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TMS320
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<h2 id="variants">Variants</h2> <p>The TMS320 architecture has been around for a while so a number of product variants have developed. The product codes used by Texas Instruments after the first TMS32010 processor have involved a series of processor named "TMS320Cabcd", where <i>a</i> is the main series, <i>b</i> the generation and <i>cd</i> is some custom number for a minor sub-variant. </p><p>For this reason, those working with DSPs often abbreviate a processor as "C5x" when the actual name is, for example, TMS320C5510, since all products have the name "TMS320", and all processors with "C5" in the name are <a href="/facts/Binary_code_compatibility/7lkFAUfv">code compatible</a> and share the same basic features. Similarly, a subgrouping may be referred to as, for example, C55x, as processors in the same series and generation are even more similar. </p><p>TMS320 processors are <a href="/facts/Semiconductor_device_fabrication/Jd23Mu1z">fabricated</a> on <a href="/facts/MOS_integrated_circuit/yRIasnVx">MOS integrated circuit</a> chips, including both <a href="/facts/NMOS_logic/6hup3T21">NMOS</a> and <a href="/facts/CMOS/NJIWYgBl">CMOS</a> variants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h3>Legacy series</h3> <ul><li>TMS320C1x, first generation 16-bit <a href="/facts/Fixed-point_arithmetic/pd3RU72P">fixed-point</a> DSPs. All processors in these series are code-compatible with the TMS32010 <ul><li>TMS32010, the very first processor in the first series introduced in 1983, using external memory</li> <li>TMS320M10, the same processor but with an internal <a href="/facts/Read-only_memory/P9QMuDLH">ROM</a> of 3 KB</li> <li>TMS320C10, TMS320C15, TMS320C25, etc</li></ul></li> <li>TMS320C2x, second generation 16-bit <a href="/facts/Fixed-point_arithmetic/pd3RU72P">fixed-point</a> DSPs. All processors in these series are object-code compatible with the TMS32020 and source-code compatible with the TMS32010 <ul><li>TMS32020, first processor in the second series</li> <li>TMS320C25, 40 MHz CMOS version with greatly enhanced feature set</li> <li>TMS320C25-50, 50 MHz version of the TMS320C25</li> <li>TMS320C26, identical to the TMS320C25, except without the 4K-word ROM</li> <li>TMS320E25, identical to the TMS320C25, except with EPROM used for the 4K-word on-chip program store rather than ROM<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>TMS320C3x, 32-bit floating point <ul><li>TMS320C30, 27 to 50 MHz, 8 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt</li> <li>TMS320C31, 27 to 60 MHz, 8 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt, subset of TMS320C30 by removing 2nd serial port, removing 2nd memory bus, replacing user ROM with factory ROM bootloader</li> <li>TMS320LC31, 33 to 40 MHz, 3.3 Volt version of TMS320C31</li> <li>TMS320C32, 40 to 60 MHz, 2 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt, adds 2nd DMA coprocessor, changes external memory bus to allow 8/16/32-bit wide memory access where as other C3x parts are 32-bit only</li> <li>TMS320VC33, 60 to 75 MHz, 136 KB internal SRAM, 3.3 Volt I/O with 1.8 Volt Core, superset of TMS320C31 by adding 128KB internal SRAM</li></ul></li> <li>TMS320C4x, 32-bit floating point <ul><li>TMS320C40, 40/50/60/80 MHz, cycle time 50/40/33/25 ns, <a href="/facts/CMOS/NJIWYgBl">CMOS</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> is equipped with three branch delay slots and supports both delayed and non-delayed branch instructions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>TMS320C44, subset of TMS320C40</li></ul></li> <li>TMS320C8x, multiprocessor chip<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <ul><li>TMS320C80 MVP (multimedia video processor) has a 32 bit floating-point "master processor" and four 32-bit fixed-point "slave processors".</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>C2000 series</h3> <p>The C2000 microcontroller family consists of 32-bit microcontrollers with integrated peripherals for real-time control applications. C2000 consists of 5 sub-families: the newer C28x + ARM Cortex M3 series, C28x Delfino floating-point series, C28x Piccolo series, C28x fixed-point series, and C240x, an older 16-bit line that is no longer recommended for new development. The C2000 series is notable for its high performance set of on-chip control peripherals including <a href="/facts/Pulse-width_modulation/cqjcrYs7">PWM</a>, <a href="/facts/Analog-to-digital_converter/8YYNsMFg">ADC</a>, <a href="/facts/Quadrature_encoder/5sWEjwjr">quadrature encoder</a> modules, and capture modules. The series also contains support for <a href="/facts/I%C2%B2C/dKBBhs4U">I²C</a>, <a href="/facts/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus/uSCU56eG">SPI</a>, serial (SCI), <a