Cecil Taylor

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Cecil Percival Taylor was born on March 25, 1929, in <a href="/facts/Long_Island_City/sXT9qseN">Long Island City</a>, <a href="/facts/Queens/PbwLQxFH">Queens</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> and raised in <a href="/facts/Corona%2c_Queens/g1kGVFMf">Corona, Queens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> As an only child to a middle-class family, Taylor's mother Almeda Ragland Taylor encouraged him to play music at an early age. He began playing piano at age six and went on to study at the <a href="/facts/New_York_College_of_Music/Il70w8wG">New York College of Music</a> and <a href="/facts/New_England_Conservatory/vTBtSm5R">New England Conservatory</a> in <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>. At the New England Conservatory, Taylor majored in popular music arrangement. During his time there, he also became familiar with contemporary European <a href="/facts/Art_music/50MKosag">art music</a>. <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_Bart%25C3%25B3k/C1DQu47U">Bela Bartók</a> and <a href="/facts/Karlheinz_Stockhausen/XCrTaejh">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> notably influenced his music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
In 1955, Taylor moved back to New York City from Boston. He formed a quartet with soprano saxophonist <a href="/facts/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)/puXTBrRG">Steve Lacy</a>, bassist <a href="/facts/Buell_Neidlinger/Rw7QAN7h">Buell Neidlinger</a>, and drummer <a href="/facts/Denis_Charles/nQhe8gYz">Dennis Charles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Taylor's first recording, <a href="/facts/Jazz_Advance/nILTYxM1">Jazz Advance</a>, featured Lacy and was released in 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The recording is described by <a href="/facts/Richard_Cook_(journalist)/rJgqusBh">Richard Cook</a> and <a href="/facts/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)/f1ryA7bI">Brian Morton</a> in the Penguin Guide to Jazz: "While there are still many nods to conventional <a href="/facts/Post-bop/Tf8qz3Nb">post-bop</a> form in this set, it already points to the freedoms in which the pianist would later immerse himself."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Taylor's quartet featuring Lacy also appeared at the 1957 <a href="/facts/Newport_Jazz_Festival/Lo9755vB">Newport Jazz Festival</a>, which was made into the album <a href="/facts/At_Newport_(Cecil_Taylor_and_Gigi_Gryce_album)/Nm1Ino2q">At Newport</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Taylor collaborated with saxophonist <a href="/facts/John_Coltrane/IhSaHEEQ">John Coltrane</a> in 1958 on <a href="/facts/Stereo_Drive/bto6MYa1">Stereo Drive</a>, now available as Coltrane Time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="1950s-and-early-1960s">1950s and early 1960s</h2>
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Taylor's music grew more complex and moved away from existing jazz styles. Gigs were often hard to come by, and club owners found that Taylor's approach of playing long pieces tended to impede business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> His 1959 <a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP record</a> <a href="/facts/Looking_Ahead!/5PXhpKz4">Looking Ahead!</a> showcased his innovation as a creator as compared to the jazz mainstream. Unlike others at the time, Taylor utilized virtuosic techniques and made swift stylistic shifts from phrase to phrase. These qualities, among others, still remained notable distinctions of his music for the rest of his life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Landmark recordings, such as <a href="/facts/Unit_Structures/d31QpyKX">Unit Structures</a> (1966), also appeared. Within the <a href="/facts/Cecil_Taylor_Unit/ILBGcJpr">Cecil Taylor Unit</a> (a distinction that was often used at performances and recordings between 1962 and 2006 for a shifting group of sidemen), musicians were able to develop new forms of conversational interplay. In the early 1960s, an uncredited <a href="/facts/Albert_Ayler/PpgNtrb3">Albert Ayler</a> worked with Taylor, jamming and appearing on at least one recording, Four, which was unreleased until appearing on the 2004 Ayler <a href="/facts/Box_set/3UF4l4gx">box set</a> <a href="/facts/Holy_Ghost%3a_Rare_%2526_Unissued_Recordings_(1962%25E2%2580%259370)/f2QMMF0Q">Holy Ghost: Rare & Unissued Recordings (1962–70)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
