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Adwaita (design language)
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>Prior to version 3.0, the <a href="/facts/GNOME_desktop_environment/EFMNBmpR">GNOME desktop environment</a> utilized the <a href="/facts/Clearlooks/dSnWYSYK">Clearlooks</a> theme. In October 2008, designers and developers met at the GNOME User Experience Hackfest in Boston.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> During this event, the concept of a <a href="/facts/GNOME_Shell/NfkRU7yS">GNOME Shell</a> was conceived. Some very early mockups were produced that entertained the possibility of differing design from the previous incarnation of GNOME.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Red_Hat/5rhmBLBa">Red Hat</a> designers Jon McCann and Jeremy Perry authored a document, drawn from a broad consensus of collaborative effort, that aimed to set standards and direction for GNOME's design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In February 2010, GNOME designers met again, and produced several more publicly-available mockups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Also produced from the 2010 meeting was the decision to use <a href="/facts/Cantarell_(typeface)/nN1EvAWr">Cantarell</a> as the default typeface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Cantarell had been designed by Dave Crossland during his studies in the Department of Typography and Graphic Communication at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Reading/nohWeG6A">University of Reading</a> the previous year. It was officially added to GNOME Shell in February 2011,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and the GNOME Project agreed to maintain and extend the font as needed. </p><p>On January 19, 2011, Carlos Garnacho announced his completion of a tangible GTK theme implementation of Adwaita that could then be utilized by GNOME.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>The first major <a href="/facts/Linux_distribution/0vVl4N4f">Linux distribution</a> to ship with GNOME 3.0 and Adwaita as a default was <a href="/facts/Fedora_Linux/LJ2ocge5">Fedora Linux</a> when it released version 15 on May 24, 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Due to <a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a>'s strong ties with <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a>, Adwaita's theme had replaced "Raleigh" as the default GTK theme in 2014;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> however, in preparation for the release of libadwaita, the theme was removed from GTK in favor of a divergent, simpler one on January 14, 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> This clear demarcation allowed for both GNOME, with its own design needs, and GTK, with its need for a simple <a href="/facts/Theme_(computing)/N08U51pq">theme</a> that could be extended by <a href="/facts/Downstream_(software_development)/NQR6mAeY">downstream</a> projects, to simultaneously prosper. Libadwaita first shipped with the release of GNOME 42.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>With the release of the GNOME 48 Alpha release in January 24th, 2025, it was announced that Cantarell would be replaced as the default font by the brand new font Adwaita Sans, based on the popular font <a href="/facts/Inter_(typeface)/ywlkh0E8">Inter</a>; as well as the default monospaced font switching from <a href="/facts/Source_Code_Pro/Rtz1gRUB">Source Code Pro</a> to Adwaita Mono, based on <a href="/facts/Iosevka/s36NEDRP">Iosevka</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="design-language">Design language</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/KISS_principle/eSDN26hS">KISS principle</a>, <a href="/facts/Worse_is_better/92TTb5qh">Worse is better</a>, and <a href="/facts/Principles_of_user_interface_design/2Q6Vyxqq">Principles of user interface design</a></p> <p>Adwaita is characterized by its clean, modern aesthetic and focus on usability. Adwaita's <a href="/facts/Design_principles/XPQ9H42E">design principles</a> are rooted in simplicity, consistency, and accessibility. </p> <h2 id="libadwaita">Libadwaita</h2> <p>The libadwaita library was created to further develop Adwaita as a more closely-adherent component of the GNOME <a href="/facts/Human_interface_guidelines/U9WBXEQo">Human Interface Guidelines</a>. Libadwaita is a library augmenting the <a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a> widget toolkit in a manner conformant with the GNOME <a href="/facts/Human_Interface_Guidelines/U9WBXEQo">Human Interface Guidelines</a>. It lets applications change their layout based on the available screen space, integrates the Adwaita stylesheet, allows runtime recoloring with named colors