Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
List of English irregular verbs
open-in-new
<h2 id="past-tense-irregular-verbs">Past tense irregular verbs</h2> <p>For each verb listed, the <a href="/facts/Citation_form/W4d8jVmI">citation form</a> (the bare <a href="/facts/Infinitive/yhBoXDsQ">infinitive</a>) is given first, with a link to the relevant <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a> entry. This is followed by the <a href="/facts/Simple_past/FjYnWYrD">simple past</a> tense (<a href="/facts/Preterite/jSq9gyuF">preterite</a>), and then the <a href="/facts/Past_participle/rYxXQKaG">past participle</a>. If there are irregular <a href="/facts/Present_tense/Dlum8nSr">present tense</a> forms (see below), these are given in parentheses after the infinitive. (The <a href="/facts/Present_participle/rYxXQKaG">present participle</a> and <a href="/facts/Gerund/xtsBS4yG">gerund</a> forms of verbs, ending in <i><a href="/facts/-ing/bL0wg9x2">-ing</a></i>, are always regular. In English, these are used as verbs, adjectives, and nouns.) In the case of <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">modal verbs</a> the present and preterite forms are listed, since these are the only forms that exist, with the present form identical for all persons. </p><p>The right-hand column notes whether the verb is <a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">weak</a> or <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong</a> and whether it belongs to a subclass, and links to descriptions elsewhere. Information about the development of these verbs generally can be found at <a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">English irregular verbs</a>; details of the etymology and usage of specific verbs can be found by consulting Wiktionary. </p><p>In some cases, there are two or more possibilities for a given form. In the table, the preferred or more common usage is generally listed first, though for some words the usage is nearly equal for the two choices. Sometimes the usage depends on the <a href="/facts/American_and_British_English_differences/s0AzUpal">dialect</a>. In many cases, such as <i>spell</i> (<i>spelt</i> vs. <i>spelled</i>), <i>learn</i> (<i>learnt</i> vs. <i>learned</i>), and <i>spill</i> (<i>spilt</i> vs. <i>spilled</i>), <a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">American English</a> and <a href="/facts/Canadian_English/H6Kz0B0T">Canadian English</a> normally use the regular form, while <a href="/facts/British_English/ymJR5Rnd">British English</a>, <a href="/facts/Australian_English/S1qgz29t">Australian English</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand_English/sMLCt6FI">New Zealand English</a> and <a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African English</a> tend to favour the irregular. In other cases, such as <i>dive</i> (<i>dived</i> vs. <i>dove</i>) and <i>sneak</i> (<i>sneaked</i> vs. <i>snuck</i>), the opposite is true. The irregular form tends to indicate duration, whereas the regular form often describes a short-term action (<i>The fire burned for weeks.</i> vs. <i>He burnt his finger.</i>), and in American English, the regular form is associated with the literal sense of a verb, while the irregular form with a figurative one. </p><p>The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in <i>-t</i> (e.g. <i>build</i>, <i>bend</i>, <i>send</i>), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in <i>sit</i>, <i>win</i> or <i>hold</i>, or a consonant, such as in <i>teach</i> and <i>seek</i>, that changes), or adding the [<i>n</i>] suffix to the past participle form (e.g. <i>drive</i>, <i>show</i>, <i>rise</i>). English irregular verbs are now a closed group, which means that newly formed verbs are always regular and do not adopt any of the irregular patterns. </p><p>This list contains only those verb forms which are listed in the major dictionaries as being standard usage in modern English. There are also many thousands of archaic, non-standard and dialect variants. Modern English still has remnants of formerly irregular verbs in other parts of speech. Most obviously, adjectives like <i>misshapen</i>, <i>beholden</i>, or <i>forlorn</i> fossilize what were originally the past participles of the verbs <i>shape</i> and <i>behold</i>, and Old English <i>forleosan</i>. However, <i>forleosan</i> has fallen out of use and <i>shape</i> is now regular, so these verbs are not listed, and <i>behold</i>, while still irregular, can no longer be listed this participle form. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Verb forms</th><th>Verb class</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><i>be (am, is, are) – was, were – been</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Suppletive/Teoa2AGI">Suppletive</a></td><td>See <a href="/facts/Indo-European_copula/zVnsekdd">Indo-European copula</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>bear – bore – borne/born</i><i>forbear – forbore/forbare – forborne/forborn</i><i>overbear – overbore/overbare – overborne/overborn</i><i>underbear – underbore/underbare – underborne/underborn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td>The spelling <i>born</i> is used in <a href="/facts/English_passive_voice/CAq2o4fr">passive</a> or <a href="/facts/Verbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectival</a> contexts relating to <a href="/facts/Birth/1SSk6gMD">birth</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><i>beat – beat – beaten/beat</i><i>browbeat – browbeat – browbeaten/browbeat</i><i>overbeat – overbeat – overbeaten/overbeat</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>become – became – become</i><i>misbecome – misbecame – misbecome</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>beget – begot/begat – begot/begotten</i><i>misbeget – misbegot/misbegat – misbegotten/misbegot</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>begin – began – begun</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bend – bent – bent</i><i>overbend – overbent – overbent</i><i>unbend – unbent – unbent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>beseech – beseeched/besought – beseeched/besought</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>Originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a> with <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>bet – bet/betted – bet/betted</i><i>underbet – underbet/underbetted – underbet/underbetted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>beware – </i>(no other forms)</td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a></td><td>Formed from <i>be</i> with predicate adjective, used as infinitive, imperative and subjunctive only. Inflected forms (<i>bewares</i>, <i>bewared</i>, <i>bewaring</i>) are considered obsolete.