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<h2 id="water-supply">Water supply</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Istanbul/4dzkJuAl">Water supply and sanitation in Istanbul</a></p> <p>The first water supply systems which were built in Istanbul date back to the foundation of the city. Two of the greatest <a href="/facts/Roman_aqueduct/Yh4KX6tj">aqueducts</a> built in the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman period</a> are the Mazulkemer Aqueduct and the <a href="/facts/Valens_Aqueduct/Wdmkcpry">Valens Aqueduct</a>. These aqueducts were built to channel water from the Halkalı area in the western edge of the city to the Beyazıt district in the city center, which was known as the <i>Forum Tauri</i> in the Roman period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> After reaching the city center, the water was later collected in the city's numerous <a href="/facts/Cistern/pyhHNWmx">cisterns</a>, such as the famous Philoxenos (Binbirdirek) Cistern and the <a href="/facts/Basilica_Cistern/nqvLcAda">Basilica (Yerebatan) Cistern</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/Suleiman_the_Magnificent/AQKbFdJu"> Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent</a> commissioned <a href="/facts/Mimar_Sinan/GKE47cLM">Mimar Sinan</a>, his engineer and architect-in-chief, to improve the water needs of the city. Sinan constructed the Kırkçeşme Water Supply System in 1555.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In later years, with the aim of responding to the ever-increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to the public fountains by small supply lines; see <a href="/facts/German_Fountain/INpgHmzb">German Fountain</a>. </p><p>Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a sewage disposal system managed by the government agency İSKİ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> There are also several private sector organizations distributing clean water. </p> <h2 id="electricity-in-istanbul">Electricity in Istanbul</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey/BSnUdXGe">Electricity sector in Turkey</a></p> <p>Electricity distribution services are covered by the state-owned TEK. The first electricity production plant in the city, <i>Silahtarağa Termik Santrali</i>, was established in 1914 and continued to supply electricity until 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Historical Development</h3> <p>The history of electricity in Istanbul dates back to the early 20th century. The first electricity production plant in the city, Silahtarağa Power Station (Silahtarağa Elektrik Santralı), was established in 1914. This plant was the primary source of electricity for Istanbul and continued to supply power until 1983. It played a critical role in the city's industrialization and modernization efforts during the early Republic period. </p><p>Silahtarağa Power Station, located on the <a href="/facts/Golden_Horn/vT6wlqum">Golden Horn</a>, was initially coal-fired and later converted to operate on fuel oil. The plant's establishment marked the beginning of the city's electrification, providing power for public lighting, trams, and industrial enterprises. Its closure in 1983 led to the repurposing of the site, and it has since been transformed into <a href="/facts/SantralIstanbul/93KsrseR">SantralIstanbul</a>, an energy museum and cultural center. </p> <h3>Modern Electricity Infrastructure</h3> <p>Electricity distribution services in Istanbul are currently managed by the state-owned <a href="/facts/Turkish_Electricity_Distribution_Corporation/2FkSujNT">Turkish Electricity Distribution Corporation</a> (TEK). TEK oversees the distribution of electricity throughout the city, ensuring that residential, commercial, and industrial areas receive a stable and reliable power supply. </p><p>In addition to TEK, there are several private sector organizations involved in the electricity market. These companies operate under the regulation and supervision of the <a href="/facts/Energy_Market_Regulatory_Authority/gqqy4Q7D">Energy Market Regulatory Authority</a> (EMRA), ensuring compliance with national standards and regulations. </p> <h3>Renewable Energy Initiatives</h3> <p>Recently, Istanbul has seen significant investments in renewable energy sources. The city is working towards integrating more sustainable and eco-friendly power solutions to reduce its carbon footprint and reliance on fossil fuels. Solar panels, wind turbines, and hydroelectric power are some of the renewable energy initiatives being implemented to diversify the city's energy mix. </p> <h3>Smart Grid Technology</h3> <p>To enhance the efficiency and reliability of the electricity supply, Istanbul has started adopting smart grid technology. Smart grids use digital communication technology to monitor and manage the production, distribution, and consumption of electricity. This technology helps in reducing energy waste, improving outage response times, and integrating renewable energy sources more effectively. </p> <h3>Consumer Services and Billing</h3> <p>Electricity consumers in Istanbul have access to various services, including online billing, customer support, and mobile applications for managing their electricity usage. These services provide consumers with detailed information on their energy consumption patterns, enabling them to make informed decisions to reduce their energy bills and environmental impact. </p> <h2 id="post-and-telecommunications">Post and telecommunications</h2> <p>The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in the city on October 23, 1840.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The first post office was the <i>Postahane-i Amire</i> near the courtyard of the <a href="/facts/New_Mosque_(Istanbul)/vmMtKGI5">New Mosque</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 1876 the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the vast <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>—which, in that year, stretched from the borders with <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> at north to the Ottoman provinces of <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a> and <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> at south and <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a> at west—was established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In 1901 the first money transfers were made through the post offices and the first cargo services became operational.