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1953 in science
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<h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>February 15 – <a href="/facts/Linus_Pauling/cBNBzs5c">Linus Pauling</a> proposes a DNA triple helix structure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> which is rapidly shown to be incorrect.</li></ul> <ul><li>February 28 – Francis Crick and James Watson enter <a href="/facts/The_Eagle%2c_Cambridge/k8ky5ESo">The Eagle, Cambridge</a>, for a pub lunch announcing "We have discovered the secret of life."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>April 25 – <a href="/facts/Francis_Crick/AG05HNKI">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="/facts/James_D._Watson/TnXJ7GCp">James D. Watson</a> of the U.K. <a href="/facts/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)/gFd1kR2B">Medical Research Council</a>'s Unit for Research on the Molecular Structure of Biological Systems at the <a href="/facts/Cavendish_Laboratory/nh4qJsWs">Cavendish Laboratory</a> in the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> publish "<a href="/facts/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids%3a_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid/V471Vbwb">Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</a>" in the British journal <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Their work is often ranked as one of the most dramatic biological discoveries of the 20th century, because of the structural beauty and functional logic of the <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA double helix</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In 1962, they will share the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> with <a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkins/nT5vv4Tu">Maurice Wilkins</a>, who publishes <a href="/facts/X-ray_crystallography/WtI0F5DN">X-ray crystallography</a> results for DNA in the same issue of <i>Nature</i> in 1953.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The third related article published at the same time is by <a href="/facts/Rosalind_Franklin/RL6AYVPM">Rosalind Franklin</a> and <a href="/facts/Raymond_Gosling/cQIPq9DC">Raymond Gosling</a>, on "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>May 15 – <a href="/facts/Stanley_Miller/b87KWsSH">Stanley Miller</a> publishes results from the <a href="/facts/Miller_experiment/SYTLzGJu">Miller–Urey experiment</a> in the journal <i><a href="/facts/Science_(journal)/uTyzjkwD">Science</a></i>. These surprise many chemists, by showing that organic molecules present in living organisms can form easily from simple inorganic chemicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rudolph_Pariser/QXNjV7t5">Rudolph Pariser</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_G._Parr/p959MEKI">Robert G. Parr</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Pople/1UmPknsL">John Pople</a> publish their computational <a href="/facts/Quantum_chemistry/H9AXV0lx">quantum chemistry</a> theory for approximating <a href="/facts/Molecular_orbital/0dP30jaa">molecular orbitals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ziegler%25E2%2580%2593Natta_catalyst/bkDSDf9d">Ziegler–Natta catalyst</a> invented by <a href="/facts/Karl_Ziegler/EDTVvjUN">Karl Ziegler</a> and <a href="/facts/Giulio_Natta/6FDwycRB">Giulio Natta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="computer-sciences">Computer sciences</h2> <ul><li>October – <a href="/facts/UNIVAC_1103/KeSCDXlW">UNIVAC 1103</a> launched.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Kilburn/TTT1MnBA">Tom Kilburn</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Manchester/PwJzEj8h">University of Manchester</a> completes a device called MEG, which performs <a href="/facts/Floating-point/eIckahxe">floating-point</a> calculations. This machine evolves into the first <a href="/facts/Transistor/Bmr8zwL0">transistorized</a> computer, the <a href="/facts/Metropolitan-Vickers/jhnHBRU8">Metro-Vickers</a> MV950, ultimately leading to the mass production of computers.