href="/facts/CAN_bus/EGxoS88W">CAN</a>, <a href="/facts/Watchdog_timer/QaXKTqL8">watchdog</a>, McBSP, external memory interface and GPIO. Due to features like PWM waveform synchronization with the ADC unit, the C2000 line is well suited to many real-time control applications. The C2000 family is used for applications like motor drive and control, industrial automation, solar and other renewable energy, server farms, digital power, <a href="/facts/Power-line_communication/y0QpHy0V">power-line communications</a>, and lighting. A line of low cost kits are also available for specific applications including motor control, digital power, solar, and LED lighting. </p> <h3>C5000 series</h3> <ul><li>TMS320C54x 16-bit fixed-point DSP, 6 stage pipeline with in-order-execution of opcodes, parallel load/store on arithmetic operations, multiply accumulate and other DSP enhancements. Internal multi-port memory. no cache unit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <ul><li>A popular choice for <a href="/facts/2G/4Xd52qkQ">2G</a> Software defined cellphone radios, particularly <a href="/facts/GSM/Sw8QYaLE">GSM</a>, circa late 1990s when many <a href="/facts/Nokia/bCleFoF4">Nokia</a> and <a href="/facts/Ericsson/yJ4oMMp7">Ericsson</a> cell phones made use of the C54x.</li> <li>At the time, desire to improve the user interface of cellphones led to the adoption of <a href="/facts/ARM7/YQuwF2Lc">ARM7</a> as a general-purpose processor for user interface and control, off-loading this function from the DSP. This ultimately led to the creation of a dual core ARM7+C54x DSP, which later evolved into the OMAP product line.</li></ul></li> <li>TMS320C55x generation – fixed-point, runs C54x code but adds more internal parallelism (another ALU, dual MAC, more memory bandwidth) and registers, while supporting much lower power operation. <ul><li>Today, most C55x DSPs are sold as discrete chips</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP1</a> chips combine an <a href="/facts/ARM9/tycMHVAJ">ARM9</a> (ARMv5TEJ) with a C55x series DSP.</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP2420</a> chips combine an <a href="/facts/ARM11/RBYoh2hU">ARM11</a> (ARMv6) with a C55x series DSP.</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>C6000 series</h3> <ul><li>TMS320 C6000 series, or TMS320C6x: <a href="/facts/VLIW/WJuzewyR">VLIW</a>-based DSPs <ul><li>TMS320C62x fixed-point – 2000 MIPS/1.9 <a href="/facts/Watt/VK8oqRrm">W</a></li> <li>TMS320C67x floating point – code compatible with TMS320C62x</li> <li>TMS320C64x fixed-point – code compatible with TMS320C62x</li> <li>TMS320C67x+ floating point – architectural update of TMS320C67x</li> <li>TMS320C64x+ fixed-point – major architectural update of TMS320C64x</li> <li>TMS320C674x fixed- and floating point – merger of C64x+ and C67x+</li> <li>TMS320C66x fixed- and floating point – backwards compatible with C674x</li></ul></li> <li>Other parts with C6000 series DSPs include <ul><li><a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments_DaVinci/ydpGVDw1">DaVinci</a> chips include one or both of an <a href="/facts/ARM9/tycMHVAJ">ARM9</a> and a C64x+ or C674x DSP</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP-L13x</a> chips include an <a href="/facts/ARM9/tycMHVAJ">ARM9</a> (ARMv5TEJ) and a C674x fixed and floating point DSP</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP243x</a> chips combine an <a href="/facts/ARM11/RBYoh2hU">ARM11</a> (ARMv6) with a C64x series DSP</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP3</a> chips include an ARM Cortex-A8 (ARMv7) with a C64x+ DSP</li> <li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP4 and OMAP5</a> chips include an ARM Cortex-A9 or A15 (ARMv7) with a custom C64x+ derivative known as Tesla (or C64T)</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>C7000 series</h3> <p>The C7000 series was released in early 2020, but cores are not available individually. As of August 2023, they are only available bundled inside other SOCs, such as the <a href="https://www.ti.com/product/TDA4VM">TDA4VM</a>, which features a C71x DSP. </p> <h3>DaVinci series</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments_DaVinci/ydpGVDw1">DaVinci series</a> started with <a href="/facts/System-on-a-chip/1RVvVe6N">systems-on-a-chip</a> using an embedded C6000 series (C64x+) DSP, <a href="/facts/ARM9/tycMHVAJ">ARM9</a> application processors, and Digital Media peripherals. There are variants without ARMs, and without DSPs. Their marketing focuses on their video processing capabilities. Original chips supported NTSC and PAL, while newer ones support HDTV.</li></ul> <h3>OMAP variants</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/OMAP/3oz3mLlT">OMAP</a> variants also have an <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM</a> processor in the same chip; see the main article on <a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments_OMAP/3oz3mLlT">Texas Instruments OMAP</a>. (There are also OMAP processors with other secondary processors, so these are not necessarily DSPs.)