John Charles Cutler

<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2>
Cutler was born on June 29, 1915, in <a href="/facts/Cleveland/rQb7qveu">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, to Grace Amanda Allen and Glenn Allen Cutler.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
He graduated from <a href="/facts/Western_Reserve_University/S0xlUbTM">Western Reserve University</a> Medical School in 1941, and joined the <a href="/facts/Public_Health_Service/utUnKRuS">Public Health Service</a> in 1942. In 1943 he worked as a medical officer in the <a href="/facts/U.S._Public_Health_Venereal_Disease_Research_Laboratory/QwNc4Abv">U.S. Public Health Venereal Disease Research Laboratory</a> on <a href="/facts/Staten_Island/28I6brk8">Staten Island</a>.

<h2 id="syphilis-experiments">Syphilis experiments</h2>
Cutler, together with <a href="/facts/John_Friend_Mahoney/CVRDR8h9">John Friend Mahoney</a>, oversaw the <a href="/facts/Terre_Haute_prison_experiments/8QYWH1pC">Terre Haute prison experiments</a> in 1943 and 1944, in which inmates at a federal penitentiary agreed to be injected with strains of <a href="/facts/Gonorrhea/xulQCkLF">gonorrhea</a> in return for $100, a certificate of merit, and a letter of commendation to the parole board. The experiments were discontinued when Cutler's supervisor determined that the method of inducing gonorrhea in humans was unreliable and could not provide meaningful tests of prophylactic agents.
Cutler, supervised by Mahoney, then resumed these experiments, conducted by the United States Public Health Service with funding from the United States <a href="/facts/National_Institutes_of_Health/G3Eytfcc">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH), as part of the <a href="/facts/Syphilis_experiments_in_Guatemala/C2IF4M9f">syphilis experiments in Guatemala</a> beginning in 1946, during which doctors deliberately infected an estimated 1500 to 5000 Guatemalans with syphilis without the informed consent of the subjects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> Unwitting subjects of the experiments included orphans as young as nine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> as well as soldiers, prisoners and mental patients.
In one especially "offensive" case from the Guatemala experiments, a mental patient named Bertha was first deliberately infected with syphilis and given penicillin only months later. Cutler, after observing that she "appeared she was going to die", inserted pus from a male gonorrhea victim into her eyes, urethra and rectum. Four days later, infected in both eyes and bleeding from the urethra, she died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> 
In another case, several epileptic women in Guatemala were injected with syphilis below the base of their skull. One was left paralyzed for two months by meningitis. Cutler said he was testing a theory that the injections could cure epilepsy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
Approximately half of those infected as part of the study were treated for the diseases they contracted. A total of 83 subjects died, though the exact relationship to the experiment remains undocumented. This study not only violated the <a href="/facts/Hippocratic_Oath/o11LUzfI">Hippocratic Oath</a> but it echoed <a href="/facts/Nazi/JjsMI4lE">Nazi</a> crimes exposed around the same time at the <a href="/facts/Nuremberg_trials/Xk8q1YzG">Nuremberg trials</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In December of 1954, Cutler was in charge of experiments at <a href="/facts/Sing_Sing/yVH863BY">Sing Sing</a> Penitentiary in Ossing, New York to determine whether a <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a> made from the killed syphilis <a href="/facts/Bacterium/wC8xSCsU">bacterium</a> would protect prisoners against infection when he later exposed them to the bacterium. The physicians conducted experiments over the course of 15 months including 62 volunteer prisoners at the Sing Sing Penitentiary. Those infected were later treated with <a href="/facts/Penicillin/Abo8VQ3p">penicillin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Cutler, who was acting chief, briefed the program to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Public_Health_Service/utUnKRuS">Federal Public Health Service</a> during the yearly <a href="https://www.aad.org/">American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology.</a>
Cutler became assistant <a href="/facts/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States/kgrG0URc">surgeon general</a> in 1958.
In the 1960s until November 1972, Cutler was involved in the ongoing <a href="/facts/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment/RtreVUKu">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a>, during which several hundred <a href="/facts/African-American/pTgcAdo8">African-American</a> men who had contracted syphilis were observed, but left untreated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In “The Deadly Deception”, the 1993 <a href="/facts/Nova_(American_TV_series)/yRj6GvQB">Nova</a> documentary about the Tuskegee experiments, Cutler states, “It was important that they were supposedly untreated, and it would be undesirable to go ahead and use large amounts of penicillin to treat the disease, because you’d interfere with the study.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
In 1967 Cutler was appointed Professor of International Health at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh/U3lxG2L1">University of Pittsburgh</a>, where he also served as chairman of the Department of Health Administration and acting dean of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pittsburgh_Graduate_School_of_Public_Health/Q3tGuPHz">Graduate School of Public Health</a> in 1968–1969.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> He died on February 8, 2003, at <a href="/facts/Western_Pennsylvania_Hospital/zaHlwnNS">Western Pennsylvania Hospital</a> in <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The university started a lecture series in his name after his death, but discontinued it in 2008 when his role in the Tuskegee experiment came to the attention of a new dean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_medical_ethics_cases/HWcBzyNH">List of medical ethics cases</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Susan_Mokotoff_Reverby/lVVo9LHa">Susan Mokotoff Reverby</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"John Charles Cutler. Pioneer in preventing sexual diseases". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 12, 2003. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp" target="_blank">http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Sing Sing Tests Held Raising Hopes for Finding Preventive". The New York Times. December 9, 1954. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/09/archives/syphilis-vaccine-gains-sing-sing-tests-held-raising-hopes-for.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/09/archives/syphilis-vaccine-gains-sing-sing-tests-held-raising-hopes-for.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">John Charles Cutler (1915–2003) in the Hubbard Family Tree, Ancestry.com <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" target="_blank">/wiki/Ancestry.com</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">McGreal, Chris (October 1, 2010). "US says sorry for 'outrageous and abhorrent' Guatemalan syphilis tests". The Guardian. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/us-apology-guatemala-syphilis-tests" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/us-apology-guatemala-syphilis-tests</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Wellesley professor unearths a horror: Syphilis experiments in Guatemala". Boston Globe. October 1, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/10/02/wellesley_professor_unearths_a_horror_syphilis_experiments_in_guatemala/" target="_blank">http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/10/02/wellesley_professor_unearths_a_horror_syphilis_experiments_in_guatemala/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Rory Carroll: Guatemala victims of US syphilis study still haunted by the “devil’s experiment”, The Guardian, 8 June 2011. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/08/guatemala-victims-us-syphilis-study" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/08/guatemala-victims-us-syphilis-study</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Jr, Donald G. McNeil (August 31, 2011). "Panel Hears Grim Details of Venereal Disease Tests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/world/americas/31syphilis.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/world/americas/31syphilis.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Jr, Donald G. McNeil (August 31, 2011). "Panel Hears Grim Details of Venereal Disease Tests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/world/americas/31syphilis.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/31/world/americas/31syphilis.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Rory Carroll: Guatemala victims of US syphilis study still haunted by the “devil’s experiment”, The Guardian, 8 June 2011. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/08/guatemala-victims-us-syphilis-study" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/08/guatemala-victims-us-syphilis-study</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Sing Sing Tests Held Raising Hopes for Finding Preventive". The New York Times. December 9, 1954. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/09/archives/syphilis-vaccine-gains-sing-sing-tests-held-raising-hopes-for.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/09/archives/syphilis-vaccine-gains-sing-sing-tests-held-raising-hopes-for.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Syphilis Preventive Seen by Scientists". Associated Press. December 8, 1954. Retrieved October 3, 2010. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VeohAAAAIBAJ&pg=7444,4397672&dq=john+cutler+syphilis&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VeohAAAAIBAJ&pg=7444,4397672&dq=john+cutler+syphilis&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">McGreal, Chris (October 1, 2010). "US says sorry for 'outrageous and abhorrent' Guatemalan syphilis tests". The Guardian. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/us-apology-guatemala-syphilis-tests" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/us-apology-guatemala-syphilis-tests</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Wellesley professor unearths a horror: Syphilis experiments in Guatemala". Boston Globe. October 1, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/10/02/wellesley_professor_unearths_a_horror_syphilis_experiments_in_guatemala/" target="_blank">http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/10/02/wellesley_professor_unearths_a_horror_syphilis_experiments_in_guatemala/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">George Strait, ABC News Medical Correspondent, host (January 26, 1993). "The Deadly Deception". Nova. PBS. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/listseason/20.html" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/listseason/20.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Amy Goodman, host; Susan Reverby, guest (October 5, 2010). "The Dark History of Medical Experimentation from the Nazis to Tuskegee to Puerto Rico". Democracy Now!. Pacifica Radio. <a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/10/5/the_dark_history_of_medical_experimentation" target="_blank">http://www.democracynow.org/2010/10/5/the_dark_history_of_medical_experimentation</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"John Charles Cutler. Pioneer in preventing sexual diseases". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 12, 2003. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp" target="_blank">http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"John Charles Cutler. Pioneer in preventing sexual diseases". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 12, 2003. Retrieved October 2, 2010. <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp" target="_blank">http://www.post-gazette.com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Torsten Ove: "Presidential panel excoriates former Pitt dean", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 August 2011 <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11241/1170730-100.stm" target="_blank">http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11241/1170730-100.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

John Charles Cutler open-in-new

John Charles Cutler