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DualDisc
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<h2 id="technical-details">Technical details</h2> <p>DualDiscs were based on double-sided DVD technology such as <a href="/facts/DVD-10/7fJsHJrN">DVD-10</a>, <a href="/facts/DVD-14/7fJsHJrN">DVD-14</a> and <a href="/facts/DVD-18/7fJsHJrN">DVD-18</a> except that DualDisc technology replaced one of the DVD sides with a CD. The discs were made by fusing together a standard 0.6 mm-thick DVD layer (4.7-<a href="/facts/Gigabyte/s2hb2SEg">gigabyte</a> storage capacity) to a 0.9 mm-thick CD layer (60-minute or 525-<a href="/facts/Megabyte/RBF4XpWb">megabyte</a> storage capacity), resulting in a 1.5 mm-thick double-sided hybrid disc which contained CD content on one side and DVD content on the other. </p><p>The challenge for the designers of DualDisc was to produce a dual-sided disc which was not too thick to play reliably in <a href="/facts/Slot-loading/hp7dWc7l">slot-loading</a> drives, while the CD side was not too thin to be tracked easily by the laser. DVDplus, though conceptually similar, used a thicker CD layer and thus is more likely to get stuck in a slot-loading player (although this appears to be almost unknown); DualDisc took the other course by thinning the CD layer. </p><p>Because the 0.9 mm thickness of the DualDisc CD layer did not conform to <a href="/facts/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)/FDMqNLw5">Red Book CD specifications</a>, which called for a layer no less than 1.1 mm thick, some CD players could not play the CD side of a DualDisc due to a phenomenon called <a href="/facts/Spherical_aberration/x7V1JMQ9">spherical aberration</a>. As a result, the laser reading the CD side might get a "blurry" picture of the data on the disc — the equivalent of a human reading a book with glasses of the wrong strength. Engineers tried to get around this by making the pits in the CD layer larger than on a conventional CD. This makes the CD side easier for the laser to read — equivalent to a book using bigger print to make it easier to see, even if the person's glasses are of the wrong strength. The downside to this, however, is that the playing time for the CD layer of some early DualDiscs decreased from the standard 74 minutes of a conventional CD to around 60 minutes, although this early limitation was later overcome. </p><p>Because the DualDisc CD layer did not conform to Red Book specifications, <a href="/facts/Philips/Xp4uczGg">Philips</a> and <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> refused to allow DualDisc titles to carry the CD logo and most DualDiscs contain one of two warnings: </p> <ul><li>"This disc is intended to play on standard <a href="/facts/DVD/7fJsHJrN">DVD</a> and <a href="/facts/CD/0IntaWNj">CD</a> players.<i>May not play on certain car, slot-loading players and mega-disc changers."</i></li> <li>"The audio side of this disc does not conform to CD specifications and therefore not all DVD and CD players will play the audio side of this disc."</li></ul> <p>The DVD side of a DualDisc completely conformed to the specifications set forth by the <a href="/facts/DVD_Forum/kvc4GaQ6">DVD Forum</a> and DualDiscs have been cleared to use the DVD logo. </p> <h2 id="hopes-for-dualdisc">Hopes for DualDisc</h2> <p>Record companies had two main hopes for DualDiscs; the first being that they would eventually replace CDs as the preferred media for purchase at music retailers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and the second that the inclusion of bonus DVD content at a price similar to a conventional CD would help to slow down online music <a href="/facts/Copyright_infringement/33JDsS5S">piracy</a> by giving consumers more incentive to buy their music through retailers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Some titles such as <i><a href="/facts/Devils_%26_Dust/hx0Cnky4">Devils & Dust</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Bruce_Springsteen/PEQnPnm8">Bruce Springsteen</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Straight_Outta_Lynwood/lFoFzjQp">Straight Outta Lynwood</a></i> by <a href="/facts/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic/Gt08t8m1">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a> have been released in the United States exclusively as DualDiscs. </p> <h3>Costs versus conventional CDs</h3> <p>In the United States, the cost of a DualDisc at retail versus that of a conventional CD varied depending on the title but, on average, a DualDisc cost about $1.50 to $2.50 <a href="/facts/United_States_dollar/naEEDUhC">USD</a> more than the same title on CD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Some DualDisc titles such as <i><a