</td></tr><tr><td><i>bid </i>[in auctions etc.]<i> – bid – bid</i><i>outbid – outbid – outbid</i><i>overbid – overbid – overbid</i><i>rebid – rebid – rebid</i><i>underbid – underbid – underbid</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>bid </i>[meaning to request or say]<i> – bid/bade – bid/bidden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bind – bound – bound</i><i>unbind – unbound – unbound</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bite – bit – bitten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bleed – bled – bled</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>blend – blent/blended – blent/blended</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Regular or with devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>bless – blessed/blest – blessed/blest</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Regular with alternative (archaic) spelling</td></tr><tr><td><i>blow – blew – blown</i><i>overblow – overblew – overblown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>break – broke – broken</i><i>outbreak – outbroke – outbroken</i><i>rebreak – rebroke – rebroken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>breed – bred – bred</i><i>inbreed – inbred – inbred</i><i>interbreed – interbred – interbred</i><i>overbreed – overbred – overbred</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>bring – brought – brought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (i)</a></td><td>The past and past participle show the effects of the <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a>. The present form descends originally from a separate strong verb built on the same root.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>build – built – built</i><i>overbuild – overbuilt – overbuilt</i><i>rebuild – rebuilt – rebuilt</i><i>underbuild – underbuilt – underbuilt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>burn – burned/burnt – burned/burnt</i><i>sunburn – sunburned/sunburnt – sunburned/sunburnt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Regular or with devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>burst – burst – burst</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>bust – busted/bust – busted/bust</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>buy – bought – bought</i><i>overbuy – overbought – overbought</i><i>underbuy – underbought – underbought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>can </i>[auxiliary verb]<i> – could – </i>(none)</td><td><a href="/facts/Preterite-present_verb/wUoeo8k6">Preterite-present</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a>; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>cast – cast – cast</i><i>broadcast – broadcast – broadcast</i><i>downcast – downcast – downcast</i><i>forecast – forecast – forecast</i><i>miscast – miscast – miscast</i><i>overcast – overcast – overcast</i><i>podcast – podcast – podcast</i><i>precast – precast – precast</i><i>recast – recast – recast</i><i>simulcast – simulcast – simulcast</i><i>telecast – telecast – telecast</i><i>typecast – typecast – typecast</i><i>undercast – undercast – undercast</i><i>upcast – upcast – upcast</i><i>webcast – webcast – webcast</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Old_Norse/3dIvgsm5">Old Norse</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with coalescence of dentals. Many of the prefixed forms can also take <i>-ed</i>.</td></tr><tr><td><i>catch – caught – caught</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> loanword conjugated perhaps by analogy with <i>teach–taught</i>; regular forms are now dialectal</td></tr><tr><td><i>chide – chode/chid/chided – chidden/chid/chided</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>choose – chose – chosen</i><i>mischoose – mischose – mischosen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 2</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>clad – clad – clad</i></td><td></td><td>Developed from <i>clad</i>, the past form of <i>clothe</i> (see below)</td></tr><tr><td><i>cleave </i>[meaning to split]<i> – cleft/clove/cleaved – cleft/cloven/cleaved</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 2</a></td><td>Or <a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">weak</a> with vowel shortening; regular when meaning "adhere"</td></tr><tr><td><i>cling – clung – clung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>clothe – clad/clothed – clad/clothed</i><i>overclothe – overclad/overclothed – overclad/overclothed</i><i>unclothe – unclad/unclothed – unclad/unclothed</i><i>underclothe – underclad/underclothed – underclad/underclothed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>The regular <i>clothed</i> is from OE <i>claþian</i>, while <i>clad</i> (weak with coalescence of dentals) is from OE <i>clæþan</i> (both OE verbs having similar meaning)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>comb – combed – combed/kempt</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>come – came – come</i><i>forthcome – forthcame – forthcome</i><i>overcome – overcame – overcome</i>(see also under <i>become</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>cost </i>[intransitive sense]<i> – cost/costed – cost/costed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>French <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with coalescence of dentals; regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"</td></tr><tr><td><i>creep – crept/creeped – crept/creeped</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening (or regular); originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>cut – cut – cut</i><i>clearcut – clearcut – clearcut</i><i>crosscut – crosscut – crosscut</i><i>intercut – intercut – intercut</i><i>recut – recut – recut</i><i>undercut – undercut – undercut</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>dare</i> (<i>dares/dare</i>) – <i>dared/durst/dare</i> – <i>dared/durst</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Preterite-present_verb/wUoeo8k6">Preterite-present</a></td><td>Now most often regular except in the use of <i>dare</i> in place of <i>dares</i> in some contexts; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>deal – dealt – dealt</i><i>misdeal – misdealt – misdealt</i><i>redeal – redealt – redealt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With vowel shortening and devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>dig – dug – dug</i><i>underdig – underdug – underdug</i></td><td></td><td>Past form <i>dug</i> developed by analogy with <i>stick–stuck;</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> originally <a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">weak</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>dive – dived/dove – dived/dove</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>The alternative <i>dove</i> (found mainly in American usage) arose by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>do (does </i>/dʌz/<i>) – did – done</i><i>bedo (bedoes) – bedid – bedone</i><i>misdo (misdoes) – misdid – misdone</i><i>outdo (outdoes) – outdid – outdone</i><i>overdo (overdoes) – overdid – overdone</i><i>redo (redoes) – redid – redone</i><i>underdo (underdoes) – underdid – underdone</i><i>undo (undoes) – undid – undone</i></td><td>Irregular since <a href="/facts/Proto-Germanic/LJrKRx5A">Proto-Germanic</a></td><td>Past tense formed by <a href="/facts/Reduplication/m6CxqyE4">reduplication</a>; past participle from <a href="/facts/Old_English/9rsmQG2a">Old English</a> <i>gedon</i>; related to <i>deed</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>dow – dowed/dought – dowed/dought</i></td><td></td><td>Related to <i>doughty</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>draw – drew – drawn</i><i>bedraw – bedrew – bedrawn</i><i>downdraw – downdrew – downdrawn</i><i>outdraw – outdrew – outdrawn</i><i>overdraw – overdrew – overdrawn</i><i>redraw – redrew – redrawn</i><i>underdraw – underdrew – underdrawn</i><i>updraw – updrew – updrawn</i><i>withdraw – withdrew – withdrawn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td>Related to <i>draft/draught</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>dream – dreamed/dreamt – dreamed/dreamt</i><i>bedream – bedreamed/bedreamt – bedreamed/bedreamt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>dress – dressed/drest – dressed/drest</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With alternative (archaic) spelling</td></tr><tr><td><i>drink – drank – drunk</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>Related to <i>drench</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>drive – drove – driven</i><i>bedrive – bedrove – bedriven</i><i>overdrive – overdrove – overdriven</i><i>test-drive – test-drove – test-driven</i><i>underdrive – underdrove – underdriven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>Related to <i>drift</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled</i><i>bedwell – bedwelt/bedwelled – bedwelt/bedwelled</i><i>outdwell – outdwelt/outdwelled – outdwelt/outdwelled</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>earn – earned/earnt – earned/earnt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 2</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>eat – ate – eaten</i><i>forfret – forfretted – forfretted/forfretten</i><i>fret – fretted/frate – fretted/fretten</i><i>outeat – outate – outeaten</i><i>overeat – overate – overeaten</i><i>undereat – underate – undereaten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td>Past tense usually /eɪt/ though sometimes /ɛt/ in British English</td></tr><tr><td><i>fall – fell – fallen</i><i>befall – befell – befallen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>feed – fed – fed</i><i>bottle-feed – bottle-fed – bottle-fed</i><i>breastfeed – breastfed – breastfed</i><i>force-feed – force-fed – force-fed</i><i>hand-feed – hand-fed – hand-fed</i><i>misfeed – misfed – misfed</i><i>overfeed – overfed – overfed</i><i>self-feed – self-fed – self-fed</i><i>spoon-feed – spoon-fed – spoon-fed</i><i>underfeed – underfed – underfed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>feel – felt – felt</i><i>forefeel – forefelt – forefelt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>fight – fought – fought</i><i>befight – befought – befought</i><i>outfight – outfought – outfought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>find – found – found</i><i>refind – refound – refound</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>fit – fitted/fit – fitted/fit</i><i>misfit – misfitted/misfit – misfitted/misfit</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>flee – fled – fled</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening; originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>fling – flung – flung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>By analogy</td></tr><tr><td><i>fly – flew – flown</i><i>outfly – outflew – outflown</i><i>overfly – overflew – overflown</i><i>test-fly – test-flew – test-flown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 2</a></td><td>Regular when meaning "hitting a <a href="/facts/Batted_ball/dY2TjDCB">fly ball</a> in baseball"</td></tr><tr><td><i>forbid – forbid/forbade/forbad – forbidden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>forget – forgot – forgotten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>forsake – forsook – forsaken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>freeze – froze – frozen</i><i>quick-freeze – quick-froze – quick-frozen</i><i>refreeze – refroze – refrozen</i><i>unfreeze – unfroze – unfrozen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 2</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>get – got – got/gotten</i><i>beget – begot/begat – begot/begotten</i><i>forget – forgot – forgotten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td>Past participle is <i>got</i> in British usage (except in fossilized phrases such as "ill-gotten"), and <i>gotten</i> in American (but see <i><a href="/facts/Have_got/E2hsKMME">have got</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>gird - girded/girt - girded/girt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>give – gave – given</i><i>forgive – forgave – forgiven</i><i>misgive – misgave – misgiven</i><i>overgive – overgave – overgiven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>glide – glided/glid – glided/glid/glidden</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>Originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>go – went – gone</i><i>forego – forewent – foregone</i><i>forgo – forwent – forgone</i><i>undergo – underwent – undergone</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Suppletive/Teoa2AGI">Suppletive</a></td><td>See <a