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Electric telegraph</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Samuel_Morse/7KKMPBtY">Samuel Morse</a> received his first-ever patent for the <a href="/facts/Telegraph/JhRYDSDu">telegraph</a> in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present <a href="/facts/Beylerbeyi_Palace/R7fheTsu">Beylerbeyi Palace</a> was built in 1861–1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan <a href="/facts/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I/F5qsUyN7">Abdülmecid I</a> who personally tested the invention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Following this successful test, installation works of the first telegraph line between Istanbul and <a href="/facts/Edirne/Yv0IwFUQ">Edirne</a> began on August 9, 1847.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 1855 the Telegraph Administration was established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Telephone</h3> <p>In July 1881, the first <a href="/facts/Telephone/P7uEgWQX">telephone</a> circuit in Istanbul was established between the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in Soğukçeşme and the Postahane-i Amire in Yenicami.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> On May 23, 1909, the first manual telephone exchange with a 50 line capacity was established in the <a href="/facts/Istanbul_Main_Post_Office/A941WFUe">Büyük Postane</a> (Grand Post Office) in <a href="/facts/Sirkeci/NwvnUsQ3">Sirkeci</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Modern communications</h3> <p>The first automatic <a href="/facts/Telex/AuCxRu2C">telex</a> exchange was established in November 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Electronic_Mail/6pD9GLtI">Electronic Mail</a> was put into service between Istanbul, <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>, <a href="/facts/%C4%B0zmir/CUkMRT28">İzmir</a> and <a href="/facts/Adana/eHbqr771">Adana</a> on June 28, 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In November 1985 the first <a href="/facts/Microwave_radio_relay/bz9H9Ete">radio link</a> system was put into service between Istanbul and Ankara.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> On October 23, 1986, <a href="/facts/Mobile_telephone/H3EcqD9h">mobile telephone</a> and <a href="/facts/Paging/KR889x5k">paging</a> systems were put into service in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. On March 4, 1987, the first ever <a href="/facts/Video_conference/Ya9TMFQD">video conference</a> in Europe was realized in Istanbul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> On February 23, 1994, <a href="/facts/GSM/Sw8QYaLE">GSM</a> technology was established in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> A nationwide <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a> network and connection with the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a> was established in 1996.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Economy_of_Istanbul/onQB9rlj">Economy of Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Basilica_Cistern/nqvLcAda">Basilica Cistern</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references-and-notes">References and notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"İSKİ İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi: Tarihce". Istanbul water and sewerage administration (history). Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003533/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_1.phtm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003533/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_1.phtm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"İSKİ İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi: Tarihce". Istanbul water and sewerage administration (history). Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003533/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_1.phtm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003533/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_1.phtm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"İSKİ Administration". Istanbul water and sewerage administration. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003514/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_2.phtm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003514/http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sayfa=0-1&dosya=tarihce_2.phtm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Silahtarağa Santral becomes Santralistanbul Museum". Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2015-12-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911032427/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=82717" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070911032427/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=82717</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>PTT Chronology Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html" target="_blank">http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>PTT Chronology Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html" target="_blank">http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>PTT Chronology Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html" target="_blank">http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>PTT Chronology Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html" target="_blank">http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Istanbul City Guide: Beylerbeyi Palace Archived October 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.istanbulcityguide.com/history/body_mansions_palaces.htm" target="_blank">http://www.istanbulcityguide.com/history/body_mansions_palaces.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>PTT Chronology Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html" target="_blank">http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/tarihce.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Türk Telekom: History Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30" target="_blank">http://www.turktelekom.com.tr/webtech/eng_default.asp?sayfa_id=30</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>