By 1961, Taylor was working regularly with alto saxophonist <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Lyons/bVuVjUHI">Jimmy Lyons</a>, who would become one of his most important and consistent collaborators. Taylor, Lyons, and drummer <a href="/facts/Sunny_Murray/X4z0aL52">Sunny Murray</a> (and later <a href="/facts/Andrew_Cyrille/nwKVPFLU">Andrew Cyrille</a>) formed the core personnel of the <a href="/facts/Cecil_Taylor_Unit/ILBGcJpr">Cecil Taylor Unit</a>, Taylor's primary ensemble until Lyons' death in 1986. Lyons' playing, strongly influenced by jazz icon <a href="/facts/Charlie_Parker/Mjowo35o">Charlie Parker</a>, retained a strong <a href="/facts/Blues/f2WSr9QQ">blues</a> sensibility and helped keep Taylor's increasingly <a href="/facts/Avant-garde_music/QbTR6kmJ">avant garde music</a> tethered to the jazz tradition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="late-1960s-and-1970s">Late 1960s and 1970s</h2>
Taylor began to perform solo concerts in the latter half of the 1960s. The first known recorded solo performance was "Carmen With Rings" (59 minutes) in <a href="/facts/De_Doelen/WjSrdy51">De Doelen</a> concert hall in <a href="/facts/Rotterdam/p8LbhGmE">Rotterdam</a> on July 1, 1967. Two days earlier, Taylor had played the same composition in the <a href="/facts/Amsterdam_Concertgebouw/UWpQ2L7D">Amsterdam Concertgebouw</a>. Many of his later concerts were released on album and include <a href="/facts/Indent_(album)/znRUYeHt">Indent</a> (1973), side one of <a href="/facts/Spring_of_Two_Blue_J%2527s/k2Cn4xAr">Spring of Two Blue-J's</a> (1973), <a href="/facts/Silent_Tongues/lkKSWmGd">Silent Tongues</a> (1974), <a href="/facts/Garden_(album)/ghnMp7TV">Garden</a> (1982), <a href="/facts/For_Olim/65Bb3hv7">For Olim</a> (1987), <a href="/facts/Erzulie_Maketh_Scent/Dl1PzrRe">Erzulie Maketh Scent</a> (1989), and <a href="/facts/The_Tree_of_Life_(Cecil_Taylor_album)/z3LTDMQ7">The Tree of Life</a> (1998).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> He began to garner critical and popular acclaim, playing for <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter/Rr4UyAVX">Jimmy Carter</a> on the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a> Lawn,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> lecturing as an <a href="/facts/Artist-in-residence/A6R02VRI">artist-in-residence</a> at universities, and eventually being awarded a <a href="/facts/Guggenheim_Fellowship/SuatTbVK">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> in 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
In 1976, Taylor directed a production of <a href="/facts/Adrienne_Kennedy/f8qdm1KL">Adrienne Kennedy</a>'s <a href="/facts/A_Rat%2527s_Mass/p8pPFvhy">A Rat's Mass</a> at <a href="/facts/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club/X6rHeS7a">La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club</a> in the <a href="/facts/East_Village%2c_Manhattan/axb5xfCs">East Village of Manhattan</a>. His production combined the original script with a chorus of orchestrated voices used as instruments. <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Lyons/bVuVjUHI">Jimmy Lyons</a>, <a href="/facts/Rashid_Bakr_(musician)/SHSyw6dP">Rashid Bakr</a>, <a href="/facts/Andy_Bey/PvTCE3qR">Andy Bey</a>, <a href="/facts/Karen_Borca/NyPUahl4">Karen Borca</a>, <a href="/facts/David_S._Ware/0VkxQEcH">David S. Ware</a> and <a href="/facts/Raphe_Malik/D88vrC4r">Raphe Malik</a> performed in the production as the Cecil Taylor Unit, among other musicians and actors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="1980s-1990s-and-the-feel-trio">1980s, 1990s, and the Feel Trio</h2>
Following Lyons' death in 1986, Taylor formed the Feel Trio in the late 1980s with <a href="/facts/William_Parker_(musician)/0boXTYr9">William Parker</a> on bass and <a href="/facts/Tony_Oxley/TUpzDlUc">Tony Oxley</a> on drums. The group can be heard on <a href="/facts/Celebrated_Blazons/3hey46R3">Celebrated Blazons</a>, <a href="/facts/Looking_(Berlin_Version)_The_Feel_Trio/HhvA63Wz">Looking (Berlin Version) The Feel Trio</a> and the 10-disc set <a href="/facts/2_Ts_for_a_Lovely_T/NWFI0La9">2 Ts for a Lovely T</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Compared to his prior groups with Lyons, the Feel Trio had a more abstract approach, tethered less to jazz tradition and more aligned with the ethos of European <a href="/facts/Free_improvisation/SIR0tXEd">free improvisation</a>. He also performed with larger ensembles and <a href="/facts/Big_band/5PNVN80e">big band</a> projects.
