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NIRCam
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<h2 id="main">Main</h2> <h3>Components</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Wavefront_sensor/D5lunQRv">Wavefront sensor</a> components include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Dispersed Hartmann sensors</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grism/7SYQXuHj">Grisms</a> for slittless spectroscopy in the 2.5–5.0 μm range</li> <li>Weak lenses</li></ul> <p>Parts of NIRCam:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Pick-off mirror</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coronagraph/ggUUrlYY">Coronograph</a></li> <li>First-fold mirror</li> <li><a href="/facts/Collimator/UAsMlkeh">Collimator</a> lenses</li> <li>Dichroic <a href="/facts/Beam_splitter/3PFoofER">beam splitter</a></li> <li>Longwave filter wheel</li> <li>Longwave camera lens group</li> <li>Longwave focal plane</li> <li>Shortwave filter wheel assembly</li> <li>Shortwave camera lens group</li> <li>Shortwave fold mirror</li> <li>Pupil imaging lens</li> <li>Shortwave focal plane</li></ul> <h3>Overview</h3> <p>NIRCam has two complete optical systems for redundancy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The two sides can operate at the same time, and view two separate patches of sky; the two sides are called side A and side B.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The lenses used in the internal optics are triplet <a href="/facts/Refractor/JtCz5CvW">refractors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The lens materials are <a href="/facts/Lithium_fluoride/ujl6o884">lithium fluoride</a> (LiF), a <a href="/facts/Barium_fluoride/ShVtt28D">barium fluoride</a> (BaF2) and <a href="/facts/Zinc_selenide/FTF76u67">zinc selenide</a> (ZnSe).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The triplet lenses are <a href="/facts/Collimating/lhd2hhPt">collimating</a> optics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The biggest lens has 90 mm of clear aperture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The observed wavelength range is broken up into a short wavelength and a long wavelength band.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The short wavelength band goes from 0.6 to 2.3 μm and the long wavelength band goes from 2.4 to 5 μm; both have the same field of view and access to a coronagraph.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Each side of the NIRCam views a 2.2 arcminute by 2.2 arcminute patch of sky in both the short and long wavelengths; however, the short wavelength arm has twice the resolution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The long wavelength arm has one array per side (two overall), and the short wavelength arm has four arrays per side, or 8 overall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Side A and Side B have a unique field of view, but they are adjacent to each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> In other words, the camera looks at two 2.2 arcminute wide fields of view that are next to each other, and each of these views is observed at short and long wavelengths simultaneously with the short wavelength arm having twice the resolution of the longer wavelength arm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h3>Design and manufacturing</h3> <p>The builders of NIRCam are the University of Arizona, company <a href="/facts/Lockheed_Martin/URp9BQpA">Lockheed Martin</a>, and <a href="/facts/Teledyne_Technologies/F4UVx6ly">Teledyne Technologies</a>, in cooperation with the U.S. Space agency, NASA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Lockheed Martin tested and assembled the device.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Teledyne Technologies designed and manufactured the ten mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe) detector arrays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> NIRCam was completed in July 2013 and it was shipped to Goddard Spaceflight Center, which is the NASA center managing the JWST project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>NIRCam's four major science goals include: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Exploring the formation and evolution of the first luminous objects and revealing the reionization history of the Universe.</li> <li>Determining how objects seen in the present day (galaxies, active galaxies, and clusters of galaxies) assembled and evolved out of gas, stars, metals present in the early Universe.</li> <li>Improve our understanding of the birth of stars and planetary systems.</li> <li>Study the physical and chemical conditions of objects in our solar system with a goal of understanding the origin of the building blocks of life on Earth. — <i>Science Opportunities with the Near-IR Camera (NIRCam) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</i>, Biechman, et al.