href="/facts/Mr._A-Z/7X47IPvk">Mr. A-Z</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Jason_Mraz/3yA8hT5L">Jason Mraz</a> and <i><a href="/facts/In_Your_Honor/gFDGdjYG">In Your Honor</a></i> by the <a href="/facts/Foo_Fighters/lf3nHbPb">Foo Fighters</a> had enhanced packaging which increased the retail cost of the DualDisc version of the albums over their CD counterparts more than the average. There were also other factors which go into the additional costs such as production, marketing etc. </p> <h2 id="common-dvd-content">Common DVD content</h2> <p>What one finds on the DVD side of a DualDisc title will vary. Common content includes: </p> <ul><li>The entire reprinted album (and possibly bonus material) in higher-quality <a href="/facts/Stereophonic/z0vmJcGT">stereophonic</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Surround_sound/9FXUKVvs">surround sound</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Documentary_film/T0FBJpMR">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_video/FccodeNC">Music videos</a></li> <li>The artist's <a href="/facts/Discography/JXjmKj26">discography</a></li> <li>A link to the artist's <a href="/facts/Website/SAsjJnca">website</a></li> <li>There are sometimes film-and-soundtrack DualDiscs.</li></ul> <h3>Audio types</h3> <p>The CD side of a DualDisc contained standard 16-bit <a href="/facts/LPCM/5gdfjtH3">LPCM</a> audio sampled at 44.1 kHz. On the DVD side, most record companies (with the notable exception of <a href="/facts/Sony_Music/G2expBwI">Sony Music</a>: see below) provided the album's music in both high-resolution, 24-bit <a href="/facts/DVD-Audio/X5I65Vxd">DVD-Audio</a> (typically at a sample rate of 96 or 192 kHz for stereo and 48 or 96 kHz for surround sound) and lower-resolution, 16-bit <a href="/facts/Dolby_Digital/58JfURnU">Dolby Digital</a> sound (typically sampled at 48 kHz). This was done to allow consumers with DVD-Audio players access to very high-resolution stereophonic and/or surround sound versions of the album, while also providing the lower-resolution Dolby Digital stereophonic and/or surround sound which is compatible with any DVD player. </p> <h4>Sony</h4> <p>Because Sony had an existing high-resolution audio format, <a href="/facts/Super_Audio_CD/f4a7Gu0V">SACD</a>, in the marketplace which directly competes with DVD-Audio (see next section), <a href="/facts/Sony_Music/G2expBwI">Sony Music</a>, as a general rule, only provided 16-bit, 48 kHz sampled LPCM stereophonic (and sometimes <a href="/facts/Dolby_Digital/58JfURnU">Dolby Digital Surround</a>) sound on the DVD side of their DualDiscs. The sound was compatible with any DVD player; however, it does not provide the higher fidelity and resolution of 24-bit, high sample-rate <a href="/facts/DVD-Audio/X5I65Vxd">DVD-Audio</a>. </p><p>In addition, several <a href="/facts/SonyBMG/ppgz8esd">SonyBMG</a> titles whose regular editions include copy protection programs (such as <a href="/facts/Extended_Copy_Protection/YnMadVcs">XCP</a> and <a href="/facts/SunnComm/r5vDbeK5">SunnComm</a>) did not feature the software on the DualDisc versions. </p> <h2 id="competition">Competition</h2> <p>The biggest competition to DualDisc was the hybrid <a href="/facts/Super_Audio_CD/f4a7Gu0V">Super Audio CD</a> (SACD), which was developed by <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> and <a href="/facts/Philips/Xp4uczGg">Philips Electronics</a>, the same companies that created the standard CD. DualDiscs and hybrid SACDs were competing solutions to the problem of providing higher-resolution audio on a disc that can still be played on conventional CD players. </p><p>DualDiscs took the approach of using a double-sided disc to provide the necessary backwards compatibility; hybrid SACDs are a one-sided solution that instead use two layers: a conventional CD layer and a high-resolution layer. </p><p>Hybrid SACDs claim a higher compatibility rate with conventional CD players than DualDisc, because hybrid SACDs conform to Red Book standards. However, a SACD or SACD-capable DVD player is required to take advantage of the enhanced SACD layer. With a DualDisc, consumers could use their existing DVD player to hear surround mixes. (DVD-Audio capable players are required for higher-resolution audio, if present.) In 2005, it was estimated that 75% of households in the United States have at least one DVD player.