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_Turing/klov9b6g">Alan Turing</a> publishes an article describing the first 1,104 zeroes of the <a href="/facts/Riemann_zeta-function/MnfRu7lY">Riemann zeta-function</a>, the culmination of fifteen years of work on how to use computers to tackle a fundamental problem in number theory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Maurice_Ewing/MkxUlnly">Maurice Ewing</a> and <a href="/facts/Bruce_Heezen/2jhfAF6j">Bruce Heezen</a> discover the deep canyon running along the center of the <a href="/facts/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge/q1Fgk4P1">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, an important contribution to the theory of <a href="/facts/Plate_tectonics/RtRG5lY4">plate tectonics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Roth/exBd7vDU">Klaus Roth</a> publishes a theorem regarded as a milestone in <a href="/facts/Arithmetic_combinatorics/TXKYrRWs">arithmetic combinatorics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine-and-human-sciences">Medicine and human sciences</h2> <ul><li>February 13 – <a href="/facts/Christine_Jorgensen/wIkX2ouE">Christine Jorgensen</a>, the first widely known American <a href="/facts/Transsexual/xm5Kn5g0">transsexual</a>, returns to New York after successful <a href="/facts/Sexual_reassignment_surgery/DJjBjrpH">sexual reassignment surgery</a> in Denmark.</li> <li>March 26 – <a href="/facts/Jonas_Salk/1dkedaHa">Jonas Salk</a> announces his <a href="/facts/Polio/6dYyXUhE">polio</a> <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a>.</li> <li>May 6 – The first successful <a href="/facts/Open_heart_surgery/t34fz1hc">open heart surgery</a> on a human utilizing a <a href="/facts/Cardiopulmonary_bypass/UQ8FxFa0">cardiopulmonary bypass</a> pump ("heart-lung machine") is performed by <a href="/facts/John_Heysham_Gibbon/8puecPzJ">John Gibbon</a> at <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson_University_Hospital/3JWbWnCy">Thomas Jefferson University Hospital</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> when he repairs an <a href="/facts/Atrial_septal_defect/56nsJeG5">atrial septal defect</a> in 18-year-old Cecilia Bavolek.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>July 11 – <a href="/facts/Andrew_Watt_Kay/XtbchpW0">Andrew Watt Kay</a> publishes his augmented <a href="/facts/Histamine/Vfjda665">histamine</a> test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>August 18 – The second of the controversial <a href="/facts/Kinsey_Reports/0HN090gp">Kinsey Reports</a> on human sexuality, <i><a href="/facts/Sexual_Behavior_in_the_Human_Female/0HN090gp">Sexual Behavior in the Human Female</a></i>, is published in the United States.</li> <li>September 1 – American <a href="/facts/Neurosurgeon/39HXY3tc">neurosurgeon</a> <a href="/facts/William_Beecher_Scoville/DYsvJ9q7">William Beecher Scoville</a> performs an experimental <a href="/facts/Segmental_resection/Lsvle5Cs">segmental resection</a> on <a href="/facts/Henry_Molaison/mr9705av">Henry Molaison</a> ("H.M.") at <a href="/facts/Hartford_Hospital/6uW5RNbw">Hartford Hospital</a> (Connecticut) in an attempt to control his severe <a href="/facts/Epilepsy/wawyp56a">epilepsy</a>, involving removal of most of H.M.'s medial <a href="/facts/Temporal_lobe/U2wLVCrg">temporal lobes</a> on both hemispheres including the <a href="/facts/Hippocampus/X7CqbP8X">hippocampi</a>, <a href="/facts/Amygdalae/AAy2mHb5">amygdalae</a> and <a href="/facts/Entorhinal_cortex/uRSa4Ld1">entorhinal cortex</a> (the major sensory input to the hippocampi), and rendering him a continuing subject for the study of <a href="/facts/Memory/zucwQIEX">memory</a> formation and <a href="/facts/Cognitive_neuropsychology/8oPaLEST">cognitive neuropsychology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>September 4 – The discovery of <a href="/facts/REM_sleep/ySwdAgfK">REM sleep</a> is first published by researchers <a href="/facts/Eugene_Aserinsky/GI8CN89e">Eugene Aserinsky</a> and <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Kleitman/c8jVURQY">Nathaniel Kleitman</a> of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>American scientist <a href="/facts/Winston_Price/5LShK8fo">Winston Price</a> isolates the first <a href="/facts/Rhinovirus/2jDL2oWU">rhinovirus</a>, the most prevalent cause of the <a href="/facts/Common_cold/fP9A03U9">common cold</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cincinnati/PcyTWhS4">Cincinnati</a> <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a> Max Lurie and Harry Salzer coin the term <i><a href="/facts/Antidepressant/N62ND3Fa">antidepressant</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/B._F._Skinner/cexUumu1">B. F. Skinner</a> publishes the book <i>Science and Human Behavior</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> a controversial attempt to apply the results of <a href="/facts/Behaviorism/8DHljqrh">behavioral studies</a> of laboratory animals to human psychology.