Taylor's extended residence in <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a> in 1988 was documented by the German label <a href="/facts/FMP_(Free_Music_Production)/7Fyd8pdJ">FMP</a>, resulting in a <a href="/facts/Box_set/3UF4l4gx">box set</a> of performances in duet and trio with a large number of European free improvisors, including Oxley, <a href="/facts/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)/5gnN9Vt1">Derek Bailey</a>, <a href="/facts/Evan_Parker/qAY2f2L2">Evan Parker</a>, <a href="/facts/Han_Bennink/GzV4DcEK">Han Bennink</a>, <a href="/facts/Tristan_Honsinger/85qIuFbf">Tristan Honsinger</a>, <a href="/facts/Louis_Moholo/WdSLFcAj">Louis Moholo</a>, and <a href="/facts/Paul_Lovens/4p3nEcwJ">Paul Lovens</a>. Most of his later recordings have been released on European labels, with the exception of <a href="/facts/Momentum_Space_(album)/nufb8qR7">Momentum Space</a> (a meeting with <a href="/facts/Dewey_Redman/A8fJhv0h">Dewey Redman</a> and <a href="/facts/Elvin_Jones/eA4kdByJ">Elvin Jones</a>) on <a href="/facts/Verve_Records/m5M2mWMq">Verve</a>/Gitanes. The classical label <a href="/facts/Bridge_Records/6jT9cjIG">Bridge</a> released his 1998 <a href="/facts/Library_of_Congress/TfB6dEN5">Library of Congress</a> performance Algonquin, a duet with violinist <a href="/facts/Mat_Maneri/09VceMzu">Mat Maneri</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Taylor continued to perform for capacity audiences around the world with live concerts, usually playing his favored instrument, a <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25B6sendorfer/Vq0XeRN3">Bösendorfer</a> piano featuring nine extra lower-register keys. In 1987, he toured England with Australian pianist <a href="/facts/Roger_Woodward/x0ht4dFm">Roger Woodward</a>, presenting recitals on which Woodward played solo works by <a href="/facts/Iannis_Xenakis/bHTIw88C">Xenakis</a>, <a href="/facts/Toru_Takemitsu/34CXNskJ">Takemitsu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Morton_Feldman/J6rPmL6Y">Feldman</a>, followed by Taylor, also playing solo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> A <a href="/facts/Documentary_film/T0FBJpMR">documentary</a> on Taylor, entitled <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924143425/http://www.chrisfelver.com/films/taylor.html">All the Notes</a>, was released on <a href="/facts/DVD/7fJsHJrN">DVD</a> in 2006 by director <a href="/facts/Chris_Felver/onw1KuKN">Chris Felver</a>. Taylor was also featured in a 1981 documentary film entitled <a href="/facts/Imagine_the_Sound/wdGMqP6E">Imagine the Sound</a>, in which he discusses and performs his music, poetry, and dance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> In 1993, he was awarded a <a href="/facts/MacArthur_Fellows_Program/2nF5hIJh">MacArthur Fellowship</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2>

Taylor recorded sparingly in the 2000s, but continued to perform with his own ensembles (the Cecil Taylor Ensemble and the Cecil Taylor Big Band) and with other musicians such as <a href="/facts/Joe_Locke_(musician)/mVxfTh6K">Joe Locke</a>, <a href="/facts/Max_Roach/m6LM7PJx">Max Roach</a>, and <a href="/facts/Amiri_Baraka/sQ4V43S2">Amiri Baraka</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> In 2004, the Cecil Taylor Big Band at the <a href="/facts/Iridium_Jazz_Club/yg1ckABX">Iridium Jazz Club</a> was nominated a best performance of 2004 by <a href="/facts/All_About_Jazz/ax6HEKEK">All About Jazz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The Cecil Taylor Trio was nominated for the same at the <a href="/facts/Highline_Ballroom/vM9N2Dkg">Highline Ballroom</a> in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The trio consisted of Taylor, Albey Balgochian, and <a href="/facts/Jackson_Krall/5cYaaIqa">Jackson Krall</a>. In 2010, Triple Point Records released a deluxe <a href="/facts/Limited-edition/femghLFN">limited-edition</a> double <a href="/facts/LP_record/0QpKHzHM">LP</a> titled <a href="/facts/Ailanthus%2fAltissima%3a_Bilateral_Dimensions_of_2_Root_Songs/kbwhx69u">Ailanthus/Altissima: Bilateral Dimensions of 2 Root Songs</a>, a set of duos with Taylor's longtime collaborator <a href="/facts/Tony_Oxley/TUpzDlUc">Tony Oxley</a> that was recorded live at the <a href="/facts/Village_Vanguard/dHJCfeLH">Village Vanguard</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
