closed trap occurs when the two lobes close or catch prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> A locked trap occurs when the cilia further trap the prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The trap can possess a strength of four <a href="/facts/Newton_(unit)/Ral9XgNl">newtons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In addition, the <a href="/facts/Cilium/C9l436HM">cilia</a> can further hinder a creature's ability to escape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in rapid succession,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The number of days that the trap remains closed will depend on whether or not the plant has caught prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Furthermore, the size of the prey can affect the number of days needed for digestion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> If a creature is too small, then the Venus flytrap has the ability to release it, which means that it can start the stage of becoming semi-open.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The transition from closed to open will take two days and can result after the plant has finished digesting or realizing it has not caught anything worthwhile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> One day will be needed to become semi-open, which creates a concave look, and the other day will allow the Venus flytrap to become fully open, which creates a convex look.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The angle of a Venus flytrap's lobes when they are open can be impacted by the water within it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i></h3> <p><i><a href="/facts/Arabidopsis_thaliana/wt2IMJsC">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> in effect performs division to control <a href="/facts/Starch/gHAqGfJb">starch</a> use at night.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>Most plants accumulate starch by day, then metabolize it at a fixed rate during night time. However, if the onset of darkness is unusually early, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> reduces its use of starch by an amount that effectively requires division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> However, there are alternative explanations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> such as feedback control by sensing the amount of soluble sugars left.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> As of 2015, open questions remain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Plant_communication/Y696xGfw">Plant communication</a> – Communication between plants and other organisms</li> <li><a href="/facts/Plant_perception_(physiology)/xl6D3ouD">Plant perception (physiology)</a> – Plants interaction to environment</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Böhm, Jennifer; Scherzer, Sönke; Krol, Elzbieta; Kreuzer, Ines; von Meyer, Katharina; Lorey, Christian; Mueller, Thomas D.; Shabala, Lana; Monte, Isabel; Solano, Roberto; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S.; Rennenberg, Heinz; Shabala, Sergey; Neher, Erwin; Hedrich, Rainer (February 2016). "The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake". Current Biology. 26 (3): 286–295. Bibcode:2016CBio...26..286B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057. PMC 4751343. PMID 26804557. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751343" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751343</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Plants count to five". Nature. 529 (7587): 440. 2016. doi:10.1038/529440a. S2CID 49905733. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F529440a" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2F529440a</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Harris II, Shawn L.; Vilfranc, Chrystelle L.; Murphy, Veronica A.; Wooten, Joseph D.; Paulicin, Henoc; Volkova, Maia I.; Markin, Vladislav S. (1 January 2013). "Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plant Physiology. 170 (1): 25–32. Bibcode:2013JPPhy.170...25V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.009. PMID 22959673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sachse, Renate; Westermeier, Anna; Mylo, Max; Nadasdi, Joey; Bischoff, Manfred; Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon (7 July 2020). "Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (27): 16035–16042. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11716035S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002707117. PMC 7355038. PMID 32571929. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Harris II, Shawn L.; Vilfranc, Chrystelle L.; Murphy, Veronica A.; Wooten, Joseph D.; Paulicin, Henoc; Volkova, Maia I.; Markin, Vladislav S. (1 January 2013). "Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plant Physiology. 170 (1): 25–32. Bibcode:2013JPPhy.170...25V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.009. PMID 22959673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Sachse, Renate; Westermeier, Anna; Mylo, Max; Nadasdi, Joey; Bischoff, Manfred; Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon (7 July 2020). "Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (27): 16035–16042. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11716035S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002707117. PMC 7355038. PMID 32571929. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Harris II, Shawn L.; Vilfranc, Chrystelle L.; Murphy, Veronica A.; Wooten, Joseph D.; Paulicin, Henoc; Volkova, Maia I.; Markin, Vladislav S. (1 January 2013). "Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plant Physiology. 170 (1): 25–32. Bibcode:2013JPPhy.170...25V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.009. PMID 22959673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Sachse, Renate; Westermeier, Anna; Mylo, Max; Nadasdi, Joey; Bischoff, Manfred; Speck, Thomas; Poppinga, Simon (7 July 2020). "Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (27): 16035–16042. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11716035S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002707117. PMC 7355038. PMID 32571929. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355038</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. 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"Venus flytrap biomechanics: Forces in the Dionaea muscipula trap". Journal of Plant Physiology. 170 (1): 25–32. Bibcode:2013JPPhy.170...25V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2012.08.009. PMID 22959673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. OCLC 56051064. <a href="978-0-7167-1007-3" target="_blank">978-0-7167-1007-3</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. 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"Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. (15 January 2011). "Complete hunting cycle of Dionaea muscipula: Consecutive steps and their electrical properties". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JPPhy.168..109V. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.007. PMID 20667624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Volkov, Alexander G.; Pinnock, Monique-Renée; Lowe, Dennell C.; Gay, Ma'Resha S.; Markin, Vladislav S. 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