href="/facts/Go_(verb)/ByyWJ09o">go</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>grind – ground – ground</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>grow – grew – grown</i><i>outgrow – outgrew – outgrown</i><i>overgrow – overgrew – overgrown</i><i>regrow – regrew – regrown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged</i><i>overhang – overhung – overhung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td>Regularized alternative <i>hanged</i> was influenced by OE <a href="/facts/Causative/HCEIFzmC">causative</a> <i>hangian</i>, and is used chiefly for hanging as a <a href="/facts/Execution_by_hanging/U4n77YAI">means of execution</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>have (has) – had – had </i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><i>Had</i> results from <a href="/facts/Contraction_(grammar)/NmpGfPrk">contraction</a>, from OE <i>hæfde</i>; third person present <i>has</i> also results from contraction</td></tr><tr><td><i>hear – heard – heard</i><i>behear – beheard – beheard</i><i>forehear – foreheard – foreheard</i><i>mishear – misheard – misheard</i><i>outhear – outheard – outheard</i><i>overhear – overheard – overheard</i><i>rehear – reheard – reheard</i><i>unhear – unheard – unheard</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>Originally with vowel shortening (the modern pronunciation of <i>heard</i> in <a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">RP</a> has the long vowel /ɜː/)</td></tr><tr><td><i>help – helped/holp – helped/holpen</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>Originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>hew – hewed – hewed/hewn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>hide – hid – hidden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals; influenced by strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>hit – hit – hit</i><i>mishit – mishit – mishit</i><i>overhit – overhit – overhit</i><i>underhit – underhit – underhit</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>hoist – hoisted/hoist – hoisted/hoist</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><i>Hoist</i> was originally the past form of the now archaic verb <i>hoise</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>hold – held – held</i><i>behold – beheld – beheld</i><i>uphold – upheld – upheld</i><i>withhold – withheld – withheld</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>hurt – hurt – hurt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>keep – kept – kept</i><i>miskeep – miskept – miskept</i><i>overkeep – overkept – overkept</i><i>underkeep – underkept – underkept</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>ken – kenned/kent – kenned/kent</i><i>beken – bekenned/bekent – bekenned/bekent</i><i>foreken – forekenned/forekent – forekenned/forekent</i><i>misken – miskenned/miskent – miskenned/miskent</i><i>outken – outkenned/outkent – outkenned/outkent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular); <a href="/facts/English_language_in_Northern_England/1zJAIaQX">Northern England English</a> and <a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish</a> dialect word</td></tr><tr><td><i>kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled </i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted</i><i>beknit – beknit/beknitted – beknit/beknitted</i><i>hand-knit – hand-knit/hand-knitted – hand-knit/hand-knitted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals (or regular); related to <i>knot</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>know – knew – known</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>lade – laded – laden/laded</i><i>overlade – overladed – overladen/overladed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td>Or regular; past participle <i>laden</i> is common <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectivally</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>lay – laid – laid</i><i>belay – belaid – belaid</i><i>inlay – inlaid – inlaid</i><i>mislay – mislaid – mislaid</i><i>overlay – overlaid – overlaid</i><i>waylay – waylaid – waylaid</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular in spelling only</td></tr><tr><td><i>lead – led – led</i><i>mislead – misled – misled</i><i>offlead – offled – offled</i><i>onlead – onled – onled</i><i>outlead – outled – outled</i><i>overlead – overled – overled</i><i>underlead – underled – underled</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>leap – leaped/leapt – leaped/leapt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening (or regular); originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt</i><i>mislearn – mislearned/mislearnt – mislearned/mislearnt</i><i>overlearn – overlearned/overlearnt – overlearned/overlearnt</i><i>relearn – relearned/relearnt – relearned/relearnt</i><i>unlearn – unlearned/unlearnt – unlearned/unlearnt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 2</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>leave – left – left</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>lend – lent – lent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>let – let – let</i><i>sublet – sublet – sublet</i><i>underlet – underlet – underlet</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>lie – lay – lain</i><i>overlie – overlay – overlain</i><i>underlie – underlay – underlain</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td>Regular when meaning "tell an untruth"</td></tr><tr><td><i>light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted</i><i>alight – alit/alighted – alit/alighted</i><i>backlight – backlit/backlighted – backlit/backlighted</i><i>green-light – green-lit/green-lighted – green-lit/green-lighted</i><i>relight – relit/relighted – relit/relighted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>lose – lost – lost</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening; originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>make – made – made</i><i>remake – remade – remade</i><i>unmake – unmade – unmade</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><i>Made</i> formed by <a href="/facts/Contraction_(grammar)/NmpGfPrk">contraction</a> from "maked"</td></tr><tr><td><i>may – might – </i>(none)</td><td><a href="/facts/Preterite-present_verb/wUoeo8k6">Preterite-present</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a>; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>mean – meant – meant</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>meet – met – met</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>melt – melted – melted/molten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>Regular, but <i>molten</i> survives in <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectival</a> use</td></tr><tr><td><i>mix – mixed/mixt – mixed/mixt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Regular with alternative (mostly archaic) spelling</td></tr><tr><td><i>mow – mowed – mowed/mown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td>Regular in past tense and sometimes in past participle.