In 2013, he was awarded the <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Prize_in_Arts_and_Philosophy/4al243pp">Kyoto Prize</a> for Music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> He was described as "An Innovative Jazz Musician Who Has Fully Explored the Possibilities of Piano Improvisation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> In 2014, his career and 85th birthday were honored at the <a href="/facts/Painted_Bride_Art_Center/nD1HLw60">Painted Bride Art Center</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> with the tribute concert event "Celebrating Cecil".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> In 2016, Taylor received a retrospective at the <a href="/facts/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art/cPaCK0a2">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> entitled "Open Plan: Cecil Taylor".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
In 2008, Taylor performed with <a href="/facts/Pauline_Oliveros/ahvILjMb">Pauline Oliveros</a> at the <a href="/facts/Experimental_Media_and_Performing_Arts_Center/DPEElgNj">Curtis R Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center</a> at <a href="/facts/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute/e3smoUMm">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>. The concert was recorded and is available on a DVD which also features a 75-minute video of a Taylor poetry recital entitled Floating Gardens: The Poetry Of Cecil Taylor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Taylor, along with dancer <a href="/facts/Min_Tanaka/3r8TkQKb">Min Tanaka</a>, was the subject of <a href="/facts/Amiel_Courtin-Wilson/CkufVhkG">Amiel Courtin-Wilson</a>'s 2016 documentary film The Silent Eye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h2 id="ballet-and-dance">Ballet and dance</h2>
In addition to piano, Taylor was always interested in ballet and dance. His mother, who died while he was young, was a dancer and played the piano and violin. Taylor once said: "I try to imitate on the piano the leaps in space a dancer makes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> He collaborated with dancer <a href="/facts/Dianne_McIntyre/tKNyveF2">Dianne McIntyre</a> from the mid 1970s to the early 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> In 1979, he composed and played the music for a 12-minute ballet, "Tetra Stomp: Eatin' Rain in Space", featuring <a href="/facts/Mikhail_Baryshnikov/a2ca4caa">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> and <a href="/facts/Heather_Watts/HL4oc0u6">Heather Watts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="poetry">Poetry</h2>
Taylor was a poet, and cited <a href="/facts/Robert_Duncan_(poet)/DCEBhjVA">Robert Duncan</a>, <a href="/facts/Charles_Olson/FpfrPBUH">Charles Olson</a>, and <a href="/facts/Amiri_Baraka/sQ4V43S2">Amiri Baraka</a> as major influences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> He often integrated his poems into his musical performances, and they frequently appear in the <a href="/facts/Liner_notes/o2TJaRQT">liner notes</a> of his albums. The album <a href="/facts/Chinampas_(album)/n0DC6Uf6">Chinampas</a>, released by <a href="/facts/Leo_Records/waYJCn5f">Leo Records</a> in 1987, is a recording of Taylor reciting several of his poems while accompanying himself on percussion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> His poetry was likened to his music primarily by the ways in which Taylor alteres and transforms material both linguistic and musical.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h2 id="musical-style-and-legacy">Musical style and legacy</h2>
According to Steven Block, <a href="/facts/Free_jazz/kKAnd1kL">free jazz</a> originated with Taylor's performances at the <a href="/facts/Five_Spot_Caf%25C3%25A9/Y5sMQ2Gg">Five Spot Cafe</a> in 1957 and with <a href="/facts/Ornette_Coleman/ACLIWTT9">Ornette Coleman</a> in 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> In 1964, Taylor co-founded the <a href="/facts/Jazz_Composers_Guild/DpuaXUq3">Jazz Composers Guild</a> to enhance opportunities for <a href="/facts/Avant-garde_jazz/s6HMd7eL">avant-garde jazz</a> musicians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
Taylor's style and methods have been described as "<a href="/facts/Constructivism_(art)/MvDofIGl">constructivist</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> Despite <a href="/facts/Scott_Yanow/IpkI8DK3">Scott Yanow</a>'s warning regarding Taylor's "forbidding music" ("Suffice it to say that Cecil Taylor's music is not for everyone"), he praises Taylor's "remarkable technique and endurance", and his "advanced", "radical", "original", and uncompromising "musical vision".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>
This musical vision is a large part of Taylor's legacy:

<blockquote>Playing with Taylor I began to be liberated from thinking about chords. I'd been imitating John Coltrane unsuccessfully and because of that I was really chord conscious.— <a href="/facts/Archie_Shepp/mN6E5854">Archie Shepp</a>, quoted in <a href="/facts/Amiri_Baraka/sQ4V43S2">LeRoi Jones</a>, album liner notes for Four for Trane (Impulse A-71, 1964)</blockquote>
<h2 id="personal-life-and-death">Personal life and death</h2>