</li></ul> <h3>DA variants</h3> <ul><li>DA variants (target "Digital audio") <ul><li>DA25x is an <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM</a> processor and a C55x core. It has some on-chip peripherals like a USB slave controller and security features. Documentation of this chip is only available after signing a Texas Instruments <a href="/facts/Non-disclosure_agreement/3q1t9J05">NDA</a>. These variants are used exclusively in the <a href="/facts/Creative_ZEN/cu1x1ya6">Creative ZEN</a> and <a href="/facts/Dell_Digital_Jukebox/LpmqCKJI">Dell Digital Jukebox</a> <a href="/facts/MP3_player/QHTLMGu4">MP3 players</a>, as the primary <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">CPU</a> and signal processor for all processing of <a href="/facts/MP3/yrBpxUSD">MP3</a> data streams.</li> <li>TMS320DA7xx <i>Aureus</i> chips are built around C67x+ DSPs</li> <li>DA830/DA828 <i>Aureus</i> chips are based on the OMAP-L137, and include a 300 MHz C674x DSP and a 300 MHz ARM926ES-J core.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The DA828 variant has reduced I/O and comes in a 176-pin <a href="/facts/TQFP/B5FLpfqx">TQFP</a> package instead of a 256-ball <a href="/facts/PBGA/0sjfGthJ">PBGA</a>.</li> <li>DA610/601 is a processor with a C67x core. It has on chip peripherals needed to connect to audio codecs for a 5.1 or 7.1 system. This chip is used in the YAMAHA high end receivers : RX-V1400, RX-V2400, RX-V1600, RX-V2600, RX-V2500.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>DM variants</h3> <ul><li>DM variants: <ul><li>DM270 has an <a href="/facts/ARM7TDMI/YQuwF2Lc">ARM7TDMI</a> core and a TMS320 C5409 DSP</li> <li>DM320 has an <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM926</a> core and a TMS320 C5409 DSP</li> <li>DSC25 has an ARM7TDMI core and a TMS320 DSP</li> <li><a href="/facts/Texas_Instruments_DaVinci/ydpGVDw1">Texas Instruments DaVinci</a> chips</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Other vendors</h3> <p><a href="/facts/General_Instrument/ptvF2Lb7">General Instrument</a> manufactured the TMS32010 as a <a href="/facts/Second_source/Ma2HVMbm">second source</a>. </p> <p>Around 1991, a CMOS-version of the TMS32020 was manufactured by <a href="/facts/ZMDI/4TG5xvCT">ZMD</a> under the designation U320C20FC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <p>A number of devices from the TMS320 series are in production at NIIET <a href="/facts/Voronezh/QUmUlPSI">Voronezh</a> as the 1867 series,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> including a <a href="/facts/Radiation_hardening/nB4Wbctl">radiation-hardened</a> version of the TMS320C25 under the <a href="/facts/Soviet_integrated_circuit_designation/7NebIWJb">designation</a> 1867VM7T (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: <i>1867ВМ7Т</i>). Clones of the TMS320C546 went into production at PKK Milandr Moscow in 2009 under the designation 1967VC1T (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: <i>1967ВЦ1Т</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and in 2016 at MVC <a href="/facts/Nizhny_Novgorod/4bE65cYq">Nizhny Novgorod</a> as 1910VM1T (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: <i>1910ВМ1Т</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> PKK Milandr also manufactures a TMS320C54x with an additional ARM core as the 1901VC1T (<a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: <i>1901ВЦ1Т</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="software-support">Software support</h2> <p>The TMS320 series can be programmed using <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, and/or <a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">assembly language</a>. Most work on the TMS320 processors is done using Texas Instruments proprietary <a href="/facts/Toolchain/SmlWCJhY">toolchain</a> and their <a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">integrated development environment</a> <a href="/facts/Code_Composer_Studio/dbj3wxu6">Code Composer Studio</a>, which includes a mini <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating system</a> called <a href="/facts/DSP/BIOS/mbRrupbx">DSP/BIOS</a>. Additionally, a department at the <a href="/facts/Chemnitz_University_of_Technology/3HEcEBT2">Chemnitz University of Technology</a> has developed preliminary support for the TMS320C6x series in the <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GNU Compiler Collection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2007, TI released part of its toolchain as <a href="/facts/Freeware/c8oGA9ju">freeware</a> for non-commercial users, offering the bare compiler, assembler, optimizer and linker under a proprietary license.