Kinji Imanishi

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
<h3>Early life and education</h3>
Kinji Imanishi was born and raised in <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Prefecture/v9q4S8Sk">Kyoto</a>. He studied at the <a href="/facts/Higher_school_(Japan)/TBybrXyd">Third High School</a> from 1920 to 1925. He joined the <a href="/facts/Mountaineering/K18NzclN">mountaineering</a> club for students and made friends with Takeo Kuwabara, <a href="/facts/Eizaburo_Nishibori/p7qcSIAS">Eizaburo Nishibori</a>, etc. He entered <a href="/facts/Kyoto_University/fxhusvuc">Kyoto Imperial University</a> in April 1925. He belonged to the School of Agriculture and measured <a href="/facts/Biology/1M1ee3pB">biology</a>. After getting the BA degree, he entered graduate school at the same university.

<h3>As a biologist (before the Pacific War)</h3>
Imanishi became the special lecturer of his alma mater in March 1933.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Imanishi and Kani Tokichi (可児 藤吉)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> were interested in the ecological difference between insects that depend on the parts of a river. They built a theory of <a href="/facts/Ecological_niche/YnhNkL2e">ecological niche</a>. In 1928, Imanishi received his <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_Science/RCVkMNBH">Doctor of Science</a>. The title of his doctoral dissertation was "<a href="/facts/Mayfly/g2eXU34K">Mayflies</a> in Japanese Mountain Streams" (日本渓流産蜉蝣目).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> 
He joined as a member of the <a href="/facts/Inner_Mongolia/6nlXuwM9">Mongolian</a> expedition of Kyoto Imperial University in the same year, where he demonstrated the skill of mountaineering and survival from his high school days.
Imanishi was appointed researcher at the Institute for Life Sciences of Asia, under the jurisdiction of <a href="/facts/East_Asia_Development_Board/NsEXd56k">East Asia Development Board</a>, in 1929. As a researcher, he traveled in <a href="/facts/Pohnpei/LjxE11wp">Pohnpei</a> ilands for research. Next, he went on an expedition to the northern area of <a href="/facts/Greater_Khingan/QTHwYc57">Greater Khingan</a> in May 1941 (until July 1941). When the Northwest Research Institute<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> was established in Spring 1944, he assumed the role of president.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h3>After the war</h3>
Imanishi went back to being a lecturer at <a href="/facts/Kyoto_University/fxhusvuc">Kyoto University</a>, School of Agriculture. He belonged to <a href="/facts/The_Kyoto_University_Research_Centre_for_the_Cultural_Sciences/rCmGM3Gx">the Kyoto University Research Centre for the Cultural Sciences</a> from August 1950. He led the <a href="/facts/Manaslu/zHyeeYrq">Manaslu</a> expedition in 1952. Next, he led the Scientific expedition of <a href="/facts/Karakorum/VEP0JBIq">Karakorum</a>-<a href="/facts/Hindu_Kush/Xj1U6Rsj">Hindu Kush</a> from 1955.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
In 1956, he built the Japan Monkey Centre at <a href="/facts/Inuyama,_Aichi/rw9dj2VD">Inuyama</a>, which is a <a href="/facts/Zoo/FsM5YT6a">zoological garden</a> of <a href="/facts/Primates/Hl8RNE2X">primates</a> (The <a href="/facts/Primate_Research_Institute/GhuWrvIx">Primate Research Institute</a> of Kyoto University is on the southern side.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>) He was promoted to professor of <a href="/facts/The_Kyoto_University_Research_Centre_for_the_Cultural_Sciences/rCmGM3Gx">the Kyoto University Research Centre for the Cultural Sciences</a> in 1959. He was the chief of the Research team of <a href="/facts/Hominidae/ILn1SYKB">Hominidae</a> in three expeditions: 1961, 1963, and 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> He retired to Kyoto University in 1965.
After the retirement of Kyoto University, he was a professor at <a href="/facts/Okayama_University/NoGeKWr1">Okayama University</a> (May 1965-May 1966). From June 1966, he served the fourth <a href="/facts/Principal_(academia)/w62Kn5HW">principal</a> of <a href="/facts/Gifu_University/pBdj4F8F">Gifu University</a> (until June 1973). Kinji's long-cherished desire attained in 1967, <a href="/facts/Primate_Research_Institute/GhuWrvIx">Primate Research Institute</a> was founded in 1967.
He loved mountain climbing all his life<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and was the chairman of <a href="/facts/Japanese_Alpine_Club/7q6gsBSY">Japanese Alpine Club</a> from 1973 to 1976.