Taylor moved to <a href="/facts/Fort_Greene%2c_Brooklyn/ftBUxD8U">Fort Greene, Brooklyn</a>, in 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> He died at his Brooklyn residence on April 5, 2018, at the age of 89.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> At the time of his death, Taylor was working on an autobiography and future concerts, among other projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h2 id="discography">Discography</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Cecil_Taylor_discography/PlgBdc0r">Cecil Taylor discography</a>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Cecil Taylor.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecil Taylor.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000988386">Cecil Taylor</a> at <a href="/facts/AllMusic_(identifier)/Hb8cU8Fb">AllMusic</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://ceciltaylor.bandcamp.com/">Cecil Taylor</a> on <a href="/facts/Bandcamp/oP8j4xJd">Bandcamp</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/195812">Cecil Taylor</a> discography at <a href="/facts/Discogs/wdyMoREv">Discogs</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0d06bb57-c3b6-4188-9b73-826c41c3e29e">Cecil Taylor</a> discography at <a href="/facts/MusicBrainz/o57LNX6D">MusicBrainz</a> </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Such, David Glen (1993). Avant-garde Jazz Musicians: Performing "Out There". University of Iowa Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-58729-231-6. <a href="978-1-58729-231-6" target="_blank">978-1-58729-231-6</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Feather, Leonard; Gitler, Ira (2007). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz. Oxford University Press. p. 638. ISBN 978-0-19-532000-8. <a href="978-0-19-532000-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-532000-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Seisdedos, Iker (April 6, 2018). "Muere el pianista Cecil Taylor, indomable leyenda del jazz". El Pais. Ediciones El Pais S.L. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/04/06/actualidad/1523006133_515017.html" target="_blank">https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/04/06/actualidad/1523006133_515017.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Such 1993, p. 61. - Such, David Glen (1993). Avant-garde Jazz Musicians: Performing "Out There". University of Iowa Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-58729-231-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPQMX8idVh0C&pg=PA61" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BPQMX8idVh0C&pg=PA61</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Yanow, Scott. "Cecil Taylor". AllMusic. Retrieved June 22, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cecil-taylor-mn0000988386/biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cecil-taylor-mn0000988386/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Wilmer, Val (1977). As Serious As Your Life: The Story of the New Jazz. Quartet. p. 45. ISBN 0-7043-3164-0. <a href="0-7043-3164-0" target="_blank">0-7043-3164-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Fordham, John (January 21, 2005). "Cecil Taylor, One Too Many Salty Swift and Not Goodbye". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 26, 2011. Taylor plays the piano... like Art Tatum with contemporary-classical leanings... <a href="/wiki/John_Fordham_(jazz_critic)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Fordham_(jazz_critic)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ratliff, Ben (April 6, 2018). "Cecil Taylor, Pianist Who Defied Jazz Orthodoxy, Is Dead at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 18, 2022. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ratliff" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Ratliff</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Ratliff, Ben (May 3, 2012). "Lessons From the Dean of the School of Improv", The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2017: "I recently spoke with the 83-year-old improvising pianist Cecil Taylor for about five hours over two days. One day was at his three-story home in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, where he has lived since 1983.... Raised in Corona, Queens, he started out as a Harlem jam-session musician in the early 1950s and talks with intense loyalty about a line of particularly New York-identified piano players: Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson, Thelonious Monk, Mary Lou Williams, Mal Waldron, John Hicks." <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ratliff" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Ratliff</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Meeder, Christopher. Jazz: the Basics. p. 150. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Meeder, Christopher. Jazz: the Basics. p. 150. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Fordham, John (July 10, 2008). "CD: Cecil Taylor, Jazz Advance". The Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jul/11/jazz.johnfordham" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/jul/11/jazz.johnfordham</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Morton, Brian (2011). The Penguin jazz guide : the history of the music in the 1,001 best albums. Cook, Richard. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-195900-9. OCLC 759581884. <a href="978-0-14-195900-9" target="_blank">978-0-14-195900-9</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Fordham, John (September 20, 2002). "CD: Gigi Gryce/Donald Byrd/Cecil Taylor, At Newport". The Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/20/jazz.artsfeatures1" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/20/jazz.artsfeatures1</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Coltrane Time – John Coltrane". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/coltrane-time-mw0000652601" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/coltrane-time-mw0000652601</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Spellman, A. B. (1985) [1966]. Four Lives in the Bebop Business. Limelight Editions. ISBN 0-87910-042-7. <a href="0-87910-042-7" target="_blank">0-87910-042-7</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Meeder, Christopher. Jazz: the Basics. p. 151. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Holy Ghost: Rare & Unissued Recordings 1962–1970". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/holy-ghost-rare-unissued-recordings-1962-70-mw0000718294" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/holy-ghost-rare-unissued-recordings-1962-70-mw0000718294</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Kelsey, Chris. "Jimmy Lyons – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved March 27, 2012. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kelsey" target="_blank">/wiki/Chris_Kelsey</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Cecil Taylor Unit Spring of Two Blue-J's @ kathleen.frederator Tumblr Archived June 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://kathleen.frederator.com/post/5406913931/cecil-taylor-unit-spring-of-two-blue-js" target="_blank">http://kathleen.frederator.com/post/5406913931/cecil-taylor-unit-spring-of-two-blue-js</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Chinen, Nate. "George Wein: A Great Day in Washington". JazzTimes. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://jazztimes.com/features/george-wein-a-great-day-in-washington/" target="_blank">https://jazztimes.com/features/george-wein-a-great-day-in-washington/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Cecil P. Taylor". GF.org. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/cecil-p-taylor/" target="_blank">https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/cecil-p-taylor/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Rat's Mass, A (1976)". Accessed August 8, 2018. Archived May 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://catalog.lamama.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/1586" target="_blank">http://catalog.lamama.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/1586</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Celebrated Blazons". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/celebrated-blazons-mw0000695744" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/celebrated-blazons-mw0000695744</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Looking (Berlin Version) The Feel Trio – The Feel Trio | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/looking-berlin-version-the-feel-trio-mw0000910547" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/looking-berlin-version-the-feel-trio-mw0000910547</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Fordham, John (September 20, 2002). "CD: Cecil Taylor Feel Trio, 2 Ts For A Lovely T". The Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/20/jazz.artsfeatures2" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/20/jazz.artsfeatures2</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Cecil Taylor: Algonquin – Cecil Taylor | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/cecil-taylor-algonquin-mw0000468021" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/cecil-taylor-algonquin-mw0000468021</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Gill, Dominic (November 26, 1987). "Woodward, Taylor / Adrian Boult Hall, Birmingham" (PDF). The Financial Times. London. Retrieved October 22, 2020. <a href="http://www.rogerwoodward.com/images/PDF/Woodward_Taylor_Dominic_Gill.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rogerwoodward.com/images/PDF/Woodward_Taylor_Dominic_Gill.