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> However, neither the IDE nor a debugger were included, so for debugging and JTAG access to the DSPs, users still need to purchase the complete toolchain. </p><p>In 2010, Texas Instruments contracted <a href="/facts/CodeSourcery/EAs59CSJ">CodeSourcery</a> (the assignment later transferred to <a href="/facts/Mentor_Graphics/EAs59CSJ">Mentor Graphics</a> as part of their acquisition) to provide deep integration and support for the C6x series in GCC, as part of their effort to port the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> to C6x. This culminated in C6x being a supported architecture in GCC release 4.7 on March 22, 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/XDAIS_algorithms/IgzLGqFP">XDAIS algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ceva_(semiconductor_company)/UNWbY3jF">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qualcomm_Hexagon/o2TV91up">Qualcomm Hexagon</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050927044028/http://dspvillage.ti.com/docs/allproducttree.jhtml?DCMP=TIHomeTracking&HQS=Other+OT+home_p_dspprodtree">DSP product tree</a> at Texas Instruments</li> <li><a href="http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/82dspnews.shtml">Texas Instruments enters the DSP market</a> historical article from TI</li> <li><a href="http://focus.ti.com/mcu/docs/mcuprodtoolsw.tsp?sectionId=95&tabId=1222&familyId=916&toolTypeId=1#devtools">C2000 low cost experimenter kits</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.dsprelated.com/groups/c6x/1.php">c6000 Discussion Forum</a> at DSPRelated.com</li> <li><a href="http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150924184453/http://linux%2Dc6x.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">Linux-C6x</a> a top page for the recent (as of 2012) GCC and Linux ports to C6x</li> <li><a href="http://www.tihaa.org/historian/TMS32010-12.pdf">[2]</a> memoir by T.I. manager on creation of TMS32010 Digital Signal Processor</li> <li>see <a href="http://www.quartersectionpress.com/Waves%20of%20Silence.html">Waves of Silence: Digisonix, active noise control, and the digital revolution</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075432/http://www.quartersectionpress.com/Waves%20of%20Silence.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> for the description of an early commercial application of the TMS32010 for active noise control</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The TMS320C30 Floating-Point Digital Signal Processor" (PDF). ti.com. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-11-04. <a href="https://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra397/spra397.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra397/spra397.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"TMS320C25". Texas Instruments. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <a href="http://www.ti.com/product/TMS320C25" target="_blank">http://www.ti.com/product/TMS320C25</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"TMS320 SECOND GENERATION DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320c25.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320c25.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"TMS320C40". Texas Instruments. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <a href="http://www.ti.com/product/TMS320C40" target="_blank">http://www.ti.com/product/TMS320C40</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"TMS320C4x User's Guide" (PDF). p. 171(7-9). Retrieved 2023-12-23. <a href="https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/spru063c/spru063c.pdf#page=171" target="_blank">https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/spru063c/spru063c.pdf#page=171</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Guttag, Karl; (USA), Texas Instruments Inc. (June 7, 1996). Picone, Joseph (ed.). "TMS320C8x family architecture and future roadmap". Digital Signal Processing Technology. 2750: 2–11. Bibcode:1996SPIE.2750....2G. doi:10.1117/12.241977. S2CID 60536785. Retrieved January 7, 2017. (subscription required) <a href="http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1018758" target="_blank">http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1018758</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set - Volume 1: CPU and Peripherals" (PDF). www.ti.com. Retrieved 2024-08-06. <a href="http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/spru131g/spru131g.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/spru131g/spru131g.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>this "LinuxDevices article". Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. includes more information about this platform <a href="https://archive.today/20130128094646/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/TI-adds-ARM9-Linux-to-sound-chip/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130128094646/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/TI-adds-ARM9-Linux-to-sound-chip/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>this "IC Database". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. Retrieved 2009-09-22. site includes more information <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228101515/http://members.cox.net/alexhardware/IC_database1.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091228101515/http://members.cox.net/alexhardware/IC_database1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Heuer, Gert (1991). Digitaler Signalprozessor U320C20 [Digital signal processor U320C20] (in German). Berlin: Verlag Technik. ISBN 978-3341009987. <a href="978-3341009987" target="_blank">978-3341009987</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"DSP-процессоры" [DSP processors]. niiet.ru (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "NIIET". Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626081353/http://niiet.ru/goods/chips/cos" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180626081353/http://niiet.ru/goods/chips/cos</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"1967ВЦ1Т (аналог TMS320C546)" [1967VC1T (corresponding to TMS320C546)] (in Russian). Moscow: PKK Milandr. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2017. <a href="http://forum.milandr.ru/viewtopic.php?t=61" target="_blank">http://forum.milandr.ru/viewtopic.php?t=61</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Микропроцессоры и микроконтроллеры" [Microprocessors and microcontrollers] (in Russian). Nizhny Novgorod: MVC. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071936/http://mvc-nn.ru/%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f/%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%86%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%81%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b8-%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%bb%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%8b/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071936/http://mvc-nn.ru/%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%83%d0%ba%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f/%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%86%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%81%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b8-%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%ba%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%bb%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%8b/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Двухъядерный микроконтроллер компании "Миландр" для высоконадёжных применений" [Dual-core microcontroller from Company "Milandr" for high-reliability applications] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: PKK Milandr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427150319/http://www.milandr.ru/uploads/doc_img/other/publications/2011.07_(N_07)_Dvuhyadernuy%20mikrokontroller%20kompanii%20Milandr_EK.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160427150319/http://www.milandr.ru/uploads/doc_img/other/publications/2011.07_(N_07)_Dvuhyadernuy%20mikrokontroller%20kompanii%20Milandr_EK.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jan Parthey and Robert Baumgartl, Porting GCC to the TMS320-C6000 DSP Architecture, Appeared in the Proceedings of GSPx’04, Santa Clara, September 2004, [1] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610084245/http://rtg.informatik.tu-chemnitz.de/docs/pubs/gspx04.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070610084245/http://rtg.informatik.tu-chemnitz.de/docs/pubs/gspx04.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"TI frees its DSP toolchain". Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. <a href="https://archive.today/20130127211547/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/TI-frees-its-DSP-toolchain-for-open-source-apps/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130127211547/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/TI-frees-its-DSP-toolchain-for-open-source-apps/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Free DSP Compiler Available Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today <a href="http://open.neurostechnology.com/node/1020" target="_blank">http://open.neurostechnology.com/node/1020</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>GCC 4.7 Release Series – Changes, New Features, and Fixes <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.7/changes.html" target="_blank">https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.7/changes.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>