Collared peccary

<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>
Although somewhat related to true Old World pigs, and frequently referred to as a pig, this species and the other peccaries are no longer classified in the pig family, <a href="/facts/Suidae/KL0jkfsB">Suidae</a>. Although formerly classified in the genus Pecari, studies in 2020 placed them in the genus Dicotyles, based on an unequivocal type-species selection; these studies have been accepted by the <a href="/facts/American_Society_of_Mammalogists/S7n5NIF8">American Society of Mammalogists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Currently, the <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a> still places them in the genus Pecari.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>

The collared peccary stands around 510–610 mm (20–24 in) tall at the shoulder and is about 1.0–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long. It weighs between 16 and 27 kg (35 and 60 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The <a href="/facts/Dental_formula/yMEdzfHh">dental formula</a> is: 2/3,1/1,3/3,3/3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The collared peccary has small tusks that point toward the ground when the animal is upright. It has slender legs with a robust or stocky body. The tail is often hidden in the coarse fur of the peccary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="range-and-habitat">Range and habitat</h2>
The collared peccary is widespread throughout much of the tropical and subtropical <a href="/facts/Americas/hEuUTL4K">Americas</a>, ranging from the <a href="/facts/Southwestern_United_States/LjLFs9fC">Southwestern United States</a> to northern <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>. They were reintroduced to <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a> in 2017, after 100 years of <a href="/facts/Local_extinction/DbRYtFPq">extirpation</a> there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The only <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> island where it is native, however, is <a href="/facts/Trinidad/gJQ350S6">Trinidad</a>. Until fairly recently, it was also present on the nearby island of <a href="/facts/Tobago/AceVKHRo">Tobago</a>, but is now exceedingly rare (if not extirpated) due to <a href="/facts/Overhunting/35n60afL">overhunting</a> by humans. An adaptable species, it inhabits <a href="/facts/Desert/Mknp4bXq">deserts</a>, xeric shrublands, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, flooded grasslands and savannas, <a href="/facts/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests/o88ufPT5">tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests</a>, and several other habitats; it is also present in habitats shared by humans, merely requiring sufficient cover. Peccaries can be found in <a href="/facts/Urban_wildlife/9wQGf7cM">cities</a> and agricultural land throughout their range, where they consume garden plants. Notable populations are known to exist in the <a href="/facts/Suburbs/8Nv6KVJr">suburbs</a> of <a href="/facts/Phoenix_metropolitan_area/NusTFa0R">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/facts/Tucson%2c_Arizona/26QPvEaG">Tucson, Arizona</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h2 id="fossil-record">Fossil record</h2>
Due to the lack of fossil material or even specimens from archeological sites, it was assumed that javelinas only recently crossed into the US from further south by way of Mexico, being previously excluded from the region by competition with the now-extinct <a href="/facts/Platygonus_compressus/gk6fMlom">flat-headed peccary</a> (Platygonus compressus) and <a href="/facts/Long-nosed_peccary/Kk2RXKHD">long-nosed peccary</a> (Mylohyus nasutus). The first records of the species in its US range are from 18th-century Jesuit missions, and no evidence of remains is known from sites prior to 1700.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> However, in 2009, a fossil jaw of this species was described from <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a>, proving that at some point in the late Pleistocene the species had already inhabited part of the Southern US and coexisted with the other two peccary species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The spread of javelinas throughout the Southwest may have been due to the overgrazing of native grasslands by livestock, leading to their replacement by <a href="/facts/Cactus/JTf3NFBj">cacti</a> and <a href="/facts/Mesquite/vH5mPQ6m">mesquite</a>, which are more desirable habitat for javelinas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The javelina is also known from fossils from Toca da Barriguda in Bahia, Brazil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="diet">Diet</h2>
Collared peccaries are often classified as herbivores. They normally feed on <a href="/facts/Cactus/JTf3NFBj">cactus</a>, <a href="/facts/Mesquite/vH5mPQ6m">mesquite</a> beans, fruits, berries, seeds, roots, <a href="/facts/Tuber/wGw2Sbag">tubers</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulbs</a>, <a href="/facts/Palm_nut/zAqKd19p">palm nuts</a>, grasses, other green vegetation, <a href="/facts/Fungi/BHo5DP59">fungi</a>, and insects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> However, they will also eat eggs, snakes, fish, frogs, lizards, dead birds, and rodents if the opportunity presents itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Despite all this supplementary diet, the main dietary components of this species are <a href="/facts/Agave/V1fhdKdU">agaves</a> and <a href="/facts/Opuntia/UgTBE9tr">prickly pears</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In areas inhabited by humans, they also consume cultivated crops and <a href="/facts/Ornamental_plant/ImyCDwMW">ornamental plants</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Tulip/oq5B0jMb">tulip</a> <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulbs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h2 id="predators">Predators</h2>
The main predators of the collared peccary are <a href="/facts/Cougar/bIzW7fPk">cougars</a> (Puma concolor), <a href="/facts/Mexican_wolf/txl4sc0r">Mexican wolves</a> (Canis lupus baileyi), <a href="/facts/Coyote/RXpwhVfb">coyotes</a> (Canis latrans), <a href="/facts/Jaguar/Sn2espqI">jaguars</a> (Panthera onca), and <a href="/facts/Bobcat/8xkRLsIu">bobcats</a> (Lynx rufus).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="behavior">Behavior</h2>
Collared peccaries are <a href="/facts/Diurnal_animal/GgXnXvN7">diurnal</a> creatures that live in groups of up to 50 individuals, averaging between six and nine animals. They sleep in burrows (often under bushes or larger systems of tree roots), but sometimes can be found in caves, abandoned mines, old desert tunnels, or among logs, felled trees and abandoned timber.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> However, collared peccaries are not completely diurnal. In central Arizona, they are often more active at night, and less so in the heat of the daytime.