and adds APIs to support the cross-desktop dark style preference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Responsive design and Linux smartphones</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/GNOME_Mobile/EFMNBmpR">GNOME Mobile</a></p> <p>Libadwaita offers tools for creating applications with responsive <a href="/facts/User_interface_design/bHpLP1ae">design</a>, allowing applications to adapt their layouts based on the available screen space, which aids in the development of <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a>-compatible <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a> applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h3>Libhandy</h3> <p>Libhandy is a library sponsored by <a href="/facts/Purism_(company)/6Ajbbzv9">Purism</a>, which was the predecessor of Libadwaita. The libhandy project was used as the basis for libadwaita. </p> <h2 id="gnome-human-interface-guidelines">GNOME Human Interface Guidelines</h2> <p>The GNOME <a href="/facts/Human_interface_guidelines/U9WBXEQo">Human Interface Guidelines</a> (HIG) serve as a comprehensive guide to <a href="/facts/User_interface_design/bHpLP1ae">designing</a> applications for the <a href="/facts/GNOME_desktop_environment/EFMNBmpR">GNOME desktop environment</a>. It helps with creation of <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">user interfaces</a> that align with <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a>'s <a href="/facts/User_interface_design/bHpLP1ae">design</a> philosophy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="elements">Elements</h2> <h3>Color</h3> <p>Adwaita's color palette is used in design of application <a href="/facts/Icon_(computing)/habCR8KJ">icons</a> and in illustrations. It consists of several color shade families that are not named beyond their number designations. Those lacking saturation are known as "light" and "dark". This naming convention extends into the applied concept of user interface styles, where users can choose a base style for on-screen <a href="/facts/Graphical_widget/SuVeScB2">widget</a> components that creates a light or dark overall look and feel. </p> Colors<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Name</th><th><a href="/facts/Web_colors/bvUDhlfX">Hex</a> (RGB)</th><th><a href="/facts/RGB_color_model/3Be0zwCj">Red</a> (RGB)</th><th><a href="/facts/RGB_color_model/3Be0zwCj">Green</a> (RGB)</th><th><a href="/facts/RGB_color_model/3Be0zwCj">Blue</a> (RGB)</th><th><a href="/facts/HSL_and_HSV/opaXI7FM">Hue</a> (HSL/HSV)</th><th><a href="/facts/HSL_and_HSV/opaXI7FM">Satur.</a> (HSL)</th><th><a href="/facts/HSL_and_HSV/opaXI7FM">Light</a> (HSL)</th><th><a href="/facts/HSL_and_HSV/opaXI7FM">Satur.</a> (HSV)</th><th><a href="/facts/HSL_and_HSV/opaXI7FM">Value</a> (HSV)</th></tr><tr><th></th><td>Blue 1</td><td>#99C1F1</td><td>60%</td><td>76%</td><td>95%</td><td>213°</td><td>76%</td><td>77%</td><td>37%</td><td>95%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Blue 2</td><td>#62A0EA</td><td>38%</td><td>63%</td><td>92%</td><td>213°</td><td>76%</td><td>65%</td><td>58%</td><td>92%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Blue 3</td><td>#3584E4</td><td>21%</td><td>52%</td><td>89%</td><td>213°</td><td>76%</td><td>55%</td><td>77%</td><td>89%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Blue 4</td><td>#1C71D8</td><td>11%</td><td>44%</td><td>85%</td><td>213°</td><td>77%</td><td>48%</td><td>87%</td><td>85%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Blue 5</td><td>#1A5FB4</td><td>10%</td><td>37%</td><td>71%</td><td>213°</td><td>75%</td><td>40%</td><td>86%</td><td>71%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Green 1</td><td>#8FF0A4</td><td>56%</td><td>94%</td><td>64%</td><td>133°</td><td>76%</td><td>75%</td><td>40%</td><td>94%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Green 2</td><td>#57E389</td><td>34%</td><td>89%</td><td>54%</td><td>141°</td><td>71%</td><td>62%</td><td>62%</td><td>89%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Green 3</td><td>#33D17A</td><td>20%</td><td>82%</td><td>48%</td><td>147°</td><td>63%</td><td>51%</td><td>76%</td><td>82%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Green 4</td><td>#2EC27E</td><td>18%</td><td>76%</td><td>49%</td><td>152°</td><td>62%</td><td>47%</td><td>76%</td><td>76%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Green 5</td><td>#26A269</td><td>15%</td><td>64%</td><td>41%</td><td>152°</td><td>62%</td><td>39%</td><td>77%</td><td>64%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Yellow 1</td><td>#F9F06B</td><td>98%</td><td>94%</td><td>42%</td><td>56°</td><td>92%</td><td>70%</td><td>57%</td><td>98%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Yellow 