Assyrian Democratic Organization

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Founded in 1957 in the town of <a href="/facts/Al-Qahtaniyah,_al-Hasakah/l6eTxmeT">Qabre Ḥewore</a> by university students and other intellectuals, the Assyrian Democratic Organization was founded with the hopes of having Assyrians federally recognized as a group under the Syrian government, as well as stressing unity of Assyrians across all denominations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The party was formed as a response to the developments of <a href="/facts/Pan-Arabism/7AH9WCrb">pan-Arabism</a> in Syria, and increased pressure for Assyrians under <a href="/facts/Arabization/buoJF4m2">Arabization</a> campaigns and the formation of the <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Republic/4R55TmFu">United Arab Republic</a>. The party espoused an ideology of secularism, and the origins of the party's thought can be linked to other prominent <a href="/facts/Assyrian_nationalists/AugLfvv6">Assyrian nationalists</a> such as <a href="/facts/Naum_Faiq/gq1MRku4">Naum Faiq</a>, <a href="/facts/Freydun_Atturaya/V1X0AXXq">Freydun Atturaya</a>, <a href="/facts/Farid_Nazha/13xB4D7B">Farid Nazha</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ashur_Yousif/Y7zXCbq4">Ashur Yousif</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The party initially began as an underground movement amongst Assyrian communities, but over time, activities and celebrations became much more public.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> ADO utilized symbolism of the ancient Assyrians to stress <a href="/facts/Assyrian_continuity/yFD4BHNh">continuity</a> in <a href="/facts/Beth_Nahrain/qvwroTWt">Beth Nahrain</a>, and aims to see an Assyrian homeland in the Middle East; the party's founding in Syria meant that greater room was given to promote <a href="/facts/Assyrian_nationalism/AugLfvv6">Assyrian nationalism</a> than under the <a href="/facts/Turkish_government/0F5wtM9F">Turkish government</a> in <a href="/facts/Mardin/Td8jSDpx">Mardin</a> and <a href="/facts/Tur_Abdin/FLhSrDHr">Tur Abdin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The party's activities would eventually cause strain in politics and the <a href="/facts/Assyrian_diaspora/sFkTkLQv">Assyrian diaspora</a>, which lead into a split between the names Assyrier and Syrianer in <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>. In 1978, the party split into the <a href="/facts/Assyrian_Democratic_Party/V5F9GVo2">Assyrian Democratic Party</a>, led by Adam Homeh and stressed sectarianism through the belief of superiority of Eastern Assyrians over Western, who lead much of the ADO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The Aramean movement can be partially considered a reaction to ADO's secular ideology by the <a href="/facts/Syriac_Orthodox_Church/Dz0q0a9q">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, who stressed ties to religion as part of Syriac identity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Although the name debate began in 1975, the conflict was amplified by the 1980's with the death of Aslan Noyan; Noyan had allegedly planned to leak negative information on ADO to Swedish authorities, and many held the party accountable for his death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Eventually, the Swedish government would declare ADO a terrorist organization, and the party's leadership faced challenges with the ADP's pro-Ba'ath stance and candidates.
In 1998, ADO met with <a href="/facts/Vartan_Oskanian/Sjw0K9JH">Vartan Oskanian</a>, former <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Armenia)/mUKwotjr">Foreign Minister of Armenia</a>, and the two parties met to discuss <a href="/facts/Armenian-Assyrian_relations/FCU0T9uT">Armenian-Assyrian relations</a> across history and the awareness of ADO among officials in the <a href="/facts/Armenian_government/m4dBk7XS">Armenian government</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In the same month, the party condemned the French government and prime minister <a href="/facts/Lionel_Jospin/Cj7SJHSj">Lionel Jospin</a> for avoiding the use of the word <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a> in context of the <a href="/facts/Armenian_genocide/n4qY58hs">Armenian genocide</a>.