Although they usually ignore humans, they will react if they feel threatened. They defend themselves with their tusks. A collared peccary can release a strong musk or give a sharp bark if it is alarmed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Amazonian peoples (including the <a href="/facts/Shipibo-Conibo_people/VdDHfEya">Shipibos</a>) sometimes raise and tame juvenile collared peccaries, if they are encountered.
Peccary will also rub their scent onto rocks and tree stumps to mark their territory, and rub the scent on each other to help with identification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="the-giant-peccary">The "giant peccary"</h2>
The giant peccary (described as Pecari maximus) was a purported fourth species of <a href="/facts/Peccary/UXvbmIst">peccary</a>, first reported to have been seen in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a> in 2000 by Dutch naturalist <a href="/facts/Marc_van_Roosmalen/Fj348nMN">Marc van Roosmalen</a>. In 2003 German <a href="/facts/Natural_history/pSlAvbTX">natural history</a> filmmaker Lothar Frenz filmed a group and gathered a skull which later served as the <a href="/facts/Biological_type/mTM1beKX">type</a> (INPA4272). It had been known locally as caitetú-mundè, which Roosmalen et al. state the locals claimed was <a href="/facts/Old_Tupi/AGGP472R">Tupí</a> and meant "the collared peccary that is bigger and goes in pairs", as opposed to caitetú-de-bando, "the collared peccary that goes in herds". It was formally <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">described</a> in 2007,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> but the scientific evidence for its species status was quickly questioned,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> which also was one of the reasons for its initial evaluation as <a href="/facts/Data_deficient/dWCrJ0CS">data deficient</a> by <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a> in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> A review in 2011 moved the giant peccary into <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonymy</a> with the collared peccary (P. tajacu),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> which was followed by the <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a> the same year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
The reported range of the giant peccary encompasses the south-central <a href="/facts/Amazon_rainforest/MGVatclX">Amazon</a> between the <a href="/facts/Madeira_River/E3AV95tB">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/facts/Tapaj%25C3%25B3s_River/1S8YDTsS">Tapajós Rivers</a> and northern <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> It is restricted to terra firme forest, which is forest that does not flood annually. Unlike other peccaries in its range, the giant peccary was reported to mainly occur in pairs or small family groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
According to its original description, the giant peccary is larger, longer-legged, and proportionally smaller-headed than the only other member of the genus, the collared peccary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Compared to most individuals of the <a href="/facts/Sympatric/wsPKQEeU">sympatric</a> populations of the collared peccary, the giant peccary also had thinner fur that is grizzled in brown and white, blacker legs, and a relatively faint collar. Five skins of the giant peccary had a total length of 120–137 cm (47–54 in), while local hunters have estimated a weight of 40–50 kg (88–110 lb). Based on a <a href="/facts/MtDNA/goC0ex0X">mtDNA</a> study, the collared and the giant peccaries were estimated to have diverged 1.0–1.2 million years ago, but these results were later questioned due to the small <a href="/facts/Sample_size/sf8dAFzq">sample size</a>, low <a href="/facts/Bootstrapping_(statistics)/zCHuBeIz">bootstrap</a> support, and the absence of <a href="/facts/NDNA/5wzCJQlb">nDNA</a> and <a href="/facts/Cytogenetic/Rj22VPvy">cytogenetic</a> results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
In 2011, a review noted that the measurements provided in the initial description were within those generally recognized for the collared peccary, and the behaviors supposedly unique to the giant peccary are also known from the collared peccary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> They also provided new genetic evidence showing that collared peccaries from South America form a <a href="/facts/Monophyletic/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a> <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a> that includes the giant peccary (without it the clade is <a href="/facts/Paraphyletic/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a>). The major genetic split within the collared peccary is between a clade comprising North and Central American specimens, and a clade comprising South American specimens (the presumed contact zone is in <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>, which has both clades). Furthermore, extensive <a href="/facts/Infraspecific/5hXTcrIs">infraspecific</a> variations (both individual and locality-based) are known in the <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> of the collared peccary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="explanatory-notes">Explanatory notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pecari tajacu.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=246">Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: Pecari tajacu</a></li>
