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List of JVM languages
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<h2 id="jvm-languages">JVM languages</h2> <h3>High-profile languages</h3> <p>As of 2024, according to the <a href="/facts/TIOBE_index/CfxkfgfM">TIOBE index</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> of the top 100 programming languages, and PyPL,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> the top JVM languages are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> (#3, at one point at #1; #2 at PyPL), a <a href="/facts/Type_system/Tz0bAMS9">statically-typed</a> <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented</a> language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kotlin_(programming_language)/CrAqIFLn">Kotlin</a> (#21, at one point at #18; #13 at PyPL), a statically-typed language from <a href="/facts/JetBrains/1YcNFxgv">JetBrains</a>, the developers of <a href="/facts/IntelliJ_IDEA/h689XrQz">IntelliJ IDEA</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a>'s preferred language for <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a> (#26, at one point at #20; #22 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented and <a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">functional programming</a> language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Apache_Groovy/vGAckbte">Groovy</a> (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100, at one point at #15; #26 at PyPL), a <a href="/facts/Dynamic_programming_language/j8cQm8RF">dynamic programming language</a> (also with static typing) and <a href="/facts/Scripting_language/8pF4ajBL">scripting language</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a> (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100, at one point at #47), a <a href="/facts/Dynamic_programming_language/j8cQm8RF">dynamic</a>, and <a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">functional</a> <a href="/facts/Dialect_(computing)/cWTYbgWa">dialect</a> of the <a href="/facts/Lisp_(programming_language)/xJHA3CrX">Lisp</a> <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> (<a href="/facts/ClojureScript/3JRNxKXx">ClojureScript</a> doesn't make TIOBE's index separately, its stats are included under Clojure, and it's an implementation targeting the web with <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, not the JVM.)</li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> is TIOBE's top language; <a href="/facts/Jython/BPsxEwnT">Jython</a>, its JVM implementation, doesn't make the list (of 100 languages) under that name (is syntax compatible with Python 2.7, now an outdated Python version). <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> (6th), <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a> and others, also make top 20 and have JVM implementations; <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a> is ranked 18th, while <a href="/facts/JRuby/o6baVhhF">JRuby</a>, its JVM implementation is not listed separately. </p> <h3>JVM implementations of existing languages</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Language</th><th>JVM implementations</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></th><td><a href="https://github.com/thomasmodeneis/jgo">jgo</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Arden_syntax/YM04QVQx">Arden syntax</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Arden2ByteCode/0REqxHFw">Arden2ByteCode</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></th><td>NTT Data Enterprise COBOL<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><p><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">Micro Focus Visual COBOL</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a href="https://www.heirloomcomputing.com/elasticcobol/">Heirloom Elastic COBOL</a> <a href="http://www.veryant.com/products/">Veryant isCOBOL Evolve</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/ColdFusion_Markup_Language/AbjNUunm">ColdFusion Markup Language</a> (CFML)</th><td><a href="/facts/Adobe_ColdFusion/4WB5vcA2">Adobe ColdFusion</a><a href="/facts/Railo/Vhv781dj">Railo</a><a href="/facts/Lucee/Hzmuvgmj">Lucee</a>Open BlueDragon</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Cypher_(query_language)/hDKkTh1n">Cypher</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Neo4j/UTKzz523">Neo4j</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></th><td><a href="https://eta-lang.org/">Eta (programming language)</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)/yNRIqPeo">Rhino</a><a href="/facts/Nashorn_(JavaScript_engine)/ljpbTnQw">Nashorn</a><p><a href="/facts/GraalVM/wUPN7nSY">Graal.js</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/LLVM/nPmcspQN">LLVM Bitcode</a></th><td>Sulong<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mercury_(programming_language)/4UDPmoxe">Mercury</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(programming_language)/4UDPmoxe">Mercury</a> (Java grade)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></th><td><a href="http://ocamljava.org/">OCaml-Java</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Component_Pascal/oh0EmMjs">Component Pascal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Component_Pascal/oh0EmMjs">Gardens Point Component Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></th><td>MIDletPascal<a href="/facts/Oxygene_(programming_language)/Q1yHwpR1">Oxygene</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Rakudo/LfrfmocE">Rakudo</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Resin_(software)/g3WzgQQ0">Quercus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> JPHP</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Prolog/r5h66Qh1">Prolog</a></th><td>JIPrologTuProlog</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Jython/BPsxEwnT">Jython</a><p>ZipPy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a href="/facts/GraalVM/wUPN7nSY">Graal.Python</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Renjin/YqF2AU4K">Renjin</a><p>FastR<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></th><td><a href="/facts/NetRexx/109heq3w">NetRexx</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></th><td><a href="/facts/JRuby/o6baVhhF">JRuby</a>TruffleRuby<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Bigloo/bs4TjmGY">Bigloo</a><a href="/facts/Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)/GLmcoENR">Kawa</a><a href="/facts/SISC/gD7ew4G0">SISC</a><a