In 2005, ADO opposed the creation of the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Iraq/B1vUM7Pq">Constitution of Iraq</a> following the <a href="/facts/2003_invasion_of_Iraq/V9zysaV1">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. The opposition came as a result of the division of Assyrians into two distinct groups, namely "Assyrians" and "<a href="/facts/Chaldean_Catholics/f74N9kBP">Chaldeans</a>". In a statement released on August 31, ADO called for Assyrian organizations in the <a href="/facts/Assyrian_homeland/PjWff878">Assyrian homeland</a> and <a href="/facts/Assyrian_diaspora/sFkTkLQv">diaspora</a> to appeal to authorities in Iraq to undo the division and declare Assyrians as one sole ethnic group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
In 2010, ADO was stopped by <a href="/facts/Syrian_Armed_Forces/a5lKFDt4">Syrian security</a> and prevented from holding a ceremony commemorating its anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="syrian-civil-war-and-isis">Syrian Civil War and ISIS</h2>
After the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, the ADO under the leadership of Gawrieh took a neutral stance on the conflict, calling for a peaceful resolution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Gawrieh had previously been one of the leading secular figures of the <a href="/facts/Damascus_Declaration/uGps0SYV">Damascus Declaration</a>, he however refused to join the leftist <a href="/facts/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change/aHKGzFmL">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> ADO's involvement in the Syrian Civil War mediation talks set it apart from other parties due to its position as a minority political party, and its representation of Christian Assyrians in the Syrian landscape. However, in its course, the ADO began to take a stand against the Syrian regime and a routine of neighborhood watches, arming young Assyrians with weapons for protection. In <a href="/facts/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)/NjJYA3Xw">The National News</a>, Akkad Abdul Ahad, who ran the party's newsletter, stated "We are against the regime, but many Christians are afraid of change, of what comes after the regime, of who will rule Syria."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> ADO joined the <a href="/facts/Syrian_National_Council/xSXaxHu0">Syrian National Council</a> upon its founding in October 2011, being part of other opposition groups based in Istanbul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
The Assyrian Democratic Organization has been in opposition to the <a href="/facts/Sutoro/3YhtSStn">Sutoro</a> police force during the fight against ISIS, as it is affiliated with the <a href="/facts/Asayish_(North_and_East_Syria)/U16fsIe0">Asayish</a> and the <a href="/facts/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)/k75lczVq">Syriac Union Party</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The party was also subject to <a href="/facts/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention/MA31VM9a">arbitrary arrest and detention</a> by Syrian forces on more than one occasion; on May 20, 2011, the party's headquarters in Qamishly were raided, and 13 members were arrested after participating in a peaceful demonstration the previous day. A similar raid occurred two years later in 2013 by several militias aligned with the Syrian government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
On December 19, 2013, Gawrieh was arrested by Syrian authorities in Qamishli. His arrest was condemned by Assyrian organizations, human rights organizations, as well as other countries such as the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> <a href="/facts/Hadi_al-Bahra/rVDd3lqV">Hadi al-Bahra</a>, then president of the coalition, condemned his arrest, stating that it would prevent any long-lasting political solutions to the Syrian Civil War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> He was eventually released three years later, in June 2016.
In March 2017, two ADO offices in <a href="/facts/Qamishli/60RersNJ">Qamishli</a> and <a href="/facts/Al-Malikiyah/1qsuYC1R">al-Malikiyah</a> were shut down by <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria/YEoQU4YH">Rojavan</a> authorities due to a lack of a permit. On 12 April, an official in the governing <a href="/facts/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society/q7k0wQYL">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM) met with <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Moushe_Gawrieh/NXngN3AW">Gabriel Moushe Gawrieh</a>, head of the ADO, and discussed the incident and the "need to respect the laws of the administration". It was the first time TEV-DEM officials met with the ADO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Basheer al Saady, a member of the party, had previously discussed how continuous persecution had pressured Assyrians to leave Syria, stating how they had lost hope for a brighter future, especially after ISIS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="modern-activity">Modern activity</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war/02ToTGBh">Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war</a>