<h2 id="contribution-of-research">Contribution of research</h2>
Imanishi and his students did foundational research on the behavior and social life of semi-wild horses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> and, later, <a href="/facts/Macaques/r2tPXVFu">macaques</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> identifying individuals and making detailed observations on them over generations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> He was a pioneer in advocating for the study of animals in their natural environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> His work led to important insights into <a href="/facts/Animal_culture/XhxLB2Bp">animal culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Imanishi introduced the Japanese term kaluchua,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> which was later translated by <a href="/facts/Masao_Kawai/GNb3Gpx7">Masao Kawai</a> and others to refer to socially learned behaviors as "pre-culture".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Imanishi opposed the laboratory study of animals, which he saw as a Western method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> He emphasized the dynamics of animal societies and considered Western lab studies "static."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
In 1957, Imanishi founded the journal <a href="/facts/Primates_(journal)/j5rB9rhv">Primates</a>, the oldest and longest-running international primatology journal in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>: 313 
Imanishi's concept of species society is central to his views of the interconnectedness of things in nature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The world of species has been viewed as a social phenomenon, in which various individuals are continually contributing to the maintenance and perpetuation of the species society to which they belong.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="honours">Honours</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Asahi_Prize/f4gmU8pt">Asahi Prize</a> (1968)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Person_of_Cultural_Merit/wBuaa4C8">Person of Cultural Merit</a> (3 November 1972)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Order_of_Culture/psWv0fDl">Order of Culture</a> (3 November 1979)</li>
<li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure/wsoaggSm">Order of the Sacred Treasure</a>
<ul><li>(Second Class: 29 April 1972)</li>
<li>(15 June 1992; posthumous)</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="publications">Publications</h2>
His works were compiled as "complete works of Kinji Imanishi" 今西錦司全集(thirteen-volumes).