2</td><td>#F8E45C</td><td>97%</td><td>89%</td><td>36%</td><td>52°</td><td>92%</td><td>67%</td><td>63%</td><td>97%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Yellow 3</td><td>#F6D32D</td><td>96%</td><td>83%</td><td>18%</td><td>50°</td><td>92%</td><td>57%</td><td>82%</td><td>97%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Yellow 4</td><td>#F5C211</td><td>96%</td><td>76%</td><td>7%</td><td>47°</td><td>92%</td><td>51%</td><td>93%</td><td>96%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Yellow 5</td><td>#E5A50A</td><td>90%</td><td>65%</td><td>4%</td><td>43°</td><td>92%</td><td>47%</td><td>96%</td><td>90%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Orange 1</td><td>#FFBE6F</td><td>100%</td><td>75%</td><td>44%</td><td>33°</td><td>100%</td><td>72%</td><td>57%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Orange 2</td><td>#FFA348</td><td>100%</td><td>64%</td><td>28%</td><td>30°</td><td>100%</td><td>64%</td><td>72%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Orange 3</td><td>#FF7800</td><td>100%</td><td>47%</td><td>0%</td><td>28°</td><td>100%</td><td>50%</td><td>100%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Orange 4</td><td>#E66100</td><td>90%</td><td>38%</td><td>0%</td><td>25°</td><td>100%</td><td>45%</td><td>100%</td><td>90%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Orange 5</td><td>#C64600</td><td>78%</td><td>27%</td><td>0%</td><td>21°</td><td>100%</td><td>39%</td><td>100%</td><td>78%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Red 1</td><td>#F66151</td><td>96%</td><td>38%</td><td>32%</td><td>6°</td><td>90%</td><td>64%</td><td>67%</td><td>97%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Red 2</td><td>#ED333B</td><td>93%</td><td>20%</td><td>23%</td><td>357°</td><td>84%</td><td>57%</td><td>79%</td><td>93%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Red 3</td><td>#E01B24</td><td>88%</td><td>11%</td><td>14%</td><td>357°</td><td>79%</td><td>49%</td><td>88%</td><td>88%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Red 4</td><td>#C01C28</td><td>75%</td><td>11%</td><td>16%</td><td>356°</td><td>75%</td><td>43%</td><td>85%</td><td>75%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Red 5</td><td>#A51D2D</td><td>65%</td><td>11%</td><td>18%</td><td>353°</td><td>70%</td><td>38%</td><td>82%</td><td>65%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Purple 1</td><td>#DC8ADD</td><td>86%</td><td>54%</td><td>87%</td><td>299°</td><td>55%</td><td>70%</td><td>38%</td><td>87%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Purple 2</td><td>#C061CB</td><td>75%</td><td>38%</td><td>80%</td><td>294°</td><td>51%</td><td>59%</td><td>52%</td><td>80%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Purple 3</td><td>#9141AC</td><td>57%</td><td>25%</td><td>67%</td><td>285°</td><td>45%</td><td>47%</td><td>62%</td><td>68%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Purple 4</td><td>#813D9C</td><td>51%</td><td>24%</td><td>61%</td><td>283°</td><td>44%</td><td>43%</td><td>61%</td><td>61%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Purple 5</td><td>#613583</td><td>38%</td><td>21%</td><td>51%</td><td>274°</td><td>42%</td><td>36%</td><td>60%</td><td>51%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Brown 1</td><td>#CDAB8F</td><td>80%</td><td>67%</td><td>56%</td><td>27°</td><td>38%</td><td>68%</td><td>30%</td><td>80%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Brown 2</td><td>#B5835A</td><td>71%</td><td>51%</td><td>35%</td><td>27°</td><td>38%</td><td>53%</td><td>50%</td><td>71%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Brown 3</td><td>#986A44</td><td>60%</td><td>42%</td><td>27%</td><td>27°</td><td>38%</td><td>43%</td><td>55%</td><td>60%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Brown 4</td><td>#865E3C</td><td>53%</td><td>37%</td><td>24%</td><td>28°</td><td>38%</td><td>38%</td><td>55%</td><td>53%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Brown 5</td><td>#63452C</td><td>39%</td><td>27%</td><td>17%</td><td>27°</td><td>39%</td><td>28%</td><td>56%</td><td>39%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Light 1</td><td>#FFFFFF</td><td>100%</td><td>100%</td><td>100%</td><td>0°</td><td>0%</td><td>100%</td><td>0%</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Light 2</td><td>#F6F5F4</td><td>96%</td><td>96%</td><td>96%</td><td>30°</td><td>10%</td><td>96%</td><td>1%</td><td>97%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Light 3</td><td>#DEDDDA</td><td>87%</td><td>87%</td><td>85%</td><td>45°</td><td>6%</td><td>86%</td><td>2%</td><td>87%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Light 4</td><td>#C0BFBC</td><td>75%</td><td>75%</td><td>74%</td><td>45°</td><td>3%</td><td>75%</td><td>2%</td><td>75%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Light 