</li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>20 November – Authorities at the <a href="/facts/Natural_History_Museum%2c_London/SWrrNn0K">Natural History Museum</a> in London announce that the <a href="/facts/Human_skull/A9Wp63Np">skull</a> of <a href="/facts/Piltdown_Man/hQPzTPuk">Piltdown Man</a> (allegedly an <a href="/facts/Early_human/qvJtEBr2">early human</a> discovered in <a href="/facts/1912_in_science/ro3op4mA">1912</a>) is a hoax.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Frederick_Reines/sdWH4hNg">Frederick Reines</a> and <a href="/facts/Clyde_Cowan/kdySD9zb">Clyde Cowan</a> perform the first <a href="/facts/Neutrino/yGWVfSg2">neutrino</a> detection experiments, constructing the first neutrino detector (a <a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">cadmium</a>-water target) and using the <a href="/facts/Hanford_Site/tAPrAEeR">Hanford Site</a> nuclear facility in <a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington state</a> as the neutrino source.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> This work, first discussed with <a href="/facts/Enrico_Fermi/cmYcY15H">Enrico Fermi</a> and others in 1951–2, leads to the 1995 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Enrico_Fermi/cmYcY15H">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Pasta/2eyoY8Dt">John Pasta</a>, <a href="/facts/Stanislaw_Ulam/KaJPqENX">Stanislaw Ulam</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mary_Tsingou/V3VHJfCr">Mary Tsingou</a> conduct computer simulations of a vibrating string that included a non-linear term in what became known as the <a href="/facts/Fermi%25E2%2580%2593Pasta%25E2%2580%2593Ulam%25E2%2580%2593Tsingou_experiment/VtyQHnHv">Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou experiment</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Kittel/oMLd0J9y">Charles Kittel</a> publishes his influential textbook <i><a href="/facts/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Physics/AHYGtnuX">Introduction to Solid State Physics</a></i> in the United States.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>September 16 – Epic film <i><a href="/facts/The_Robe_(film)/FHF09nJe">The Robe</a></i> is released in the United States as the first <a href="/facts/Widescreen/SpJ8gcnV">widescreen</a> <a href="/facts/Anamorphic_format/NSvItxkB">anamorphic format</a> movie, filmed in <a href="/facts/CinemaScope/2tIqWPnu">CinemaScope</a>.</li> <li>December 17 – The <a href="/facts/NTSC/HYWIvxCR">NTSC</a> <a href="/facts/Color_television/Un5dDuF7">color television</a> standard is agreed for the United States.</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._C._Bamford/kLRMjGks">J. C. Bamford</a> of England introduce the <a href="/facts/Backhoe_loader/8nyGCQIQ">backhoe loader</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory/zPXnxRBf">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> completes development of the SSM-A-17 Corporal I rocket. This is the first American surface-to-surface <a href="/facts/Ballistic_missile/Pl6juY73">ballistic missile</a>, powered by a liquid-fuelled motor utilizing <a href="/facts/Nitric_acid/UDbwGp6s">nitric acid</a> as the <a href="/facts/Oxidizer/1FQzB8pQ">oxidizer</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="events">Events</h2> <ul><li>January 13 – "<a href="/facts/Doctors%2527_plot/s0BX3hBh">Doctors' plot</a>": The state newspaper <i><a href="/facts/Pravda/2H6Fyq03">Pravda</a></i> publishes an article alleging that many of the Soviet Union's top doctors are part of a major plot to poison the country's senior political and military leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>February 16 – The <a href="/facts/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences/b7LYWGJD">Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a> is established.