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Button accordion
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<h2 id="main-components">Main components</h2> <p>All accordions and concertinas have three main components: the reeds, bellows, and buttons or keys. Pushing or pulling the bellows slower or faster makes the sound softer or louder, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The accordion has <a href="/facts/Free_reed_aerophone/wYflzKAA">free reeds</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> on both the <a href="/facts/Treble_(sound)/KrhgcsX5">treble</a> and bass sides. In modern accordions, the free reeds are generally made of tempered steel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The press of a button or key opens a valve to allow air to pass through the <a href="/facts/Reed_(mouthpiece)/uCu3W3pQ">reed</a> or reeds to make a sound when the bellows are pumped in or out. In the diatonic button accordion, reeds are fixed in pairs so that one note sounds when air moves in, and a different one when air moves out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The button accordion has <a href="/facts/Melody/5TR3IE3Y">melodic</a> notes on one side of the bellows (usually the right side), and bass <a href="/facts/Accompaniment/GsUhcUqM">accompaniment</a> notes on the other side (generally the left).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Some button accordions have 'stops', which change the tone and are called things like "Organ" or "Trumpet" or "Tremolo".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> These allow the instrument to produce different tones for a variety of situations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Some popular examples are the three-stop accordion, with two sets of tenor reeds and one bass set, and the classic German four-stop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The three-stop accordion has two sets of tenor and one set of bass reeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The German four-stop is preferred by Cajun musicians and has one bass, one piccolo, and two tenor stops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> This gives the instrument a denser sound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Most diatonic instruments lack switches, though there are some made by companies such as Hohner, as well as the one-row 'Cajun'-type boxes which have usually 3 or 4 stops on top of the box as switches (making it even more akin to a pipe organ), but it is generally more common to find switches on a chromatic or piano accordion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="variations">Variations</h2> <p>Button accordions are found with a wide variety of keyboard systems, <a href="/facts/Musical_tuning/v5Q1kYxC">tuning</a>, action, and construction. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Diatonic_button_accordion/cfoEwDb0">diatonic button accordion</a> is bisonoric, meaning when a button is pressed, the note sounded changes depending on whether the bellows are being expanded or contracted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> This is similar to the harmonica, where the note changes depending on whether the player is breathing in or out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In most diatonic button accordions, each row of melody buttons produces a different <a href="/facts/Major_scale/WtnkhIgv">major scale</a>, with accidentals on 'helper buttons' at the ends of the rows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The diatonic button accordion is the most popular type of button accordion, and appears in many cultures, especially in <a href="/facts/Folk_music/yFHpeE7k">folk music</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>One popular type of diatonic button accordion is the standard, one-row button accordion. This is tuned to a diatonic, 2.5 octave scale. The <a href="/facts/Accompaniment/GsUhcUqM">accompaniment</a> side (bass/chordal side) buttons play a <a href="/facts/Tonic_chord/3YWh9zFV">tonic chord</a> when pushed, and <a href="/facts/Dominant_chord/g5sd8AHg">dominant chord</a> when pulled. This works well and is popular in basic Anglo-American fiddle tunes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The German melodeon was a popular, later version of a diatonic button accordion, especially in Scotland until around the 1920s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Chromatic_button_accordion/qysPulWX">chromatic button accordion</a> is very similar to piano accordion, but can have 3, 4, or 5 rows of buttons on the right hand side.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It is unisonoric, meaning the same note is sounded whether the bellows are pushed or pulled. The chromatic button accordion is traditionally used in a concert setting,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and is more popular in jazz and classical music because it can be freely played in any key, usually with identical fingering patterns. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first diatonic button accordion was patented under the name 'Accordion' in 1829 by <a href="/facts/Cyrill_Demian/8IHMgqnw">Cyril Demian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The same year, Charles Wheatstone made the first concertina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The first chromatic button accordion was made by Franz Walther in 1850.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The name 'Accordion' is thought to originate from <i>Akkord</i>, the German word for chord. The accordion may have originated with traditional reed instruments from southeast Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The button accordion was first <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass-produced</a> in Europe in 1835, with the piano accordion coming later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> It was the first mass-produced, loud, durable, portable instrument – though it was not cheap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> At first, the button accordion was too expensive to be very common among the lower and middle classes, but as it lost its novelty (around the 1860s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a>), it became more widespread among these groups, too.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Surviving early instruments show that at first they only played chords, and were to be played left-handed, unlike now.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The first accordions only had 5 buttons (10 chords), so they were mostly used for accompaniment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Early <a href="/facts/Minstrel/ewkPlxFV">minstrel</a> troupes toured America as early as 1843, spreading the accordion sound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The button accordion was ideal for <a href="/facts/Dance_music/MsDMMnvz">dance music</a> of many cultures, because one could play both the melody and accompaniment at once, and still be able to sing or tap his or her feet. The many reeds produce a louder sound, ideal for a crowded <a href="/facts/Dance_hall/okRg1qkY">dance hall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultures">Cultures</h2> <h3>Brazil</h3> <h4>Northeast</h4> <p>The diatonic 2-row button accordion with eight bass buttons is still very common in northeast Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> It is known as the <i>fole</i> to distinguish it from the piano accordion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> It first appeared there in the late nineteenth century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Previously, one-row diatonic button accordions with two bass buttons were used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Later, chromatic accordions grew in popularity, increasing the possible styles that could be played on them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ireland</h3> <p>The concertina, button accordion, and piano accordion are all popular in <a href="/facts/Irish_traditional_music/7neq6Xdg">Irish traditional music</a>. The button accordion was first available for sale in Ireland in 1831.