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2> <h3>Manufacturer warnings</h3> <p>A number of electronics companies such as <a href="/facts/Lexicon_(company)/kIHCaF2v">Lexicon</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Marantz/duhp5XKC">Marantz</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mark_Levinson_Audio_Systems/8xII0Wpp">Mark Levinson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Onkyo/yKu9vm8D">Onkyo</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Panasonic/TqkBQmgj">Panasonic</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pioneer_Corporation/wf4lT8IS">Pioneer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> (both its <a href="/facts/Sony_Computer_Entertainment/tnH01NqQ">Computer Entertainment</a> and Electronics divisions)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> issued statements warning consumers about possible problems with playing DualDisc titles on their equipment. </p> <h3>Legal controversy</h3> <p>There was some controversy surrounding the DualDisc format, as <a href="/facts/Dieter_Dierks/SetsaRw6">Dieter Dierks</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/facts/DVDplus/SL1GkN3M">DVDplus</a> specification, claimed that DualDisc technology is in violation of his European patents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/DVDplus/SL1GkN3M">DVDplus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital/lasLl2dS">High Definition Compatible Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio/WM4YqaSu">High Fidelity Pure Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_DualDisc_releases/jqaAPD2U">List of DualDisc releases</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Super_Audio_CD/f4a7Gu0V">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Total_Hi_Def/wrAxVWzN">Total Hi Def</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Surroundablog</i>, August 26, 2004</li> <li><i>The Online Reporter</i>, Issue 446, May 28-June 3, 2005</li> <li><i>Billboard</i>, 2005-05-19</li> <li><i>International Herald Tribune</i>, 2005-03-21</li> <li><i>USA Today</i>, 2005-04-25</li> <li><i>Columbia ISA DualDisc Guide</i></li> <li><i>High Fidelity Review</i>, 2004-11-02</li> <li><i>RedBook CD Audio specifications</i>, November 1991 (pp. 3)</li> <li><i>European Patent Office</i></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050507125910/http://www.dualdisc.com/">Official Website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111040411/http://www.dualdisclicensing.com/">DualDisc licensing</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614024555/http://gizmodo.com/16158/dvd-forum-approves-dualdisc?tag=archives">"DVD Forum Approves DualDisc"</a>. Gizmodo. 14 June 2004. Archived from <a href="https://www.gizmodo.com/archives/dvd-forum-approves-dualdisc-016158.php">the original</a> on 2012-06-14.</li> <li>Levine, Robert (March 21, 2005). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/21/business/media/21dual.html?ex=1401595200&en=935183cee9a4bd49&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND">"The Music Goes on Side A and the Flip Side Is a DVD"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved 2013-12-07.</li> <li><a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/08/09/dualdisc_rollout_threat/">"DualDisc rollout challenged by Euro patent holder"</a>. Retrieved 2013-12-07.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Alex Vegia, Music industry banks on DualDisc, Associated Press, August 26, 2004. <a href="http://surroundablog.blogs.com/surroundablog/2004/08/music_industry_.html" target="_blank">http://surroundablog.blogs.com/surroundablog/2004/08/music_industry_.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>DualDisc Guide Archived April 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 13, 2005 <a href="http://columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dualdisc_guide.htm" target="_blank">http://columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dualdisc_guide.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>DualDiscs Getting Popular, The Online Reporter Issue 446, May 28, 2005 <a href="http://www.onlinereporter.com/TORbackissues/TOR446.htm#DualDiscs%20Getting%20Popular" target="_blank">http://www.onlinereporter.com/TORbackissues/TOR446.htm#DualDiscs%20Getting%20Popular</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>DualDisc Artists Holding Top Spots, billboardpostplay.com, May 19, 2005 <a href="http://billboard.blogs.com/billboardpostplay/2005/05/dualdisc_artist.html" target="_blank">http://billboard.blogs.com/billboardpostplay/2005/05/dualdisc_artist.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Joshua O'Connell, New DualDisc Format Ups the Ante Against Music Piracy Archived April 14, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, The Fairfield Mirror, March 17, 2005 <a href="http://www.fairfieldmirror.com/news/2005/03/17/Entertainment/New-Dualdisc.Format.Ups.The.Ante.Against.Music.Piracy-896559.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.fairfieldmirror.com/news/2005/03/17/Entertainment/New-Dualdisc.Format.Ups.The.Ante.Against.Music.Piracy-896559.