5</td><td>#9A9996</td><td>60%</td><td>60%</td><td>59%</td><td>45°</td><td>2%</td><td>60%</td><td>3%</td><td>60%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Dark 1</td><td>#77767B</td><td>47%</td><td>46%</td><td>48%</td><td>252°</td><td>2%</td><td>47%</td><td>4%</td><td>48%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Dark 2</td><td>#5E5C64</td><td>37%</td><td>36%</td><td>39%</td><td>255°</td><td>4%</td><td>38%</td><td>8%</td><td>39%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Dark 3</td><td>#3D3846</td><td>24%</td><td>22%</td><td>27%</td><td>261°</td><td>11%</td><td>25%</td><td>20%</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Dark 4</td><td>#241F31</td><td>14%</td><td>12%</td><td>19%</td><td>257°</td><td>23%</td><td>16%</td><td>37%</td><td>19%</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Dark 5</td><td>#000000</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>0°</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Typography</h3> <p>Beginning with GNOME 48, Adwaita adopted a new typeface family known as "Adwaita Fonts".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The Adwaita Fonts family is a slight modification of the <a href="/facts/Roboto/ywlkh0E8">Inter</a> typeface family, however it also includes a <a href="/facts/Monospaced_font/or1TCAoh">monospaced font</a> known as "Adwaita Mono", which is a modified version of Iosevka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> With this change, the default typeface for GNOME will be known as "Adwaita Sans". </p><p>Previously, Adwaita used the contemporary <a href="/facts/Humanist_sans-serif/25okAUVu">humanist sans-serif</a> <a href="/facts/Cantarell_(typeface)/nN1EvAWr">Cantarell</a> typeface that was designed by Dave Crossland. Corresponding with the 3.28 version release of GNOME in 2018, Cantarell was expanded to include light and extra bold <a href="/facts/Font_weight/04Q7sE8J">weights</a>. </p> <h3>Iconography</h3> <p>Adwaita defines two separate style classes of icons that are meant to differentiate between concepts used for <a href="/facts/Application_software/YQuj7Kog">applications</a> and <a href="/facts/User_interface/e9sPEWVD">user interfaces</a>. Whereas applications use full-color in their primary icons, "symbolic" icons, monochromatic by design, are meant for user interfaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h4>App icons</h4> <p>Each app targeted for GNOME should have a primary icon. The GNOME Human Interface Guidelines prescribe that an app's icon should correspond to a simple, recognizable metaphor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> They are not meant to be flat, but rather simplistic, and can contain some depth. However, shadows are to be avoided. App developers can request an icon from the GNOME Design Team in <a href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/Teams/Design/app-icon-requests/">a GitLab repository</a>. </p> <h4>Symbolic icons</h4> <p>In user interfaces, even simpler, monochromatic icons that work well when viewed at small sizes are used. If color is needed, it is expected that they should be programmatically re-colored. </p> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/GNOME_Shell/NfkRU7yS">GNOME Shell</a> was the primary vehicle for the original development of Adwaita's theme and icons. It remains a major implementation. Similarly, <a href="/facts/Phosh/D7LQgFWp">Phosh</a>, Purism's mobile shell, serves in the same role. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GNOME_Project/DATrJNtU">GNOME Project</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/GNOME_Core_Applications/bC6GBU4G">GNOME Core Applications</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://developer.gnome.org/hig">GNOME Human Interface Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://cantarell.gnome.org">Cantarell typeface official site</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Paul, Ryan (April 6, 2011). "A shiny new ornament for your Linux lawn: Ars reviews GNOME 3.0". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2011/04/ars-reviews-gnome-30-a-shiny-new-ornament-for-your-linux-lawn" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2011/04/ars-reviews-gnome-30-a-shiny-new-ornament-for-your-linux-lawn</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Plazas, Adrien (March 31, 2021). "Introducing Libadwaita". Retrieved January 2, 2022. <a href="https://adrienplazas.com/blog/2021/03/31/introducing-libadwaita.html" target="_blank">https://adrienplazas.com/blog/2021/03/31/introducing-libadwaita.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>McCann, Jon; Perry, Jeremy (April 6, 2011). "How We Got Here: Part I of a Design History of GNOME 3 the Shell". The GNOME Journal (Interview). Interviewed by Harries, Daf. 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