</li> <li>October 9 – As part of an extended series of publications on science, <a href="/facts/Pope_Pius_XII/k2XgCEy2">Pope Pius XII</a> publishes "The Technician", which instructs scientists to restrict themselves to the study of physical <a href="/facts/Matter/osyc04UN">matter</a> and do nothing to undermine the idea of a non-material <a href="/facts/Soul_(spirit)/DJl01SxP">soul</a> or a <a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">Superior Being</a>. "The Technician" is delivered as a papal address on October 9.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rudolf_Carnap/0nqgBwnw">Rudolf Carnap</a> publishes an article called "Testability and Meaning" in <i>Readings in the Philosophy of Science</i>, which moves away from the philosophical position of <a href="/facts/Logical_positivism/Dc6XMTsc">logical positivism</a> with respect to science (particularly the heavily mathematical sciences, such as physics). Carnap instead emphasizes the idea that progress in science depends on the gradual accumulation of many small results that support human understanding of the world, a view more in line with <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Wittgenstein/wN9bAgMz">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>'s later philosophy and the biological sciences.</li></ul> <h2 id="prizes">Prizes</h2> <h3>Nobel Prize</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/0MNMRqfN">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics/1gsf7AN5">List of Nobel laureates in Physics</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry/7osWRyAd">List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></p> <ul><li>1953 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>: <a href="/facts/Hans_Adolf_Krebs/85r0QSC8">Hans Adolf Krebs</a> and <a href="/facts/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann/JU0PXDPd">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>: <a href="/facts/Frits_Zernike/uQpqyBpg">Frits Zernike</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>: <a href="/facts/Hermann_Staudinger/UWTzb4Ad">Hermann Staudinger</a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 2 – <a href="/facts/Vincent_Racaniello/QBBVDKm6">Vincent Racaniello</a>, American <a href="/facts/Virologist/doDESmsB">virologist</a>.</li> <li>January 17 – <a href="/facts/Ingeborg_Hochmair/4s71LeB7">Ingeborg Hochmair</a> (née Desoyer), <a href="/facts/Austrians/EaCmCnHx">Austrian</a> <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineer/YYXW1KLW">electrical engineer</a>.</li> <li>January 21 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Allen/S0euHIKT">Paul Allen</a>, American entrepreneur, co-founder of <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> (d. <a href="/facts/2018_in_science/Sdha6SfH">2018</a>).</li> <li>January 25 – <a href="/facts/Mark_Walport/tD5jH8mz">Mark Walport</a>, English <a href="/facts/Medicine/2fnp90Je">medical scientist</a> and <a href="/facts/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)/g7PNJgoH">Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)</a>.</li> <li>May 14 – <a href="/facts/Martin_Page_(botanist)/tMMNV4f8">Martin Page</a>, English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>May 15 – <a href="/facts/Athene_Donald/hBrXXFjt">Athene Donald</a> (née Griffith), English <a href="/facts/Experimental_physicist/2Ile53Iq">experimental physicist</a>.</li> <li>May 17 – <a href="/facts/Maria_Petrou/H6B0Qn3J">Maria Petrou</a>, Anglo-<a href="/facts/Greek_people/wXwd2xlb">Greek</a> <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> researcher (d. <a href="/facts/2012_in_science/LJKMAdSd">2012</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>May 18 – <a href="/facts/David_Deutsch/eI2zNusR">David Deutsch</a>, <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a>-born <a href="/facts/Quantum_physicist/BRc3Mzgr">quantum physicist</a>.</li> <li>August 16 – <a href="/facts/David_Spiegelhalter/FRyB2wLF">David Spiegelhalter</a>, English <a href="/facts/Statistician/9FBnXfeN">statistician</a>.</li> <li>December 1 – <a href="/facts/Victor_Ambros/xuHrzzyj">Victor Ambros</a>, American <a href="/facts/Developmental_biologist/9dLJhCCv">developmental biologist</a>, recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Debra_Fischer/W2MM121t">Debra Fischer</a>, American astronomer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pat_Nuttall/U5NpD0QQ">Pat Nuttall</a>, British virologist and <a href="/facts/Acarology/t1KAjVhT">acarologist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 16 – <a href="/facts/Solomon_Carter_Fuller/sCFHcBVw">Solomon Carter Fuller</a>, <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1872_in_science/FKlXmmJ5">1872</a>).