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ol></blockquote> <h2 id="electronics">Electronics</h2> <p>Data from the image sensors (Focal Plane Arrays) is collected by the Focal Plane Electronics and sent to the ISIM computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The data between the FPE and the ISIM computer is transferred by <a href="/facts/SpaceWire/7LYsotsn">SpaceWire</a> connection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> There are also Instrument Control Electronics (ICE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The Focal Plane Arrays contain 40 million pixels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>The FPE provides or monitors the following for the FPA:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Regulated power</li> <li>Output <a href="/facts/Data_synchronization/rjQV9RkX">data synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Temperature_control/WsIXmkSJ">Temperature control</a></li> <li>Operational mode controls</li> <li>Image <a href="/facts/Data_conditioning/yC80CAeP">data conditioning</a></li> <li>Image data amplification</li> <li>Image data <a href="/facts/Digitization/RRdE9Ma9">digitization</a></li></ul> <h2 id="filters">Filters</h2> <p>NIRcam includes filter wheels that allow the light coming in from the optics to be sent through a <a href="/facts/Optical_filter/WdCmGqaq">filter</a> before it is recorded by the sensors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The filters have a certain range in which they allow light to pass, blocking the other frequencies; this allows operators of NIRCam some control over what frequencies are observed when making an observation with the telescope.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>By using multiple filters the redshift of distant galaxies can be estimated by photometry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>NIRcam filters:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> Short wavelength channel (0.6–2.3 μm) <ul><li>F070W – General purpose</li> <li>F090W – General purpose</li> <li>F115W – General purpose</li> <li>F140M – Cool stars, H2O, CH4</li> <li>F150W – General purpose</li> <li>F150W2 – Blocking filter for F162M, F164N, and DHS</li> <li>F162M – Cool Stars, off-band for H2O</li> <li>F164N – [FeII]</li> <li>F182M – Cool stars, H2O, CH4</li> <li>F187N – Pa-alpha</li> <li>F200W – General purpose</li> <li>F210M – H2O, CH4</li> <li>F212N – H2</li></ul> Long wavelength channel (2.4–5.0 μm) <ul><li>F250M – CH4, continuum</li> <li>F277W – General purpose</li> <li>F300M – Water ice</li> <li>F322W2 – Background min. Primarily used w/ grisms. Blocking filter for F323N.</li> <li>F323N – H2</li> <li>F335M – PAH, CH4</li> <li>F356W – General purpose</li> <li>F360M – Brown dwarfs, planets, continuum</li> <li>F405N – Br-alpha</li> <li>F410M – Brown dwarfs, planets, H2O, CH4</li> <li>F430M – CO2, N2</li> <li>F444W – General purpose. Blocking filter for F405N, F466N, F470N.</li> <li>F460M – CO</li> <li>F466N – CO</li> <li>F470N – H2</li> <li>F480M – Brown dwarfs, planets, continuum</li></ul> <h2 id="labeled-diagram">Labeled diagram</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Optical_Telescope_Element/hUcguo6z">Optical Telescope Element</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_timeline/G65CnUML">James Webb Space Telescope timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Near_Infrared_Camera_and_Multi-Object_Spectrometer/hnP3GmkQ">Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer</a> (defunct NIR Hubble instrument)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wide_Field_Camera_3/XPTKFGBx">Wide Field Camera 3</a> (current NIR Hubble instrument)</li> <li><a href="/facts/MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)/LWRjE4LX">MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)</a> (JWST's 5–28 μm camera/spectrograph)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Infrared_Array_Camera/KegPlllv">Infrared Array Camera</a> (Spitzer near- to mid-infrared camera)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam). <ul><li><a href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/nircam.html">JWST NASA website – NIRCam</a></li> <li><a href="http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/nircam/">NIRCam</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103203919/http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/nircam/">Archived</a> 2021-11-03 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasawebbtelescope/sets/72157627248683106">NIRCam gallery on Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/nircam/pdfs/NIRCam-pocket-guide.pdf">NIRCam pocket guide</a> (2 page .pdf)</li> <li><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04161">Slitless spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera (JWST NIRCam)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"NIRCAM". Retrieved 5 December 2016. <a href="https://www.as.arizona.edu/nircam" target="_blank">https://www.as.arizona.edu/nircam</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"The James Webb Space Telescope". Retrieved 5 December 2016. <a href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/nircam.html" target="_blank">https://jwst.nasa.gov/nircam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"NIRCam Instrument Overview". NASA. Retrieved March 9, 2023. <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nircam.html" target="_blank">https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nircam.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"NIRCAM". Retrieved 5 December 2016. <a href="https://www.as.arizona.edu/nircam" target="_blank">https://www.as.arizona.edu/nircam</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"The James Webb Space Telescope". 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