<li><a href="http://siwild.si.edu/content/animal-groups/pigs/collared-peccary.htm?species=22">Smithsonian Wild: Pecari tajacu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313103245/http://azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_javelina.shtml">Arizona Game and Fish Department – Living With Javelina</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Tayassu tajacu (Collared Peccary or Quenk)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <a href="https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Tayassu_tajacu%20-%20Collared%20Peccary%20or%20Quenk.pdf" target="_blank">https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Tayassu_tajacu%20-%20Collared%20Peccary%20or%20Quenk.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Acosta, Luis E.; Garbino, Guilherme S. T.; Gasparini, Germán M.; Dutra, Rodrigo Parisi (9 September 2020). "Unraveling the nomenclatural puzzle of the collared and white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae)". Zootaxa. 4851 (1): 60–80. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4851.1.2. PMID 33056737. S2CID 222846767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758)". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 2021-10-13. <a href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006380" target="_blank">https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006380</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M. & Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Collared Peccary: Javelina ~ Tayaussa ~ Musk Hog". Digital West Media Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2012. <a href="http://www.desertusa.com/magnov97/nov_pap/du_collpecc.html" target="_blank">http://www.desertusa.com/magnov97/nov_pap/du_collpecc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Reid, Fiona (2006). Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5. <a href="978-0-395-93596-5" target="_blank">978-0-395-93596-5</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Reid, Fiona (2006). Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5. <a href="978-0-395-93596-5" target="_blank">978-0-395-93596-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"A un año de su liberación, los pecaríes ya se adaptaron y tienen cría". ecos.la (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2019-04-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422163218/https://ecos.la/8/ciencia_tecnologia/2018/07/14/25081/a-un-ano-de-su-liberacion-los-pecaries-ya-se-adaptaron-y-tienen-cria/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200422163218/https://ecos.la/8/ciencia_tecnologia/2018/07/14/25081/a-un-ano-de-su-liberacion-los-pecaries-ya-se-adaptaron-y-tienen-cria/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Friederici, Peter (August–September 1998). "Winners and Losers". National Wildlife Magazine. 36 (5). National Wildlife Federation. <a href="http://www.nationalwildlife.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleID=308&issueID=19" target="_blank">http://www.nationalwildlife.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleID=308&issueID=19</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Sowls, Lyle K. (1997). Javelinas and Other Peccaries: Their Biology, Management, and Use (2nd ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp. 61–68. ISBN 978-0-89096-717-1.[permanent dead link] <a href="978-0-89096-717-1" target="_blank">978-0-89096-717-1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Taylor, Rick; Synatzske, David R. (2008). The Javelina in Texas (PDF). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_1669.pdf" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_1669.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hulbert, Richard C.; Morgan, Gary S.; Kerner, Andreas (January 2009). "Collared peccary (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae, Pecari) from the late Pleistocene of Florida". Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne: 543–555 – via ResearchGate. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257618845" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257618845</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Taylor, Rick; Synatzske, David R. (2008). The Javelina in Texas (PDF). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_1669.pdf" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_1669.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:16">Ingmarsson, Lisa. "Pecari tajacu (collared peccary)". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Animal Fact Sheet: Collared Peccary or Javelina". Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 8 December 2020. <a href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Javelina.php" target="_blank">https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Javelina.php</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Ingmarsson, Lisa. "Pecari tajacu (collared peccary)". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Ingmarsson, Lisa. "Pecari tajacu (collared peccary)". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Friederici, Peter (August–September 1998). "Winners and Losers". National Wildlife Magazine. 36 (5). National Wildlife Federation. <a href="http://www.nationalwildlife.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleID=308&issueID=19" target="_blank">http://www.nationalwildlife.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?articleID=308&issueID=19</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sowls, Lyle K. (1997). Javelinas and Other Peccaries: Their Biology, Management, and Use (2nd ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp. 61–68. ISBN 978-0-89096-717-1.[permanent dead link] <a href="978-0-89096-717-1" target="_blank">978-0-89096-717-1</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Ingmarsson, Lisa. "Pecari tajacu (collared peccary)". Animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2020-10-28. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Reid, Fiona (2006). Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5. <a href="978-0-395-93596-5" target="_blank">978-0-395-93596-5</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Reid, Fiona (2006). Peterson Field Guide: Mammals of North America (4th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5. <a href="978-0-395-93596-5" target="_blank">978-0-395-93596-5</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Animal Fact Sheet: Collared Peccary or Javelina". Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 8 December 2020. <a href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Javelina.php" target="_blank">https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Javelina.php</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Roosmalen, M.G.M.; Frenz, L.; Hooft, W.F. van; Iongh, H.H. de; Leirs, H. 2007. A New Species of Living Peccary (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2): 105–112. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Gongora, J., Taber, A., Keuroghlian, A., Altrichter, M., Bodmer, R.E., Mayor, P., Moran, C., Damayanti, C.S., González S. (2007). Re-examining the evidence for a ‘new’ peccary species, Pecari maximus, from the Brazilian Amazon. Newsletter of the Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group of the IUCN/SSC. 7(2): 19–26. <a href="https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/_files/ugd/119740_0dc9019f69984c5cbac8e256cd3b1968.pdf#page=19" target="_blank">https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/_files/ugd/119740_0dc9019f69984c5cbac8e256cd3b1968.pdf#page=19</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Trials of a Primatologist. Archived 2009-10-14 at the Portuguese Web Archive, Smithsonianmag.com. accessed March 15, 2008 <a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/roosmalen-200802.html" target="_blank">http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/roosmalen-200802.html</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Gongora, J. (2008). "Pecari maximus". Retrieved 25 November 2008.[dead link] <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136740" target="_blank">http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136740</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Gongora, J., Biondo, C., Cooper, J.D., Taber, A., Keuroghlian, A., Altrichter, M., Ferreira do Nascimento, F., Chong, A.Y., Miyaki, C.Y., Bodmer, R., Mayor, P. and González, S. (2011). Revisiting the species status of Pecari maximus van Roosmalen et al., 2007 (Mammalia) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 60(1): 95-101. <a href="http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_60_1/095_101_BzB60_1_Gongora_%20Jaime_et_al.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_60_1/095_101_BzB60_1_Gongora_%20Jaime_et_al.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M. & Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Moravec, J., & Böhme, W. (2009). Second Find of the Recently Discovered Amazonian Giant Peccary, Pecari maximus (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) van Roosmalen et al., 2007: First Record from Bolivia Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 56(1-2): 49-54. <a href="http://alt.zfmk.de/BZB/BzB_56_1_07_Moravec.pdf" target="_blank">http://alt.zfmk.de/BZB/BzB_56_1_07_Moravec.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Roosmalen, M.G.M.; Frenz, L.; Hooft, W.F. van; Iongh, H.H. de; Leirs, H. 2007. A New Species of Living Peccary (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2): 105–112. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Roosmalen, M.G.M.; Frenz, L.; Hooft, W.F. van; Iongh, H.H. de; Leirs, H. 2007. A New Species of Living Peccary (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2): 105–112. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40111102</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Gongora, J., Taber, A., Keuroghlian, A., Altrichter, M., Bodmer, R.E., Mayor, P., Moran, C., Damayanti, C.S., González S. (2007). Re-examining the evidence for a ‘new’ peccary species, Pecari maximus, from the Brazilian Amazon. Newsletter of the Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group of the IUCN/SSC. 7(2): 19–26. <a href="https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/_files/ugd/119740_0dc9019f69984c5cbac8e256cd3b1968.pdf#page=19" target="_blank">https://www.iucn-wpsg.org/_files/ugd/119740_0dc9019f69984c5cbac8e256cd3b1968.pdf#page=19</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M. & Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Gongora, J., Biondo, C., Cooper, J.D., Taber, A., Keuroghlian, A., Altrichter, M., Ferreira do Nascimento, F., Chong, A.Y., Miyaki, C.Y., Bodmer, R., Mayor, P. and González, S. (2011). Revisiting the species status of Pecari maximus van Roosmalen et al., 2007 (Mammalia) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 60(1): 95-101. <a href="http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_60_1/095_101_BzB60_1_Gongora_%20Jaime_et_al.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_60_1/095_101_BzB60_1_Gongora_%20Jaime_et_al.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Gongora, J.; Reyna-Hurtado, R.; Beck, H.; Taber, A.; Altrichter, M. & Keuroghlian, A. (2011). "Pecari tajacu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T41777A10562361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41777A10562361.en. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41777/10562361</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Collared peccary open-in-new

Collared peccary