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Documentary Screening: Imagine the Sound". Gardiner Museum. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.gardinermuseum.on.ca/event/documentary-screening-imagine-sound-1981/" target="_blank">https://www.gardinermuseum.on.ca/event/documentary-screening-imagine-sound-1981/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Class of 1991 – MacArthur Foundation". MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/july-1991/" target="_blank">https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/july-1991/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">West, Hollie I. (May 26, 1981). "The Jazz Man". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/05/26/the-jazz-man/017ef919-a140-4499-b391-35116692a9a9/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1981/05/26/the-jazz-man/017ef919-a140-4499-b391-35116692a9a9/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Taylor Baraka Duo Archived November 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://jazzinsidemagazine.com/Members/sweetpeasuzie/cecil-taylor-and-amiri-baraka-perform-in-barcelona/" target="_blank">http://jazzinsidemagazine.com/Members/sweetpeasuzie/cecil-taylor-and-amiri-baraka-perform-in-barcelona/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Big Band (2004). "Best Performances 2004". All About Jazz Press: 10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Cecil Taylor Trio (2009). "Best Performances 2009". All About Jazz Press: 10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Cecil Taylor & Tony Oxley – Ailanthus / Altissima: Bilateral Dimensions Of 2 Root Songs". Discogs. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.discogs.com/Cecil-Taylor-Tony-Oxley-Ailanthus-Altissima-Bilateral-Dimensions-Of-2-Root-Songs/release/2392711" target="_blank">https://www.discogs.com/Cecil-Taylor-Tony-Oxley-Ailanthus-Altissima-Bilateral-Dimensions-Of-2-Root-Songs/release/2392711</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Snapes, Laura (April 6, 2018). "Cecil Taylor, free jazz pioneer, dies age 89". The Guardian. Retrieved April 7, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/06/cecil-taylor-free-jazz-pioneer-dies-age-89-new-york-pianist-avant-garde" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/06/cecil-taylor-free-jazz-pioneer-dies-age-89-new-york-pianist-avant-garde</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Cecil Taylor". Kyoto Prize. Retrieved April 7, 2018. <a href="http://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/cecil_taylor/" target="_blank">http://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/cecil_taylor/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Simon, Ray, "Out jazz great celebrated at local festival" Archived August 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Philadelphia Gay News, March 6, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014. <a href="http://www.epgn.com/arts-culture/music/7008-24699747-out-jazz-great-celebrated-at-local-festival" target="_blank">http://www.epgn.com/arts-culture/music/7008-24699747-out-jazz-great-celebrated-at-local-festival</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Open Plan: Cecil Taylor". Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved January 9, 2017. <a href="http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/OpenPlanCecilTaylor" target="_blank">http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/OpenPlanCecilTaylor</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"Solo – Duo – Poetry: Cecil Taylor + Pauline Oliveros". EMPAC.rpi.edu. Retrieved June 20, 2020. <a href="https://empac.rpi.edu/publications/cecil-pauline-solo-duo-poetry" target="_blank">https://empac.rpi.edu/publications/cecil-pauline-solo-duo-poetry</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"EMPAC offers free DVD of Cecil Taylor and Pauline Oliveros live in 2008". TheWire.co.uk. June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020. <a href="https://www.thewire.co.uk/news/50587/empac-offers-free-dvd-of-cecil-taylor-and-pauline-oliveros-performing-in-2008" target="_blank">https://www.thewire.co.uk/news/50587/empac-offers-free-dvd-of-cecil-taylor-and-pauline-oliveros-performing-in-2008</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Maddox, Gary (April 12, 2016). "Bold new projects for Amiel Courtin-Wilson and more Australian film news". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved August 2, 2017. <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/bold-new-projects-for-amiel-courtinwilson-and-more-australian-film-news-20160412-go4d59.html" target="_blank">http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/bold-new-projects-for-amiel-courtinwilson-and-more-australian-film-news-20160412-go4d59.