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Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
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<h2 id="dataset">Dataset</h2> <p>The GLODAPv1.1 climatology contains analysed fields of "present day" (1990s) <a href="/facts/Total_inorganic_carbon/lQ3c5MyU">dissolved inorganic carbon</a> (DIC), <a href="/facts/Alkalinity/qWjbkx33">alkalinity</a>, <a href="/facts/Carbon-14/Ut8SBNNa">carbon-14</a> (14C), <a href="/facts/CFC-11/bx7YxsjC">CFC-11</a> and <a href="/facts/CFC-12/KdMmfral">CFC-12</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The fields consist of <a href="/facts/Three-dimensional_space/KAqKWUbS">three-dimensional</a>, objectively-analysed global grids at 1° <a href="/facts/Image_resolution/NAL4uFV9">horizontal resolution</a>, interpolated onto 33 standardised <a href="/facts/Water_column/RNQbAVJj">vertical intervals</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> from the surface (0 m) to the <a href="/facts/Abyssal_zone/ec5YEkse">abyssal</a> <a href="/facts/Seabed/VvxuEWJu">seafloor</a> (5500 m). In terms of temporal resolution, the relative scarcity of the source data mean that, unlike the <a href="/facts/World_Ocean_Atlas/31dMgCGu">World Ocean Atlas</a>, averaged fields are only produced for the annual time-scale. The GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the <a href="/facts/Arctic_Ocean/l6HS3QyV">Arctic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/facts/Caribbean_Sea/RPnJgdse">Caribbean Sea</a>, the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/facts/Maritime_Southeast_Asia/8Jk7HBF6">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p>Additionally, analysis has attempted to separate natural from anthropogenic DIC, to produce fields of pre-<a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">industrial</a> (18th century) DIC and "present day" anthropogenic CO2. This separation allows estimation of the magnitude of the ocean <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide_sink/Gv7uXVmT">sink</a> for anthropogenic CO2, and is important for studies of phenomena such as <a href="/facts/Ocean_acidification/GE7MrSPj">ocean acidification</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> However, as anthropogenic DIC is chemically and physically identical to natural DIC, this separation is difficult. GLODAP used a mathematical technique known as C* (C-star)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> to <a href="/facts/Deconvolution/Q5ECQykB">deconvolute</a> anthropogenic from natural DIC (there are a number of alternative methods). This uses information about ocean <a href="/facts/Biogeochemistry/LuEFpDum">biogeochemistry</a> and CO2 surface disequilibrium together with other ocean tracers including carbon-14, CFC-11 and CFC-12 (which indicate <a href="/facts/Water_mass/rYrznzcr">water mass</a> age) to try to separate out natural CO2 from that added during the ongoing anthropogenic transient. The technique is not straightforward and has associated errors, although it is gradually being refined to improve it. Its findings are generally supported by independent predictions made by dynamic models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The GLODAPv2 climatology largely repeats the earlier format, but makes use of the large number of observations of the ocean's carbon cycle made over the intervening period (2000–2013).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The analysed "present-day" fields in the resulting dataset are <a href="/facts/Normalization_(statistics)/734U3VFY">normalised</a> to year 2002. Anthropogenic carbon was estimated in GLODAPv2 using a "transit-time distribution" (TTD) method (an approach using a <a href="/facts/Green%27s_function/rKxKKPcp">Green's function</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In addition to updated fields of DIC (total and anthropogenic) and alkalinity, GLODAPv2 includes fields of seawater <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> and <a href="/facts/Calcium_carbonate/UQ1wLFna">calcium carbonate</a> <a href="/facts/Saturated_solution/kLE9h3Jb">saturation state</a> (Ω; omega). The latter is a non-dimensional number calculated by dividing the local <a href="/facts/Carbonate/FES1QHkN">carbonate</a> ion concentration by the ambient saturation concentration for calcium carbonate (for the <a href="/facts/Biomineralization/m5mGPaTM">biomineral</a> <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(materials_science)/bu2tqsB9">polymorphs</a> <a href="/facts/Calcite/gKMHYQJo">calcite</a> and <a href="/facts/Aragonite/QGcD3SLs">aragonite</a>), and relates to an oceanographic property, the <a href="/facts/Carbonate_compensation_depth/lHrC09fc">carbonate compensation depth</a>. Values of this below 1 indicate <a href="/facts/Undersaturation/baVyVQLW">undersaturation</a>, and potential dissolution, while values above 1 indicate <a href="/facts/Supersaturation/YaTN0D1L">supersaturation</a>, and relative stability. </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <p>The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv1.1. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is approximately the 1990s. </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv2. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is normalised to 2002. Note that these properties are shown in <a href="/facts/Mass/HHdc8XmF">mass</a> units (per kilogram of seawater) rather than the <a href="/facts/Volume/aeAXCBUd">volume</a> units (per cubic metre of seawater) used in the GLODAPv1.1 panels. </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Oceans portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Biogeochemical_cycle/3vG5KBu4">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biological_pump/FlDk7rSf">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Continental_shelf_pump/9AY9hDN8">Continental shelf pump</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study/fauzDsLP">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joint_Global_Ocean_Flux_Study/1Sfq6ETp">Joint Global Ocean Flux Study</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ocean_acidification/GE7MrSPj">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Solubility_pump/3xW9xRLH">Solubility pump</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Ocean_Atlas/31dMgCGu">World Ocean Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment/XJqT7jDA">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.glodap.info/">GLODAP website</a>, <a href="/facts/Bjerknes_Centre_for_Climate_Research/sV7MyBVc">Bjerknes Climate Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/glodap/">GLODAP v1.1 website</a>, <a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2/">GLODAP v2 website</a>, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C.L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J., Feely, R.A., Millero, F., Mordy, C. and Peng, T.-H. (2004). A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from GLODAP. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB4031 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Standardised intervals are at 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 m <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Orr, J. C. et al. (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Nature 437, 681–686 <a href="http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Raven, J. A. et al. (2005). Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Royal Society, London, UK <a href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13314" target="_blank">http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13314</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gruber, N., Sarmiento, J.L. and Stocker, T.F. (1996). An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10:809– 837 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Orr, J. C. et al. (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Nature 437, 681–686 <a href="http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Matsumoto, K.; Gruber, N. (2005). "How accurate is the estimation of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean? An evaluation of the DC* method". Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 19 (3). Bibcode:2005GBioC..19.3014M. doi:10.1029/2004GB002397. S2CID 3468049. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GB002397" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GB002397</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Olsen, A.; Key, R.M.; van Heuven, S.; Lauvset, S.K.; Velo, A.; Lin, X.; Schirnick, C.; Kozyr, A.; Tanhua, T.; Hoppema, M.; Jutterström, S.; Steinfeldt, R.; Jeansson, E.; Ishii, M.; Pérez, F.F.; Suzuki, T. (2016). "The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean". Earth System Science Data. 8 (2): 297–323. Bibcode:2016ESSD....8..297O. doi:10.5194/essd-8-297-2016. hdl:10261/135582. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-297-2016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-297-2016</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lauvset, S.K.; Key, R.M.; Olsen, A.; van Heuven, S.; Velo, A.; Lin, X.; Schirnick, C.; Kozyr, A.; Tanhua, T.; Hoppema, M.; Jutterström, S.; Steinfeldt, R.; Jeansson, E.; Ishii, M.; Pérez, F.F.; Suzuki, T.; Watelet, S. (2016). "A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2". Earth System Science Data. 8 (2): 325–340. Bibcode:2016ESSD....8..325L. doi:10.5194/essd-8-325-2016. hdl:10261/135584. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-325-2016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-325-2016</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Waugh, D.W.; Hall, T.M.; McNeil, B.I.; Key, R.; Matear, R.J. (2006). "Anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans estimated using transit-time distributions". Tellus. 58B (5): 376–390. Bibcode:2006TellB..58..376W. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00222.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0889.2006.00222.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0889.2006.00222.x</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lauvset, S.K.; Key, R.M.; Olsen, A.; van Heuven, S.; Velo, A.; Lin, X.; Schirnick, C.; Kozyr, A.; Tanhua, T.; Hoppema, M.; Jutterström, S.; Steinfeldt, R.; Jeansson, E.; Ishii, M.; Pérez, F.F.; Suzuki, T.; Watelet, S. (2016). "A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2". Earth System Science Data. 8 (2): 325–340. Bibcode:2016ESSD....8..325L. doi:10.5194/essd-8-325-2016. hdl:10261/135584. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-325-2016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-8-325-2016</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>