href="/facts/JScheme/5aqQErDb">JScheme</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Simula/gaEVG7SL">Simula</a></th><td><a href="https://portablesimula.github.io/github.io/">Open Source Simula</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></th><td>Redline<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></th><td><a href="http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/mlj/">MLj</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></th><td>Jacl</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></th><td>Jabaco<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>New languages with JVM implementations</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ateji_PX/CXxcrn9H">Ateji PX</a>, an extension of Java for easy parallel programming on multicore, GPU, Grid and Cloud<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ballerina_(programming_language)/DLYoF1YB">Ballerina</a>, a language for cloud applications with structural typing; network client objects, services, resource functions, and listeners; parallel concurrency with workers; image building; configuration management.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/BeanShell/1o8gE6fB">BeanShell</a>, a scripting language whose <a href="/facts/Programming_language_syntax/zM5oInza">syntax</a> is close to Java</li> <li>EPL (Event Processing Language), a domain-specific, data manipulation language for analyzing and detecting patterns in timed event streams, which extends <a href="/facts/SQL-92/a9th5tCf">SQL 92</a> with event-oriented features. It is implemented by <a href="/facts/Esper_(software)/AN9TWUzB">Esper</a>: up to version 6 EPL was mostly a language interpreted by a Java library; since version 7 it is compiled to JVM bytecode.</li> <li><a href="https://concurnas.com">Concurnas</a>, an open source JVM language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ceylon_(programming_language)/cygDphIa">Ceylon</a>, a Java competitor from <a href="/facts/Red_Hat/5rhmBLBa">Red Hat</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CFML/AbjNUunm">CFML</a>, ColdFusion Markup Language, more commonly known as CFML, is a scripting language for web development that runs on the JVM, the .NET framework, and Google App Engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>Quark Framework (CAL), a <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a>-inspired functional language</li> <li><a href="/facts/E_(programming_language)/XCLbIxm0">E</a>-on-Java, object-oriented language for secure distributed computing</li> <li>Eta, pure, lazy, strongly typed functional language in the spirit of Haskell<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fantom_(programming_language)/pgpD7oBN">Fantom</a>, a language built from the base to be portable across the JVM, .NET <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Runtime/4Y0cUdkd">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR), and JavaScript<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flix_(programming_language)/e4y9koXb">Flix</a>, a functional, imperative, and logic language with first-class <a href="/facts/Datalog/67jbYWDb">Datalog</a> constraints and a polymorphic effect system.</li> <li>Flow Java</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fortress_(programming_language)/7CYvHCCk">Fortress</a>, a language designed by Sun as a successor to Fortran, mainly for parallel scientific computing. Product development was taken over by Oracle when Sun was purchased. Oracle then stopped development in 2012 according to Dr. Dobb's.</li> <li>Frege, a non-strict, pure functional language in the spirit of Haskell<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Golo_(programming_language)/8ItIWacq">Golo</a>, a simple, dynamic, weakly-typed language for the JVM developed at <a href="/facts/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon/yVNhbHTQ">Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon</a>, France, now an incubating project at the <a href="/facts/Eclipse_(software)/YoqHVjas">Eclipse</a> Software Foundation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gosu_(programming_language)/F9NH7mGC">Gosu</a>, an extensible type-system language compiled to Java bytecode</li> <li><a href="/facts/Haxe/jp87sM7P">Haxe</a>, a cross-platform statically typed language that targets Java and the JVM.</li> <li>Ioke, a <a href="/facts/Prototype-based_programming/x9oNIYPG">prototype-based</a> language somewhat reminiscent of <a href="/facts/Io_(programming_language)/06xtsq15">Io</a>, with similarities to <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Lisp_(programming_language)/xJHA3CrX">Lisp</a>, and <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Apache_Jelly/jjYk5ypk">Jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Join_Java/mPBRcAJ3">Join Java</a>, a language that extends Java with <a href="/facts/Join-calculus/xtQthDLg">join-calculus</a> semantics</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joy_(programming_language)/R6s5dz7V">Joy</a></li> <li>Manifold is a Java compiler "plugin." (I.e., instead of being a stand-alone language and compiler, it hijacks and extends javac.) Its features include Metaprogramming, Properties, Extension Methods, Operator Overloading, Templates, a Preprocessor, and more.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mirah_(programming_language)/eLaTy0NC">Mirah</a>, a customizable language featuring <a href="/facts/Type_inference/vX9K8Qhf">type inference</a> and a highly Ruby-inspired syntax<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NetLogo/3pzyYsKH">NetLogo</a>, a <a href="/facts/Multi-agent_system/A85vt3UA">multi-agent</a> language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Noop/8uTJ8MqK">Noop</a>, a language built with testability as a major focus</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pizza_(programming_language)/YvXsyVHS">Pizza</a>, a superset of Java with <a href="/facts/Function_pointer/PEhvvsQB">function pointers</a> and <a href="/facts/Algebraic_data_type/Fn9KhnAb">algebraic data types</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pnuts/82sAjW2P">Pnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Processing_(programming_language)/DTgLD5Iq">Processing</a>, a visualization and animation language and framework based on Java with a Java-like syntax</li> <li><a href="http://www.prompto.org/?section=language">Prompto</a>, a language "designed to create business applications in the cloud". It is part of the namesake platform to design business applications directly in the cloud. The Prompto language includes three "dialects": Engly, Monty, and Objy. Engly "mimics English as much as possible", Monty "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of the Python 3 language", and Objy "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of OOP languages such as C++, Java or C#". All three dialects seamlessly translate to one another.