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Spellman, A. B. (1966). Four lives in the bebop business (1st Limelight ed.). New York: Limelight Editions. p. 42. ISBN 0-87910-042-7. OCLC 11469891. <a href="0-87910-042-7" target="_blank">0-87910-042-7</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"Interview with Dianne McIntyre," MGZTC 3-2252 [sound cassette] reel 6, New York Public Library Performing Arts Research Collections, 2000 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Mandel, Howard (2008). Miles, Ornette, Cecil: jazz beyond jazz. New York: Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-415-96714-3. OCLC 173749173. <a href="978-0-415-96714-3" target="_blank">978-0-415-96714-3</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"being matter ignited..." Archived April 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Interview with Cecil Taylor by Chris Funkhouser, published in Hambone, No. 12 (Nathaniel Mackey, editor). <a href="http://wings.buffalo.edu/epc/authors/funkhouser/ceciltaylor.html" target="_blank">http://wings.buffalo.edu/epc/authors/funkhouser/ceciltaylor.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"Chinampas". AllMusic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/chinampas-mw0000106106" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/chinampas-mw0000106106</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Cecil Taylor - Chinampas Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved February 10, 2024 <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/chinampas-mw0000106106" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/chinampas-mw0000106106</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Block, Steven, "Pitch-Class Transformation in Free Jazz", Music Theory Spectrum, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Autumn 1990), pp. 181–202. Published by University of California Press on behalf of the Society for Music Theory. <a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum" target="_blank">/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Walden, Daniel, "Black Music and Cultural Nationalism: The Maturation of Archie Shepp", Negro American Literature Forum, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1971), pp. 150–154. Published by St. Louis University. <a href="/wiki/Negro_American_Literature_Forum" target="_blank">/wiki/Negro_American_Literature_Forum</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Review by Robert Palmer, "Indent by Cecil Taylor", The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 94–95. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Yanow, Scott. "Cecil Taylor". AllMusic. Retrieved June 22, 2018. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cecil-taylor-mn0000988386/biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cecil-taylor-mn0000988386/biography</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Ratliff, Ben (May 3, 2012). "Lessons From the Dean of the School of Improv", The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2017: "I recently spoke with the 83-year-old improvising pianist Cecil Taylor for about five hours over two days. One day was at his three-story home in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, where he has lived since 1983.... Raised in Corona, Queens, he started out as a Harlem jam-session musician in the early 1950s and talks with intense loyalty about a line of particularly New York-identified piano players: Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson, Thelonious Monk, Mary Lou Williams, Mal Waldron, John Hicks." <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ratliff" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Ratliff</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Vitale, Tom (April 6, 2018). "Cecil Taylor, Jazz Icon Of The Avant-Garde, Dies At 89". NPR. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2018/04/06/535064217/cecil-taylor-jazz-icon-of-the-avant-garde-dies-at-89" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2018/04/06/535064217/cecil-taylor-jazz-icon-of-the-avant-garde-dies-at-89</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Minsker, Evan (April 6, 2018). "Cecil Taylor Dead at 89". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 6, 2018. <a href="https://pitchfork.com/news/cecil-taylor-dead-at-89/" target="_blank">https://pitchfork.com/news/cecil-taylor-dead-at-89/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Biography". Cecil Taylor official website. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912011216/http://www.ceciltaylor-art.com/component/content/article/1-merchandise/1-biography" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110912011216/http://www.ceciltaylor-art.com/component/content/article/1-merchandise/1-biography</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Cecil Taylor open-in-new

Cecil Taylor