In July 2020, the ADO joined an alliance of political parties called the Syrian Front for Peace and Freedom, which also included the <a href="/facts/Kurdish_National_Council/bazmGs4J">Kurdish National Council</a>, <a href="/facts/Syria%27s_Tomorrow_Movement/UBFzAzvd">Syria's Tomorrow Movement</a>, and the Arab Council in al-Jazeera and the Euphrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> In December of that year, ADO condemned a speech made by <a href="/facts/Bashar_al-Assad/uFjUSQv6">Bashar al-Assad</a> at Al-Othman Mosque that espoused <a href="/facts/Arab_nationalism/AJAwbyX8">Arab nationalist</a> sentiments. The ADO accused Assad of aiming to cause discord amongst Syria's ethnic and religious components, and put Assyrians at risk of further violence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
In 2021, Gawrieh, than the leader of ADO, was prevented from entering <a href="/facts/Iraqi_Kurdistan/lY98mhLE">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> by the AANES. Gawrieh had previously been banned from entering the region in July of that year, and he was scheduled to meet with the German consulate in <a href="/facts/Erbil/UodGTY5X">Erbil</a>. Despite the AANES aiming to push blame on the <a href="/facts/Kurdish_Regional_Government/zk6GP3bG">Kurdish Regional Government</a>, the ADO condemned AANES for the dispute and called on authorities to reverse the ban and uphold the ideals of the administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
In 2022, on the eve of <a href="/facts/Akitu/CY7g7ye5">Akitu</a>, the ADO and the Syriac Union Party signed a Document of Political Understanding, which aimed to bolster mutual cooperation through recognizing the situation of <a href="/facts/Assyrians_in_Syria/s3eCxyFB">Assyrians in Syria</a> and the various <a href="/facts/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians/LwLcjzYX">names in use</a> (Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac). The agreement followed discussions between the two parties under US mediation, and was hailed as significant for preserving Assyrian communities in Syria despite threats of Kurdish reproachment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Gawrieh stated that the Document was a message to the Assyrian homeland and diaspora, and was commended by himself as well as Bashir Isshaq Sa'di and Sara Barsom of the Assyrian Women's Office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
In 2024, ADO participated in a webinar hosted by the Syrians for Truth and Justice Organization (STJ), in which Gawrieh condemned Turkish airstrikes on AANES and discussed the state of Assyrians in Syria due to the airstrikes, and how it impacted their presence in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Gawrieh had previously indicated fears that Turkish airstrikes could permanently alter demographics in the northeastern part of the country, and could create greater issues regarding property rights post-conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
In regards to the 2024 Syrian Parliamentary elections, the Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO) have strongly rejected the elections given tensions surrounding President Bashar al-Assad. Gawrieh issued a statement arguing that "the holding of the general elections is not only against the constitution issued by the Syrian regime in 2011, but also to send a message to the international community and spread its legitimacy among the Syrian people. The demonstrations in Sweden and other areas are real proof of their rejection of the current regime in Damascus."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h3>Post-Assad</h3>
Following the <a href="/facts/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime/f9ov5ycf">Fall of the Assad regime</a> in 2024, ADO made public postings on their social media accounts to mark the occasion. A video posted to their accounts showed Assyrians waving the <a href="/facts/Assyrian_flag/x2vyxLf3">Assyrian flag</a> and the flag of the <a href="/facts/Flag_of_Syria/BmD83zpz">Syrian opposition</a>, and emphasized their hope for a better future for Assyrians and all people in Syria. Gawrieh voiced confidence in what he saw as a turning point for the Syrian people and country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Early into 2025, ADO issued a joint statement alongside the Syriac Union Party outlining their shared vision for the future of Syria, calling for a peaceful transition with a non-sectarian government as well as constitutional recognition of the Assyrian community, cultural and linguistic rights, and proper representation and restoration of Assyrian villages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> However, on the occasion of <a href="/facts/Kha_b-Nisan/b9pdpXzU">Kha b'Nissan</a> celebrations in Qamishli, the ADO lamented that results have so far been disappointing across the transitional period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724224229/http://en.ado-world.org/">Official website</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">About ADO Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, ADO world <a href="http://en.ado-world.org/about-ado/article/about-ado-1332" target="_blank">http://en.ado-world.org/about-ado/article/about-ado-1332</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">The Assyrian Democratic Organization Rejects Iraq's Constitution <a href="http://www.aina.org/news/20050904120844.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aina.org/news/20050904120844.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Assyrian Democratic Organization: al-Assad's speech puts the Syriac-Assyrian component in danger". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 14 December 2020. <a href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/12/14/assyrian-democratic-organization-al-assads-speech-puts-the-syriac-assyrian-component-in-danger/" target="_blank">https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/12/14/assyrian-democratic-organization-al-assads-speech-puts-the-syriac-assyrian-component-in-danger/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Szlanko, Balint (20 February 2014). "Instead of fleeing, some of Syria's Christians will stand their ground". The National. Retrieved 2015-02-16. Other Christian groups, such as the Assyrian Democratic Organisation (ADO), oppose the government, too, and have joined the Syrian National Coalition, the opposition umbrella group. <a href="http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/instead-of-fleeing-some-of-syrias-christians-will-stand-their-ground#full" target="_blank">http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/instead-of-fleeing-some-of-syrias-christians-will-stand-their-ground#full</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Manhal Barash (21 June 2024). Politics in Syria: Mapping Active Political Parties and Movements (PDF) (Report). Impact Research. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 29 September 2024. <a href="https://impactres.org/reports/Political_landscape_in_Syria-En.pdf" target="_blank">https://impactres.org/reports/Political_landscape_in_Syria-En.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Woźniak-Bobińska, Marta (2020). Modern Assyrian/Syriac Diaspora in Sweden. Łódź, Poland: Department of Middle East and North Africa, University of Lodz. p. 115. ISBN 978-83-8142-360-1. <a href="978-83-8142-360-1" target="_blank">978-83-8142-360-1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">BarAbrahem, Abdulmesih (15 July 1997). "A National School". Augsburg, Germany: Mtakasto. Retrieved 29 September 2024. <a href="https://www.atour.com/~ado/docs/ns.html" target="_blank">https://www.atour.com/~ado/docs/ns.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Mack, Jennifer (11 October 2017). The Construction of Equality: Syriac Immigration and the Swedish City. University of Minnesota. p. 49. ISBN 9781452958774. <a href="9781452958774" target="_blank">9781452958774</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Deniz, Fuat (1999). En minoritets odyssé. Sweden: Örebro University. p. 188. <a href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1093785/FULLTEXT01.pdf." target="_blank">https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1093785/FULLTEXT01.pdf.</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Mardean Isaac. "The Assyrians of Syria: History and Prospects". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224202420/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-assyrians-of-syria-history-and-prospets-by-mardean-isaac/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151224202420/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-assyrians-of-syria-history-and-prospets-by-mardean-isaac/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Woźniak-Bobińska, Marta (2020). Modern Assyrian/Syriac Diaspora in Sweden. Łódź, Poland: Department of Middle East and North Africa, University of Lodz. p. 115. ISBN 978-83-8142-360-1. <a href="978-83-8142-360-1" target="_blank">978-83-8142-360-1</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Mack, Jennifer (11 October 2017). The Construction of Equality: Syriac Immigration and the Swedish City. University of Minnesota. p. 49. ISBN 9781452958774. <a href="9781452958774" target="_blank">9781452958774</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"First Official Talks between ADO and Armenian Government Officials". Augsburg, Germany: Mtakasto. 5 May 1998. Retrieved 29 September 2024. <a href="https://www.atour.com/~ado/docs/ao.html" target="_blank">https://www.atour.com/~ado/docs/ao.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"The Assyrian Democratic Organization Rejects Iraq's Constitution". Assyrian International News Agency. 4 September 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2024. <a href="http://www.aina.org/news/20050904120844.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aina.org/news/20050904120844.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Syrian security forces stopped the celebrations of the Assyrian Democratic Organization on the occasion of its anniversary". english.ankawa.com. Ankawa.com. 16 July 2010. <a href="https://english.ankawa.com/syrian-security-forces-stopped-the-celebrations-of-the-assyrian-democratic-organization-on-the-occasion-of-its-anniversary/" target="_blank">https://english.ankawa.com/syrian-security-forces-stopped-the-celebrations-of-the-assyrian-democratic-organization-on-the-occasion-of-its-anniversary/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"عنكاوا كوم" تحاور كبرئيل موشي كورية مسؤول المكتب السياسي للمنظمة الآثورية الديمقراطية وعضو الأمانة العامة لإعلان دمشق" (in Arabic). ADO. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021055/http://ar.ado-world.org/35/37/article/1029" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021055/http://ar.ado-world.org/35/37/article/1029</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Who's who: Gabriel Moshe Kourieh". Syrian Observer. 