</td></tr><tr><td><i>must – </i>(no other forms)</td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a></td><td>Originally a preterite; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>need</i> (<i>needs/need</i>) – <i>needed</i> – <i>needed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Regular except in the use of <i>need</i> in place of <i>needs</i> in some contexts, by analogy with <i>can</i>, <i>must</i>, etc.;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>ought – </i>(no other forms)</td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a></td><td>Originally a preterite; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>pay – paid – paid</i><i>overpay – overpaid – overpaid</i><i>prepay – prepaid – prepaid</i><i>repay – repaid – repaid</i><i>underpay – underpaid – underpaid</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular in spelling only.</td></tr><tr><td><i>pen – penned/pent – penned/pent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending, but usually regular; <i>pent</i> is sometimes used when the verb has the meaning "to enclose", and mainly <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectivally</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>plead – pled/pleaded – pled/pleaded</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening.</td></tr><tr><td><i>prove – proved – proved/proven</i><i>reprove – reproved – reproved/reproven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with the alternative past participle <i>proven</i> by analogy with some strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>put – put – put</i><i>input – input – input</i><i>output – output – output</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>bequeath – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequod – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequethen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td>Past tense <i>quoth</i> is literary or archaic; other parts of that verb are obsolete; <i>bequeath</i> is normally regularized in <i>-ed</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>quit – quit/quitted – quit/quitted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with coalescence of dentals (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>read</i> /riːd/ – <i>read</i> /rɛd/ – <i>read</i> /rɛd/<i>lipread – lipread – lipread</i><i>misread – misread – misread</i><i>proofread – proofread – proofread</i><i>reread – reread – reread</i><i>sight-read – sight-read – sight-read</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and vowel shortening</td></tr><tr><td><i>reave – reaved/reft – reaved/reft</i><i>bereave – bereaved/bereft – bereaved/bereft</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 2</a></td><td>With devoiced ending and vowel shortening; the verb <i>bereave</i> is usually regular, but <i>bereft</i> survives as past participle, with distinct meanings</td></tr><tr><td><i>rend – rent – rent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending</td></tr><tr><td><i>rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridden/ridded</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals, or regular; <i>ridden</i> by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>ride – rode – ridden</i><i>outride – outrode – outridden</i><i>override – overrode – overridden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>ring – rang – rung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>By analogy; regular when meaning "surround", etc.</td></tr><tr><td><i>rise – rose – risen</i><i>arise – arose – arisen</i><i>uprise – uprose – uprisen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>rive – rived/rove – rived/riven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong class 1</a></td><td>From <a href="/facts/Old_Norse/3dIvgsm5">Old Norse</a>; later regularized;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> now rarely used</td></tr><tr><td><i>run – ran – run</i><i>outrun – outran – outrun</i><i>overrun – overran – overrun</i><i>rerun – reran – rerun</i><i>speedrun – speedran – speedrun</i><i>underrun – underran – underrun</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>saw – sawed – sawed/sawn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><i>Sawn</i> by analogy with strong verbs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>say (says </i>/sɛz/<i>) – said – said</i><i>missay – missaid – missaid</i><i>soothsay – soothsaid – soothsaid</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening in <i>said</i> /sɛd/ and in the third person present <i>says</i> /sɛz/</td></tr><tr><td><i>see – saw – seen</i><i>foresee – foresaw – foreseen</i><i>missee – missaw – misseen</i><i>oversee – oversaw – overseen</i><i>sightsee – sightsaw – sightseen</i><i>undersee – undersaw – underseen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>seek – sought – sought</i><i>beseek – besought – besought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>sell – sold – sold</i><i>outsell – outsold – outsold</i><i>oversell – oversold – oversold</i><i>resell – resold – resold</i><i>undersell – undersold – undersold</i><i>upsell – upsold – upsold</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i>; related to <i>sale</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>send – sent – sent</i><i>missend – missent – missent</i><i>resend – resent – resent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>set – set – set</i><i>beset – beset – beset</i><i>offset – offset – offset</i><i>preset – preset – preset</i><i>reset – reset – reset</i><i>upset – upset – upset</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>sew – sewed – sewn/sewed</i><i>handsew – handsewed – handsewn/handsewed</i><i>oversew – oversewed – oversewn/oversewed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><i>Sewn</i> by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>shake – shook – shaken</i><i>overshake – overshook – overshaken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>shall – should</i> – (none)</td><td><a href="/facts/Preterite-present_verb/wUoeo8k6">Preterite-present</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a>; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Shall_and_will/04tX1UvW"><i>shall</i> and <i>will</i></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>shave – shaved – shaved/shaven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td>Now often regularized in past tense and sometimes in past participle</td></tr><tr><td><i>shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared </i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>shed – shed – shed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>shine – shone/shined – shone/shined</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>shit – shit/shitted/shat – shit/shitted/shat</i><i>shite – shited/shit – shited/shit</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>The form <i>shite</i> is chiefly Scottish and Irish.</td></tr><tr><td><i>shoe – shod/shoed – shodden/shod/shoed</i><i>reshoe – reshod/reshoed – reshodden/reshod/reshoed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening (or regular); <i>shodden</i> by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>shoot – shot – shot</i><i>misshoot – misshot – misshot</i><i>overshoot – overshot – overshot</i><i>reshoot – reshot – reshot</i><i>undershoot – undershot – undershot</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 2</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>show – showed – shown/showed</i><i>reshow – reshowed – reshown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With participle <i>shown</i> perhaps by analogy with <i>sown</i> (from <i>sow</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk/shrunken</i><i>overshrink – overshrank/overshrunk – overshrunk/overshrunken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td><i>Shrunken</i> is mostly used <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectivally</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>shut – shut – shut</i><i>reshut – reshut – reshut</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>sing – sang – sung</i><i>resing – resang – resung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>sink – sank/sunk – sunk/sunken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>The form <i>sunken</i> appears in some <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectival</a> uses</td></tr><tr><td><i>sit – sat – sat</i><i>babysit – babysat – babysat</i><i>housesit – housesat – housesat</i><i>resit – resat – resat</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>sleep – slept – slept</i><i>oversleep – overslept – overslept</i><i>undersleep – underslept – underslept</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening; originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>slide – slid – slid/slidden</i><i>backslide – backslid – backslid/backslidden</i><i>overslide – overslid – overslid/overslidden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>sling – slung – slung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>slink – slunk/slinked/slank – slunk/slinked/slank</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>slit – slit – slit/slitten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>smite – smote/smit – smitten/smitted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>Largely archaic; <i>smitten</i> is quite commonly used <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectivally</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Alternative form <i>snuck</i> (chiefly American) by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>sow – sowed – sown/sowed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td>With weak past tense <i>sowed</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>speak – spoke – spoken</i><i>bespeak – bespoke – bespoken</i><i>*forespeak – forespoke – forespoken</i><i>*forspeak – forspoke – forspoken</i><i>misspeak – misspoke – misspoken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>With vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt</i><i>misspell – misspelled/misspelt – misspelled/misspelt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>spend – spent – spent</i><i>misspend – misspent – misspent</i><i>outspend – outspent – outspent</i><i>overspend – overspent – overspent</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt</i><i>overspill – overspilled/overspilt – overspilled/overspilt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>spin – spun – spun</i><i>outspin – outspun – outspun</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>spit – spat/spit – spat/spit</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals (for past form <i>spit</i>, which is common in America), or <i>spat</i> by analogy with strong verbs; regular when meaning "of roast on a <a href="/facts/Spit_roast/mmPV9su3">spit</a>"</td></tr><tr><td><i>split – split – split</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanword</a> with devoiced ending (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>spread – spread – spread</i><i>outspread – outspread – outspread</i><i>overspread – overspread – overspread</i><i>underspread – underspread – underspread</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>spring – sprang/sprung – sprung/*sprang</i><i>handspring – handsprang/handsprung – handsprung/*handsprang</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>stand – stood – stood</i><i>forstand – forstood – forstood</i><i>misunderstand – misunderstood – misunderstood</i><i>overstand – overstood – overstood</i><i>understand – understood – understood</i><i>upstand – upstood – upstood</i><i>withstand – withstood – withstood</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>stave – stove/staved – stove/staved/stoven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>steal – stole – stolen</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>stick – stuck – stuck</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular forms developed by analogy with <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>sting – stang/stung – stung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>stink – stank/stunk – stunk</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>strew – strewed – strewn/strewed</i><i>bestrew – bestrewed – bestrewn/bestrewed</i><i>overstrew – overstrewed – overstrewn/overstrewed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>stride – strode – stridden</i><i>bestride – bestrode – bestridden</i><i>outstride – outstrode – outstridden</i><i>overstride – overstrode – overstridden</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>strike – struck – struck/stricken</i><i>overstrike – overstruck – overstruck/overstricken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>The form <i>stricken</i> is limited to certain <a href="/facts/Deverbal_adjective/622lvXbx">adjectival</a> and specialist uses</td></tr><tr><td><i>string – strung/*stringed – strung/*stringed</i><i>hamstring – hamstrung/*hamstringed – hamstrung/*hamstringed</i><i>overstring – overstrung/*overstringed – overstrung/*overstringed</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs</td></tr><tr><td><i>strip – stripped – stripped</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>strive – strove/strived – striven/strived</i><i>outstrive – outstrove – outstriven</i><i>overstrive – overstrove – overstriven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td>Or regularized</td></tr><tr><td><i>swear – swore – sworn</i><i>forswear – forswore – forsworn</i><i>outswear – outswore – outsworn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Usually regular; possible past form <i>sweat</i> with coalescence of dentals</td></tr><tr><td><i>sweep – swept – swept</i><i>upsweep – upswept – upswept</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening; replaced OE strong class 7 verb <i>swápan</i>, with the same meaning, but the form is not a regular development from it</td></tr><tr><td><i>swell – swelled/swole – swollen/swelled</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>With regularized forms</td></tr><tr><td><i>swim – swam/*swum – swum</i><i>outswim – outswam/*outswum – outswum</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>swing – swang/swung – swung</i><i>overswing – overswang/overswung – overswung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>take – took – taken</i><i>betake – betook – betaken</i><i>mistake – mistook – mistaken</i><i>overtake – overtook – overtaken</i><i>partake – partook – partaken</i><i>retake – retook – retaken</i><i>undertake – undertook – undertaken</i><i>*uptake – uptook – uptaken</i><i>*withtake – withtook – withtaken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>teach – taught – taught</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>tear – tore – torn</i><i>uptear – uptore – uptorn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 4</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>tell – told – told</i><i>foretell – foretold – foretold</i><i>forthtell – forthtold – forthtold</i><i>mistell – mistold – mistold</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i>; related to <i>tale</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>think – thought – thought</i><i>outthink – outthought – outthought</i><i>rethink – rethought – rethought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1, subclass (ii)</a></td><td>With <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Germanic_spirant_law/PKGL3Bh2">Germanic spirant law</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>thrive – throve/thrived/*thrave – thriven/thrived</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong class 1</a></td><td>Of <a href="/facts/Old_Norse/3dIvgsm5">Old Norse</a> origin (now archaic) or weak (regular) pattern<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>throw – threw – thrown</i><i>outthrow – outthrew – outthrown</i><i>overthrow – overthrew – overthrown</i><i>underthrow – underthrew – underthrown</i><i>upthrow – upthrew – upthrown</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>thrust – thrust/*thrusted – thrust/*thrusted</i><i>outthrust – outthrust – outthrust</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>tread – trod – trodden/trod</i><i>retread – retrod/*retread/*retreaded/*retrodden – retrodden/retrod/*retread/*retreaded</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 5</a></td><td>Or regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>vex – vexed/vext – vexed/vext</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>With alternative (archaic) spelling</td></tr><tr><td><i>wake – woke/waked – woken/waked</i><i>awake – awoke – awoken</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 6</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>wear – weared/wore – weared/worn</i><i>outwear – outweared/outwore – outweared/outworn</i><i>overwear – overweared/overwore – overweared/overworn</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Fell into a strong pattern by analogy with <i>bear</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>weave – wove – woven</i><i>interweave – interwove – interwoven</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 7</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded</i><i>miswed – miswed/miswedded – miswed/miswedded</i><i>rewed – rewed/rewedded – rewed/rewedded</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 2</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>weep – wept/weeped – wept/weeped</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With vowel shortening (or regular); originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">strong, class 7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>wend – wended/went – wended/went</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_weak_verb/57tqeRo8">Weak, class 1</a></td><td>Originally with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending, but now regular; <i>went</i> is used as the past of <i><a href="/facts/Go_(verb)/ByyWJ09o">go</a></i></td></tr><tr><td><i>wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted</i><i>overwet – overwet/overwetted – overwet/overwetted</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>With coalescence of dentals (or regular)</td></tr><tr><td><i>will – would – </i>(none)</td><td><a href="/facts/Preterite-present_verb/wUoeo8k6">Preterite-present</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Defective_verb/LGwAbk5H">Defective</a>; see <a href="/facts/English_modal_verbs/UtcVdTm3">English modal verbs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Shall_and_will/04tX1UvW"><i>shall</i> and <i>will</i></a>; in non-<a href="/facts/Auxiliary_verb/euozcMq3">auxiliary</a> uses the verb is regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>win – won – won</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>wind</i> /waɪnd/ <i>– wound – wound</i><i>rewind – rewound – rewound</i><i>unwind – unwound – unwound</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td>The identically spelt verb <i>wind</i> /wɪnd/, with meanings connected with air flow and breathlessness, is regular</td></tr><tr><td><i>work – worked/wrought – worked/wrought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Now regular, formerly with <i><a href="/facts/R%C3%BCckumlaut/wG1CIfBC">Rückumlaut</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Metathesis_(linguistics)/qPNPuQW1">metathesis</a> of <i>r</i> and <i>o</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>wreak – wreaked/wrought – wreaked/wrought</i></td><td><a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">Weak</a></td><td>Usually regular; <i>wrought</i> (which is in fact from <i>work</i>) has come sometimes to be identified with this verb (perhaps by analogy with <i>seek–sought</i>).