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h3>North America</h3> <h4>Mexico & Texas, US</h4> <p>The button accordion is very common in <a href="/facts/Tejano_music/bxMcvalb">Tejano</a> (Texas-Mexican) music. The two-row button accordion is very common, with some variation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Mexican <a href="/facts/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)/DmS7b1UD">norteño</a> musicians prefer accordions with more vibrato, and Texan musicians favor less vibrato.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The vibrato comes from tuning the reeds ever so slightly different from one another.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h4>Louisiana, US</h4> <p>The button accordion arrived in <a href="/facts/Louisiana/2GvfFcKE">Louisiana</a> in the 1800s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> It was a popular instrument with the <a href="/facts/Cajuns/ceoPVyA1">Cajuns</a> and the French-speaking <a href="/facts/Creole_peoples/NRqpUzhV">creoles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Later, a new, higher quality version of the button accordion was made in Louisiana, which became and remained popular with Cajun and <a href="/facts/Zydeco/1uw9u2dg">Zydeco</a> players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Acadians/2lWj42q4">Acadian</a> tradition of southern Louisiana influenced some, such as <a href="/facts/Lead_Belly/LytmKvn0">Huddie "Leadbelly" Leadbetter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The button accordion was especially popular among <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">African-Americans</a> in Louisiana from 1880 to 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> In some regions and groups, the diatonic button accordion is known as a 'windjammer'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sub-Saharan Africa</h3> <p>Starting in the 19th century, the button accordion has played a part in <a href="/facts/Sub-Saharan_Africa/p4u389aa">sub-Saharan African</a> music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> It was brought there by sailors, merchants, and <a href="/facts/Settler/SjBCIznY">settlers</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> and is used solo and in dance bands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-players">Notable players</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lead_Belly/LytmKvn0">Huddie "Leadbelly" Leadbetter</a>: One of the first African-Americans to make commercial recordings on the button accordion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> He was from <a href="/facts/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana/SSMs5XyS">Caddo Parish</a>, Louisiana and made recordings of rural African-American music on the accordion from 1942 to 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> His music was influenced by the Acadian style of southern Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez/ozz8exSC">Flaco Jiménez</a>: Popular accordionist in <a href="/facts/Tejano_music/bxMcvalb">Tejano music</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li>Gilberto Reyes: Popular accordionist in Tejano music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> He repaired and tuned his own accordions, and made changes to his own button accordion. Because of this, the <a href="/facts/Hohner/In2gBIoI">Hohner</a> instrument company noticed him and invited him to work with them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> He changed the tuning of the reeds in the button accordion to develop an accordion with Flaco Jiménez' preferred sound, making it ideal for Texas-Mexican music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Narciso_Mart%C3%ADnez/tHa3blhY">Narciso Martínez</a>: Often called an 'accordion pioneer' in Tejano music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>Zé Calixto: Popular accordion virtuoso in northeast Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Brother to Luizinho Calixto.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li>Luizinho Calixto: Popular accordion virtuoso in northeast Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Brother to Zé Calixto.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sharon_Shannon/1kG8NIMX">Sharon Shannon</a>: Irish musician</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Hidalgo/909BIrxK">David Hidalgo</a>: Of the band <a href="/facts/Los_Lobos/LzRC1zqC">Los Lobos</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_All-Ireland_Champions/Phk35K1x">List of All Ireland button accordion champions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bandoneon/rzdedCcv">Bandoneon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bayan_(accordion)/f3orcGSP">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concertina/G61saEVo">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Garmon/uy51yo7u">Garmon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Melodeon_(accordion)/cfoEwDb0">Melodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Piano_accordion/aqYaSrua">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Squeezebox/8TAwVWC6">Squeezebox</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steirische_Harmonika/hLJpmdTD">Steirische Harmonika</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Squeezebox stories". The Arhoolie Foundation. <a href="http://squeezeboxstories.com/" target="_blank">http://squeezeboxstories.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Eydmann, Stuart (1999). "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland, 1830–1930". Folk Music Journal. 7 (5): 595–608. ISSN 0531-9684. JSTOR 4522630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Ní Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into tradition : a social history of the Irish button accordion". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616" target="_blank">https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/1616</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>DeWitt, Mark F. (1 October 2017). "Cultural significance of the diatonic single-row button accordion in South Louisiana". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (4): 2570. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.2570D. doi:10.1121/1.5014395. ISSN 0001-4966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>DeWitt, Mark F. (1 October 2017). "Cultural significance of the diatonic single-row button accordion in South Louisiana". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (4): 2570. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.2570D. doi:10.1121/1.5014395. ISSN 0001-4966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>DeWitt, Mark F. (1 October 2017). "Cultural significance of the diatonic single-row button accordion in South Louisiana". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (4): 2570. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.2570D. doi:10.1121/1.5014395. ISSN 0001-4966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Harrington, Helmi Strahl; Kubik, Gerhard (20 January 2001). "Accordion". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46180. ISBN 9781561592630 – via Oxford Music Online. <a href="9781561592630" target="_blank">9781561592630</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Snyder, Jared (1994). "Leadbelly and His Windjammer: Examining the African American Button Accordion Tradition". American Music. 12 (2): 148–166. doi:10.2307/3052520. ISSN 0734-4392. JSTOR 3052520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Sheehy, Daniel. "The Remarkable Rebirth of the Button Accordion". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 May 2020. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remarkable-rebirth-button-accordion-180967626/</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Blogs, AMIS (13 September 2019). "The Bisonoric Button Accordion in Northeast Brazil". AMIS. Retrieved 26 May 2020. <a href="https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil" target="_blank">https://www.amis.org/post/the-bisonoric-button-accordion-in-northeast-brazil</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>