Structured writing

<h2 id="origin">Origin</h2>
<p><a href="/facts/Robert_E._Horn/N0VHHzwH">Robert E. Horn</a>, Elizabeth H. Nicol, and Joel C. Kleinman published a journal article titled "Information Mapping for Learning and Reference" in August 1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The article details their new style of writing and their process of creating it. Within the article, Horn et al. cite their reasons for creating structured writing, most importantly, rapidly changing technology. Because of this, information can be difficult to digest as well as span different technological fields that workers might not know how to properly use. By creating structured writing, Horn and his colleagues developed a way for employers to condense a large amount of complex information into simple reference materials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>
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<h2 id="components-of-an-information-block">Components of an information block</h2>
<p>In his research, Horn identified four main points to creating an easy to comprehend information block.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> These points include:
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<ol><li>The Chunking Principle: In order to ensure an audience is retaining information, it's imperative that the author separates their information into concise information blocks.</li>
<li>The Labeling Principle: Every information block, or set of blocks, must have a clearly identifiable label that indicates what the block or set of blocks is referencing.</li>
<li>The Relevance Principle: Every diagram, sentence, or image must specifically relate to the concept being expressed within a specific block.</li>
<li>The Consistency Principle: Throughout the information block as well as the reference material as a whole, the author must keep their language and formatting the same throughout.</li></ol>
<h2 id="problems-addressed-by-structured-writing">Problems addressed by structured writing</h2>
<p>Structured writing has been developed to address common problems in complex writing:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>
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<ul><li>Organizing large amounts of material</li>
<li>Maintaining an orderly structure to provide a consistent experience to users</li>
<li>Providing users with a more intuitive and obvious experience</li>
<li>Ensuring the completeness of documentation</li>
<li>Targeting content to varying audiences</li>
<li>Coordinating writing projects among a group of writers</li>
<li>Organizing each chunk of content in an intuitive way</li>
<li>Organizing pages of content in a way that helps users understand its place in the whole body of knowledge</li>
<li>Maximizing the efficiency with which documentation can be understood and used</li></ul>
<h2 id="impact">Impact</h2>
<p>In the years after its development, structured writing has been implemented in a wide variety of fields and has been proven to increase understanding. A study conducted by Hutkemri Zulnaidi and Effandi Zakaria in a middle school in Indonesia found that when implemented in a math class, information mapping yielded a higher percentage of students who understood and retained information compared to the students who were not taught using information mapping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Structured writing has also inspired new ways of presenting information, namely <a href="/facts/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture/mTDd9vU3">Darwin Information Typing Architecture</a>, which is another method used to condense complex information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Along with inspiring others to create their own forms of structured writing, information mapping has expanded to become its own company offering services to turn documents into an information map as well as training and additional software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a>
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Component_content_management_system/Y1XA033S">Component content management system</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Semantic_markup/grhapJxE">Semantic markup</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Technical_communication/sz8G7rYk">Technical communication § Content creation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Topic-based_authoring/AA2Tw8f6">Topic-based authoring</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Horn, Robert E. (1989). <a href="https://archive.org/details/mappinghypertext0000horn"><i>Mapping Hypertext: The Analysis, Organization, and Display of Knowledge for the Next Generation of On-Line Text and Graphics</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Lexington_Institute/EX1hDjNC">Lexington Institute</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780962556500.</li>
<li>Horn, Robert E. (1992). <i>How High Can it Fly? Examining the Evidence on Information Mapping's method of High-Performance Communication</i>. Lexington Institute.</li>
<li>Horn, Robert E. "Structured writing at twenty-five." Performance and instruction 32 (1993): 11-11.</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Horn, Robert E. (February 1993). ""Structured Writing at 25"". The National Society for Performance and Instruction: 14 – via psu.edu. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Horn, Robert E. (1999-08-01). "Two approaches to modularity: comparing the STOP approach with structured writing". ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation. 23 (3): 87–94. doi:10.1145/330595.330601. ISSN 0731-1001. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/330595.330601" target="_blank">https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/330595.330601</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Horn, Robert E. (February 1993). ""Structured Writing at 25"". The National Society for Performance and Instruction: 14 – via psu.edu. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Horn, Robert E. (February 1993). ""Structured Writing at 25"". The National Society for Performance and Instruction: 14 – via psu.edu. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7cf57e9cdfe9bc19547a9e4666550c98e7ef07ee</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Horn, Robert E. (1998). "Structured Writing as a Paradigm" (PDF). Instructional Development: State of the Art: 22 – via University of Washington. <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf" target="_blank">https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Horn, Robert E.; Nicol, Elizabeth H.; Kleinman, Joel C.; Grace, Michael G. (1969-08-01). INFORMATION MAPPING FOR LEARNING AND REFERENCE (Report). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center. doi:10.21236/ad0699201. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad0699201" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad0699201</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Horn, Robert E. (1998). "Structured Writing as a Paradigm" (PDF). Instructional Development: State of the Art: 22 – via University of Washington. <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf" target="_blank">https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Horn, Robert E. (1998). "Structured Writing as a Paradigm" (PDF). Instructional Development: State of the Art: 22 – via University of Washington. <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf" target="_blank">https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Horn, Robert E. (1998). "Structured Writing as a Paradigm" (PDF). Instructional Development: State of the Art: 22 – via University of Washington. <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf" target="_blank">https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/TC510-Fall2011/Horn-StructuredWritingParadigm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Zulnaidi, Zakaria, Hutkemri, Effandi (January 2010). "The Effect of Information Mapping Strategy on Mathematics Conceptual Knowledge of Junior High School Students". US-China Review. 7 (1) – via Research Gate.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278848346" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278848346</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Day, Priestley, Schell, Don, Michael, David (September 2005). "Introduction to the Darwin Information Typing Architecture" (PDF). Developer Works – via IBM.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://people.cs.vt.edu/~kafura/CS6604/Papers/Darwin-Information-Typing-Architecture.pdf" target="_blank">https://people.cs.vt.edu/~kafura/CS6604/Papers/Darwin-Information-Typing-Architecture.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Mapping, Information. "Information Mapping". Information Mapping. Retrieved 2023-11-11. <a href="https://informationmapping.com/" target="_blank">https://informationmapping.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Structured writing open-in-new

Structured writing