29 Jan 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322014337/http://syrianobserver.com/Opposition/Opp_Who/Gabriel+Moshe+Korean" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140322014337/http://syrianobserver.com/Opposition/Opp_Who/Gabriel+Moshe+Korean</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Szlanko, Balint (20 February 2014). "Instead of fleeing, some of Syria's Christians will stand their ground". The National. Retrieved 2015-02-16. Other Christian groups, such as the Assyrian Democratic Organisation (ADO), oppose the government, too, and have joined the Syrian National Coalition, the opposition umbrella group. <a href="http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/instead-of-fleeing-some-of-syrias-christians-will-stand-their-ground#full" target="_blank">http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/instead-of-fleeing-some-of-syrias-christians-will-stand-their-ground#full</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Syrian National Council Information". Syrian National Council. Retrieved 12 November 2024. <a href="https://www.syriancouncil.org/" target="_blank">https://www.syriancouncil.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Syria’s Political Opposition (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War. April 2012. p. 10. Retrieved 12 November 2024. <a href="https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_Political_Opposition.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_Political_Opposition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Rojava – a "protection zone" for religious and ethnic minorities in Syria?" (PDF). Society for Threatened Peoples. June 2016. <a href="https://www.gfbv.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Reporte_Memoranden/2016/Northern-Syria-research-trip-2016.compressed.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.gfbv.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Reporte_Memoranden/2016/Northern-Syria-research-trip-2016.compressed.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Assyrians for existence and freedom (PDF) (Report). Assyrian Human Rights Network. 2014. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 30 September 2024. <a href="https://snhr.org/public_html/wp-content/pdf/english/Assyrian%20Human%20Rights%20Network%20nopass.pdf" target="_blank">https://snhr.org/public_html/wp-content/pdf/english/Assyrian%20Human%20Rights%20Network%20nopass.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Psaki, Jen (3 March 2014). "Christians Under Threat in Syria". US Department of State. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/03/222802.htm" target="_blank">https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/03/222802.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"السلطات السورية تحتجز السيد كبرئيل موشي كورية مسؤول المكتب السياسي للمنظمة الآثورية الديمقراطية" (in Arabic). Committee for the Defence of Democracy Freedoms and Human Rights in Syria. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2014. <a href="http://cdf-sy.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1840:2013-12-20-23-49-24" target="_blank">http://cdf-sy.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1840:2013-12-20-23-49-24</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Bahra: Assad's Arrest of Koriya Thwarts any Political Solutions". National Coalition of Syria. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2024. <a href="https://en.etilaf.org/all-news/news/bahra-assad-s-arrest-of-koriya-thwarts-any-political-solutions" target="_blank">https://en.etilaf.org/all-news/news/bahra-assad-s-arrest-of-koriya-thwarts-any-political-solutions</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Wladimir van Wilgenburg (13 April 2017). "Assyrian faction linked to Syrian opposition meets with Kurdish TEV-DEM after office closure". ARA News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415183332/http://aranews.net/2017/04/assyrian-faction-linked-syrian-opposition-meets-kurdish-tev-dem-office-closure/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170415183332/http://aranews.net/2017/04/assyrian-faction-linked-syrian-opposition-meets-kurdish-tev-dem-office-closure/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Kinan Sultan (17 March 2017). ""PYD" Closes Headquarters Of Anti-Assad Assyrian Party". Baladi News. <a href="https://www.baladi-news.com/en/articles/16735/pyd-closes-headquarters-of-anti-assad-assyrian-party" target="_blank">https://www.baladi-news.com/en/articles/16735/pyd-closes-headquarters-of-anti-assad-assyrian-party</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"AN EXODUS OF SYRIAN CHRISTIANS". SBS Assyrian (Podcast). SBS. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2024. <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/assyrian/en/podcast-episode/an-exodus-of-syrian-christians/mxq3nynod" target="_blank">https://www.sbs.com.au/language/assyrian/en/podcast-episode/an-exodus-of-syrian-christians/mxq3nynod</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Louay Rhebani (1 October 2020). "Will al-Jarba's visit to Moscow achieve any geopolitical gains?". english.enabbaladi.com. Enab Baladi. <a href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/10/will-al-jarbas-visit-to-moscow-achieve-any-geopolitical-gains/" target="_blank">https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/10/will-al-jarbas-visit-to-moscow-achieve-any-geopolitical-gains/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"ASIA/SYRIA - Christian groups join the "Front for peace and freedom" in north-east Syria". fides.org. Agenzia Fides. 31 July 2020. <a href="https://www.fides.org/en/news/68471-ASIA_SYRIA_Christian_groups_join_the_Front_for_peace_and_freedom_in_north_east_Syria" target="_blank">https://www.fides.org/en/news/68471-ASIA_SYRIA_Christian_groups_join_the_Front_for_peace_and_freedom_in_north_east_Syria</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Assyrian Democratic Organization: al-Assad's speech puts the Syriac-Assyrian component in danger". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 14 December 2020. <a href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/12/14/assyrian-democratic-organization-al-assads-speech-puts-the-syriac-assyrian-component-in-danger/" target="_blank">https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/12/14/assyrian-democratic-organization-al-assads-speech-puts-the-syriac-assyrian-component-in-danger/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"ADO Press release regarding Assad's recent statements: "Incitement and stirring up conflict between the original people of Syria."". ado-world.com. Mtakasto. 13 December 2020. <a href="https://ado-world.com/en/ado-press-release-regarding-assads-recent-statements-incitement-and-stirring-up-conflict-between-the-original-people-of-syria/" target="_blank">https://ado-world.com/en/ado-press-release-regarding-assads-recent-statements-incitement-and-stirring-up-conflict-between-the-original-people-of-syria/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Gabriel Moshe Banned from Traveling to Kurdistan Region of Iraq KRI". en.yekiti-media.org. Yekiti Media. 31 August 2021. <a href="https://en.yekiti-media.org/gabriel-moshe-banned-from-traveling-to-kurdistan-region-of-iraq-kri/" target="_blank">https://en.yekiti-media.org/gabriel-moshe-banned-from-traveling-to-kurdistan-region-of-iraq-kri/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Ma'o, Khalaf (26 May 2021). "Two Syriac/Assyrian parties in Qamishli are discuss political agreement under US auspices". npasyria.com. Qamishli: North Press Agency. <a href="https://npasyria.com/en/59891/" target="_blank">https://npasyria.com/en/59891/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Garcia, Alison (1 May 2021). "Assyrian Christians Seek Unity in Syria". persecution.org. al-Hasakah: International Christian Concern. <a href="https://www.persecution.org/2021/05/01/assyrian-christians-seek-unity-syria/" target="_blank">https://www.persecution.org/2021/05/01/assyrian-christians-seek-unity-syria/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Syriac Union Party and Assyrian Democratic Organization sign political understanding document in North and East Syria". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 1 April 2022. <a href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/04/01/syriac-union-party-and-assyrian-democratic-organization-sign-political-understanding-document-in-north-and-east-syria/" target="_blank">https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/04/01/syriac-union-party-and-assyrian-democratic-organization-sign-political-understanding-document-in-north-and-east-syria/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"BETH ZALIN: Assyrian Democratic Organization officials commend the signing of Document of Political Understanding with the Syriac Union Party in Syria". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 3 April 2022. <a href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/04/03/beth-zalin-assyrian-democratic-organization-officials-commend-the-signing-of-document-of-political-understanding-with-the-syriac-union-party-in-syria/" target="_blank">https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/04/03/beth-zalin-assyrian-democratic-organization-officials-commend-the-signing-of-document-of-political-understanding-with-the-syriac-union-party-in-syria/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Northeastern Syria: The Deliberate Targeting of Infrastructure Exacerbates the Risk of Forced Displacement". hevdesti.org/. Synergy Hevdesti. 20 February 2024. <a href="https://hevdesti.org/en/the-deliberate-targeting-of-infrastructure-exacerbates-the-risk-of-forced-displacement/" target="_blank">https://hevdesti.org/en/the-deliberate-targeting-of-infrastructure-exacerbates-the-risk-of-forced-displacement/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Mauvais, Lyse; Muhammed Amin, Solin (21 March 2023). "'Strangers in our own homes': A waning Assyrian community holds on in northeastern Syria". syriadirect.org. Syria Direct. Some, like Gabriel Moushe, the head of the Assyrian Democratic Organization Party, expressed "serious fears that this situation will lead to permanent demographic change." <a href="https://syriadirect.org/strangers-in-our-own-homes-a-waning-assyrian-community-holds-on-in-northeastern-syria/" target="_blank">https://syriadirect.org/strangers-in-our-own-homes-a-waning-assyrian-community-holds-on-in-northeastern-syria/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Syrian Parliamentary Elections: A Stalemate for Change". kurdistan24.net. Kurdistan24. 14 July 2024. <a href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/395814" target="_blank">https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/395814</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Burger, John (17 December 2024). "Christian Syrian opposition leader voices confidence". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 2025-04-05. <a href="https://aleteia.org/2024/12/17/christian-syrian-opposition-leader-voices-confidence" target="_blank">https://aleteia.org/2024/12/17/christian-syrian-opposition-leader-voices-confidence</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:43">"Assyrian Democratic Organization: Marginalizing Political Forces and Ethnic Components Yields No Results". welattv.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05. <a href="https://welattv.com/en/node/11371" target="_blank">https://welattv.com/en/node/11371</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Assyrian Democratic Organization open-in-new

Assyrian Democratic Organization