</li> <li>February 25 – <a href="/facts/Sergei_Winogradsky/abdvjtVP">Sergei Winogradsky</a>, Russian <a href="/facts/Microbiologist/cqEyJwNK">microbiologist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1856_in_science/5jhUepAI">1856</a>).</li> <li>April 17 – <a href="/facts/Sven_Gustaf_Wingqvist/qj6E5548">Sven Gustaf Wingqvist</a>, <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Swedish</a> <a href="/facts/Engineer/ph4TnHnG">engineer</a>, <a href="/facts/Inventor/P3LdUHBY">inventor</a> and <a href="/facts/Industrialist/yqUeQzqW">industrialist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1885_in_science/UH5qqvQA">1876</a>).</li> <li>April 22 – <a href="/facts/Jan_Czochralski/rRFaIuX0">Jan Czochralski</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Polish</a>–German discoverer of the <a href="/facts/Czochralski_process/uvSrr84x">Czochralski process</a> for growing <a href="/facts/Crystal/e2R2mk3E">crystals</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1885_in_science/UH5qqvQA">1885</a>).</li> <li>August 15 – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Prandtl/I4b4E7sq">Ludwig Prandtl</a>, German <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1875_in_science/uXaVxjU1">1875</a>).</li> <li>September 28 – <a href="/facts/Edwin_Hubble/fpX3JlbJ">Edwin Hubble</a>, American <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1889_in_science/9NJ8uH5g">1889</a>).</li> <li>September 30 – <a href="/facts/Lewis_Fry_Richardson/kKQR6lFu">Lewis Fry Richardson</a>, English mathematical physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1881_in_science/ga23uFLG">1881</a>).</li> <li>October 30 – <a href="/facts/Alice_Eastwood/K5FajnnY">Alice Eastwood</a>, <a href="/facts/Canadian_American/uaLyxggI">Canadian American</a> botanist (b. <a href="/facts/1859_in_science/t8oVY6aT">1859</a>).</li> <li>November 13 – <a href="/facts/Herbert_E._Ives/k9S7Mnac">Herbert E. Ives</a>, American <a href="/facts/Optical_engineer/yN2aDxub">optical engineer</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1882_in_science/33pFPWcL">1882</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_years_in_science/2HIsmEp0">List of years in science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1953_in_spaceflight/Xs0NohTn">1953 in spaceflight</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B. (1953-02-15). "A Proposed Structure For The Nucleic Acids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 39 (2): 84–97. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Corey" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Corey</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Watson, James (1968). The Double Helix. <a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Double_Helix</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. C. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature. 171 (4356): 737–738. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692. S2CID 4253007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Scientists describe 'secret of life'". On This Day. BBC. April 25, 1953. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2932000/2932793.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2932000/2932793.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wilkins, M. H. F.; Stokes, A. R.; Wilson, H. R. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids" (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 738–740. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..738W. doi:10.1038/171738a0. PMID 13054693. S2CID 4280080. Retrieved March 1, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Alex_Stokes" target="_blank">/wiki/Alex_Stokes</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Franklin, Rosalind E.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate" (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 740–741. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..740F. doi:10.1038/171740a0. PMID 13054694. S2CID 4268222. Retrieved March 1, 2011. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Francis Crick (1916–2004) and James Watson (b. 1928) together discovered the double helix structure of DNA, the "blueprint of life." Surprisingly, when ... 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