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RascalMPL/46ae90gs">RascalMPL</a>, a source and target language independent (parameterized) meta language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Whiley_(programming_language)/qzFD6d6t">Whiley</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/X10_(programming_language)/tD3mktjx">X10</a>, a language designed by IBM, featuring constrained types and a focus on concurrency and distribution<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Xtend_(programming_language)/SrBn7sqm">Xtend</a>, an <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">functional</a>, and <a href="/facts/Imperative_programming/6b5dUnE1">imperative programming</a> language built by the <a href="/facts/Eclipse_(software)/YoqHVjas">Eclipse</a> foundation, featuring tight Java interoperability, with a focus on extension methods and lambdas, and rich tooling</li> <li><a href="http://mth.github.io/yeti/">Yeti</a>, an ML style functional language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><a href="https://yirgacheffelang.com/">Yirgacheffe</a>, a language that aims to simplify and extend the object oriented paradigm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>Yoix, general purpose, non-object-oriented, interpreted dynamic language</li></ul> <h4>Comparison of these languages</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th>Language</th><th>First release</th><th>Stable release</th><th>Last release</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ballerina_(programming_language)/DLYoF1YB">Ballerina</a></td><td>2018</td><td>2019</td><td>2024</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BeanShell/1o8gE6fB">BeanShell</a></td><td>1999</td><td>2013</td><td>2022</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ceylon_(programming_language)/cygDphIa">Eclipse Ceylon</a></td><td>2011</td><td>2017</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CFML/AbjNUunm">CFML</a></td><td>1995</td><td>2018</td><td>2025</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/E_(programming_language)/XCLbIxm0">E</a></td><td>1997</td><td></td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fantom_(programming_language)/pgpD7oBN">Fantom</a></td><td>2011</td><td>2017</td><td>2024</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortress_(programming_language)/7CYvHCCk">Fortress</a></td><td>2006</td><td>2011</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>Frege</td><td>2012</td><td></td><td>2018</td></tr><tr><td>Manifold</td><td>2019</td><td>2019</td><td>2023</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mirah_(programming_language)/eLaTy0NC">Mirah</a></td><td>2016</td><td></td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xtend_(programming_language)/SrBn7sqm">Xtend</a></td><td>2011</td><td>2021</td><td>2024</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Computer programming portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Da_Vinci_Machine/PnSeEgFf">Da Vinci Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_virtual_machine/l9Nzrsun">Java virtual machine § JVM languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_CLI_languages/LnpaWLBK">List of CLI languages</a>, following the CLI specification, Microsoft's response to JVM</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_open-source_programming_languages/hmT3nn7S">List of open-source programming languages</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"TIOBE Index". TIOBE. Retrieved 4 November 2024. <a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/" target="_blank">https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language index". pypl.github.io. Retrieved 4 November 2024. <a href="https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html" target="_blank">https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Urma, Raoul-Gabriel (1 July 2014). "Alternative Languages for the JVM. A look at eight features from eight JVM languages". Oracle. Retrieved 13 March 2019. <a href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html" target="_blank">https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wampler, Dean (15 January 2009). "Adopting New JVM Languages in the Enterprise (Updated)". objectmentor.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522071822/http://blog.objectmentor.com/articles/2009/01/15/adopting-new-jvm-languages-in-the-enterprise" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090522071822/http://blog.objectmentor.com/articles/2009/01/15/adopting-new-jvm-languages-in-the-enterprise</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Urma, Raoul-Gabriel (1 July 2014). "Alternative Languages for the JVM. A look at eight features from eight JVM languages". Oracle. Retrieved 13 March 2019. <a href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html" target="_blank">https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Groovy Springs Back Up TIOBE's Programming Languages List". Retrieved 10 March 2021. <a href="https://www.dice.com/career-advice/groovy-springs-back-up-tiobes-programming-languages-list" target="_blank">https://www.dice.com/career-advice/groovy-springs-back-up-tiobes-programming-languages-list</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Urma, Raoul-Gabriel (1 July 2014). "Alternative Languages for the JVM. A look at eight features from eight JVM languages". Oracle. Retrieved 13 March 2019. <a href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html" target="_blank">https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/architect-languages-2266279.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"NTT Data Enterprise COBOL Brochure" (PDF). <a href="https://mx.nttdata.com/es/-/media/assets/brochure/apps-rehosting-migrate-your-cobol-applications-factsheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://mx.nttdata.com/es/-/media/assets/brochure/apps-rehosting-migrate-your-cobol-applications-factsheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Visual COBOL Brochure" (PDF). 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