</td></tr><tr><td><i>wring – wrang/wrung – wrung</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 3</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>write – wrote – written</i><i>cowrite – cowrote – cowritten</i><i>ghostwrite – ghostwrote – ghostwritten</i><i>handwrite – handwrote – handwritten</i><i>miswrite – miswrote – miswritten</i><i>overwrite – overwrote – overwritten</i><i>rewrite – rewrote – rewritten</i><i>underwrite – underwrote – underwritten</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>writhe – writhed/wrothe – writhed/writhen</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>Originally <a href="/facts/Germanic_strong_verb/mzXNH3Mn">Strong, class 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>zinc – zinced/zinked/zincked – zinced/zinked/zincked</i></td><td>Regular</td><td>With spelling complications because of the final letter C</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="present-tense-irregular-verbs">Present tense irregular verbs</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/English_irregular_verbs/CxloxxBg">English irregular verbs § Verbs with irregular present tenses</a></p> <p>Though the list of verbs irregular in the preterite or past participle is long, the list of irregular <i><a href="/facts/Present_tense/Dlum8nSr">present tense</a></i> verbs is very short. Excepting <a href="/facts/Modal_verb/hxmu50RP">modal verbs</a> like "shall", "will", and "can" that do not inflect at all in the present tense, there are only four of them, not counting compounds including them: </p> <ul><li>be: <i>I am, thou art, you are, he is, we are, they are</i>. The contracted/reduced forms, used in unstressed positions and in particular as auxiliary verbs, are as follows: <i>I’m, you’re, he’s, we’re, they’re</i>.</li> <li>do (and compounds such as undo and redo): <i>I do, you do, he does, we do, they do</i>, where "does" is pronounced /ˈdʌz/ (instead of /ˈduːz/), in contrast to the /ˈduː/ used for the infinitive and the other present tense forms. The reduced forms of the verb <i>do</i> are pronounced /du/, /də/, /d/, or /dəz/, /dz/ for <i>does</i> and usually appear only in questions. The contracted forms of <i>do</i> are used only in the negative: <i>I do not = I don't, you do not = you don't, he does not = he doesn't, we do not = we don't, they do not = they don't</i>.</li> <li>have: <i>I have, you have, he has, we have, they have</i>. If used as an auxiliary verb in the present perfect, past perfect or future perfect, its contracted forms can be used: <i>I’ve, you’ve, he’s, we’ve, they’ve</i>.</li> <li>say (and compounds such as gainsay and naysay): <i>I say, you say, he says, we say, they say</i>, where "says" has the standard pronunciation /sɛz/ (instead of /seɪz/), in contrast to the /seɪ/ used for the infinitive and other present tense forms.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Wiktionary's category of English irregular verbs</li> <li><a href="http://pasttenses.com/irregular-verbs-list">Complete List of 638 English Irregular Verbs</a> with their forms in different tenses.</li> <li><a href="http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2005/9/8/lifefocus/11943482&sec=lifefocus">Mind Our English: Strong and weak</a> by Ralph Berry.</li> <li><a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/">English Irregular Verb List</a> A comprehensive list of English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund.</li> <li><a href="https://learniv.com/">Database of all irregular verbs</a> with complete conjugation and audio.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Campbell, A. (1959), Old English Grammar, Oxford University Press, p. 331: The present system of brenġan occurs occasionally W-S, Kt., Ru., but it is in regular use only in North., being elsewhere replaced by that of the strong verb bringan, which has in OE no strong past, but occasionally pass. part. brungen <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entries for "clothe" and "clad". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The strong-type past form dug arose as a past participle in the 16th century, by analogy with stuck, and was used as a past tense from the 18th century. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for "dig". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The use of need for needs, which has become the norm in contexts where the verb is used analogously to the modal verbs, became common in the 16th century. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for "need" (verb). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Regularized (weak-type) forms of this verb are found from the 16th century onward. There is also an obsolete verb rive meaning arrive, for which weak-type forms are attested earlier. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entries for "rive". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Strong-type past forms of this verb were sometimes used in the 15th century; the past participle sawn is a survival of this. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for "saw". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The forms stove and stoven are found from the 18th century onward. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for "stave". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>The strong-type past forms leading to thrave (Northern) and throve are attested from the 13th and 14th centuries onward, and weak forms (leading to thrived) from the 14th. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for "thrive". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" target="_blank">/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>