<h3>Books (Japanese)</h3>
<ul><li>"The World of Living Things" 生物の世界 (Koubundō弘文堂, 1941)</li>
<li>"Building of the human societies" 人間社会の形成" (<a href="/facts/NHK/3tUvzAQV">NHK</a> Publishing, Inc., 1966)</li>
<li>"My contemplation to <a href="/facts/History_of_evolutionary_thought/Ah1RKqf0">theory of evolution</a>" 私の進化論 (NHK Publishing, Inc., 1970)</li>
<li>"Subjective <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolution</a>" 主体性の進化論 (<a href="/facts/Chuokoron-Shinsha/nLIEIfe8">Chuokoron-Shinsha</a>, 1980)</li></ul>
<h3>Translated book</h3>
<ul><li>The World of Living Things (<a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>, 2002) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7007-1632-7</li>
<li>Comment la nature fait science: Entretiens, souvenirs et intuitions (2023), in French. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-381140-353.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></li></ul>
<h3>Interview</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/NHK/3tUvzAQV">NHK</a> archives: Imanishi Kinji(1902-1992) <a href="https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/articles/?id=D0009250007_00000">Live as pioneer</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="reference-about-kinji-imanishi">Reference about Kinji Imanishi</h2>
<ul><li>"Kinji Imanishi and 60 years of Japanese primatology" Current Biology Vol. 18 (14). Tetsuro Matsuzawa, William C. McGrew, 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; Yamagiwa, Juichi (2018). "Primatology: the beginning". Primates. 59 (4): 313–326. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0672-9. PMID 29982936. S2CID 254157644. <a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa" target="_blank">/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">He was promoted to formal lecturer in May 1936. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Under the Pacific War, he went to the front as a soldier and died in Mount Tapochau by the Battle of Saipan in 1944. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" target="_blank">/wiki/Pacific_War</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">CiNii(dissertation) <a href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/500000311738https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/500000311738" target="_blank">https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/500000311738https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/500000311738</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">This institute was within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Greater East Asia. The member was Akira Fujieda (Dunhuangologie), Tadao Umesao (anthropology), etc. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" target="_blank">/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Saito Kiyoaki, 2013, About Field Science: Make the Northwest Research Institute the Origin.Himalayan study monographs14:130-139. <a href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/186147" target="_blank">https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/186147</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Archive of academic sources, Kyoto university. <a href="https://www.rra.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/archives/179/" target="_blank">https://www.rra.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/archives/179/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">After 2022, it was the Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Archive of the research team (National Museum of Ethnology) <a href="https://htq.minpaku.ac.jp/pkuse/menu_3.html" target="_blank">https://htq.minpaku.ac.jp/pkuse/menu_3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Youtube (Mountain claiming of Kinji Imanishi) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5TUC1kgwTc" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5TUC1kgwTc</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Imanishi, Kinji (1953). "Social life of semi-wild horses in Toimisaki. II: Horses in their winter-quarters". The Annual of Animal Psychology. 3: 11–31. doi:10.2502/janip1944.3.11. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2502%2Fjanip1944.3.11" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2502%2Fjanip1944.3.11</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Imanishi, Kinji (1957). "Identification: A process of enculturation in the subhuman society of Macaca fuscata". Primates. 1 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/bf01667196. S2CID 30040660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Imanishi, Kinji (1957). "Learned behavior of Japanese monkeys". Japanese Journal of Ethnology. 21 (3): 185–189. doi:10.14890/minkennewseries.21.3_185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Imanishi, Kinji (1957). "Social behavior in japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata". Psychologia. 1 (1): 47–54. doi:10.2117/psysoc.1957.47. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2117%2Fpsysoc.1957.47" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2117%2Fpsysoc.1957.47</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Imanishi, Kinji (1960). "Social organization of subhuman primates in their natural habitat". Current Anthropology. 1 (5–6): 393–407. doi:10.1086/200134. JSTOR 2739503. S2CID 144492691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Yamagiwa, Juichi (2014). "The Legacy of Kinji Imanishi" (PDF). Kyoto University Research Activities. 3 (4): 4–6. <a href="/wiki/Juichi_Yamagiwa" target="_blank">/wiki/Juichi_Yamagiwa</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Ueyama, Syunpei (1941) Epilogue. In K. Imanishi. Siebutsu no Sekai. Tokyo: Kobunsha, 173-191. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">de Waal, Frans B. M. (2003). "Silent invasion: Imanishi's primatology and cultural bias in science". Animal Cognition. 6 (4): 293–299. doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0197-4. PMID 14551801. S2CID 45665875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Nakamura, Michio; Nishida, Toshisada (2006). "Subtle behavioral variation in wild chimpanzees, with special reference to Imanishi's concept of kaluchua". Primates. 47 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1007/s10329-005-0142-z. hdl:2433/173372. PMID 16132167. S2CID 7924413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Pagnotta, Murillo (2014). "On the controversy over non-human culture: The reasons for disagreement and possible directions toward consensus". Behavioural Processes. 109: 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.04.008. ISSN 0376-6357. PMID 24780845. S2CID 29632261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Nakamichi, Masayuki (2021). "Professor Masao Kawai, a pioneer and leading scholar in primatology and writer of animal stories for children". Primates. 62 (5): 677–695. doi:10.1007/s10329-021-00938-2. PMID 34427809. S2CID 237280652. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-021-00938-2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-021-00938-2</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Crair, Ben; Pożoga, Maciek (January 2021). "What Japan's Wild Snow Monkeys Can Teach Us About Animal Culture". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-03-27. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/japan-wild-snow-monkeys-teach-scientits-how-animals-pass-skills-180976488/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/japan-wild-snow-monkeys-teach-scientits-how-animals-pass-skills-180976488/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Hirata, Satoshi; Watanabe, Kunio; Kawai, Masao (2009). ""Sweet potato washing" revisited". In Matsuzawa, Tetsuro (ed.). Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Tokyo: Springer. pp. 487–508. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-09423-4_24. ISBN 978-4-431-09423-4. <a href="978-4-431-09423-4" target="_blank">978-4-431-09423-4</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Asquith, P. (1981). Some aspects of anthropomorphism in the terminology and philosophy underlying Western and Japanese studies of the social behaviour of non-human primates (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford). <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Asquith, P. (1981). Some aspects of anthropomorphism in the terminology and philosophy underlying Western and Japanese studies of the social behaviour of non-human primates (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford). <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; Yamagiwa, Juichi (2018). "Primatology: the beginning". Primates. 59 (4): 313–326. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0672-9. PMID 29982936. S2CID 254157644. <a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa" target="_blank">/wiki/Tetsuro_Matsuzawa</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Asquith, Pamela J. (2019). "Imanishi, Kinji (1902–1992)". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology: 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosi018.pub2. ISBN 9781405124331. S2CID 243011576. <a href="9781405124331" target="_blank">9781405124331</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Asquith, Pamela J. (2019). "Imanishi, Kinji (1902–1992)". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology: 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosi018.pub2. ISBN 9781405124331. S2CID 243011576. <a href="9781405124331" target="_blank">9781405124331</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">topophile <a href="https://topophile.net/savoir/comment-la-nature-fait-science-de-kinji-imanishi/" target="_blank">https://topophile.net/savoir/comment-la-nature-fait-science-de-kinji-imanishi/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Matsuzawa, Tetsuro; McGrew, William C. (22 July 2008). "Kinji Imanishi and 60 years of Japanese primatology". Current Biology. 18 (14): R587 – R591. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.R587M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.040. PMID 18644329. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.05.040" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.05.040</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Kinji Imanishi open-in-new

Kinji Imanishi