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Anthony Breznican, DualDisc breaks sound barrier, USA Today, April 25, 2005 <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-04-25-springsteen-dualdisc_x.htm" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-04-25-springsteen-dualdisc_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>DualDisc: CD and DVD on One Disc Archived April 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 13, 2005 <a href="http://columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dualdisc_guide.htm" target="_blank">http://columbiaisa.freespaces.com/dualdisc_guide.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>75% of US households have a DVD player Archived January 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, ZDNet Research, April 6, 2005 <a href="http://blogs.zdnet.com/ITFacts/?p=905" target="_blank">http://blogs.zdnet.com/ITFacts/?p=905</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Statement Regarding the "DualDisc" Format Archived February 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Lexicon, December 23, 2004 <a href="http://www.lexicon.com/news/productnews.asp?newsID=72" target="_blank">http://www.lexicon.com/news/productnews.asp?newsID=72</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Important Notice About Dual Disc Archived September 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Marantz, April 5, 2005 <a href="http://www.marantz.com/new/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.LatestNews&cont=eu&bus=hf" target="_blank">http://www.marantz.com/new/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.LatestNews&cont=eu&bus=hf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Statement Regarding the "DualDisc" Format Archived March 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Mark Levinson Madrigal Audo Laboratories, December 23, 2004 <a href="http://www.marklevinson.com/press/details.asp?cat=&prod=&press=24" target="_blank">http://www.marklevinson.com/press/details.asp?cat=&prod=&press=24</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Onkyo "DualDisc" Question Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Onkyo, accessed August 13, 2005 <a href="http://www.us.onkyo.com/faqs_detail.cfm?detail=1&id=140" target="_blank">http://www.us.onkyo.com/faqs_detail.cfm?detail=1&id=140</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>DualDisk Archived 2007-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, Panasonic, accessed August 13, 2005 <a href="http://www.panasonic.com/consumer_electronics/promos_ecommerce/DualDisc.html" target="_blank">http://www.panasonic.com/consumer_electronics/promos_ecommerce/DualDisc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Important Notice About "DualDisc" To Prevent Product Damage Archived November 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Pioneer Electronics, accessed August 13, 2005 <a href="http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/PUSA/Support/Important+Notice+About+%22DualDisc%22+To+Prevent+Product+Damage" target="_blank">http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/PUSA/Support/Important+Notice+About+%22DualDisc%22+To+Prevent+Product+Damage</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Consumer Alerts - DualDisc, Sony Computer Entertainment America, March 31, 2005 <a href="http://www.us.playstation.com/News/ConsumerAlerts/DualDisc.html" target="_blank">http://www.us.playstation.com/News/ConsumerAlerts/DualDisc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Brian Moura, Sony Electronics Issues Warning About Dual Disc Compatibility With Sony Disc Players, High Fidelity Review, November 4, 2004 <a href="http://highfidelityreview.com/news/news.asp?newsnumber=15319712" target="_blank">http://highfidelityreview.com/news/news.asp?newsnumber=15319712</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Stuart M. Robinson, DualDisc The Hybrid CD/DVD Disc - The DVD Plus Saga... (Part Two) Archived October 29, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, High Fidelity Review, November 2, 2004 <a href="http://www.highfidelityreviews.com/features/dualdisc2.asp" target="_blank">http://www.highfidelityreviews.com/features/dualdisc2.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Dieter Dierks patent search from the European Patent Organisation <a href="http://v3.espacenet.com/results?sf=a&FIRST=1&CY=gb&LG=en&DB=EPODOC&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=Dieter+Dierks" target="_blank">http://v3.espacenet.com/results?sf=a&FIRST=1&CY=gb&LG=en&DB=EPODOC&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=Dieter+Dierks</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>