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<h2 id="standard-dictionary-numbers">Standard dictionary numbers</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">x</th><th rowspan="2">Name(SS/LS, LS)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scales/qkxEuNw2">SS</a>(103x+3)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scales/qkxEuNw2">LS</a>(106x, 106x+3)</th><th colspan="9">Authorities</th></tr><tr><th>AHD4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></th><th>CED<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th><th>COD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></th><th>OED2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></th><th>OEDweb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></th><th>RHD2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></th><th>SOED3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></th><th>W3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th>HM<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Million/RMGVIm1j">Million</a></td><td>106</td><td>106</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Milliard/Ij1fl5Q7">Milliard</a></td><td></td><td>109</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Billion/d9KjEYSt">Billion</a></td><td>109</td><td>1012</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Trillion/jjFW4qGq">Trillion</a></td><td>1012</td><td>1018</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Quadrillion</td><td>1015</td><td>1024</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Quintillion</td><td>1018</td><td>1030</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Sextillion</td><td>1021</td><td>1036</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Septillion</td><td>1024</td><td>1042</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Octillion</td><td>1027</td><td>1048</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Nonillion</td><td>1030</td><td>1054</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Decillion</td><td>1033</td><td>1060</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Undecillion</td><td>1036</td><td>1066</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Duodecillion</td><td>1039</td><td>1072</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Tredecillion</td><td>1042</td><td>1078</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Quattuordecillion</td><td>1045</td><td>1084</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Quindecillion</td><td>1048</td><td>1090</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Sexdecillion</td><td>1051</td><td>1096</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Septendecillion</td><td>1054</td><td>10102</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Octodecillion</td><td>1057</td><td>10108</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Novemdecillion</td><td>1060</td><td>10114</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Vigintillion</td><td>1063</td><td>10120</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>Centillion</td><td>10303</td><td>10600</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td></td><td></td><td>✓</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usage: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scales/qkxEuNw2">Short scale</a>: <a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">US</a>, <a href="/facts/Canadian_English/H6Kz0B0T">English Canada</a>, modern <a href="/facts/British_English/ymJR5Rnd">British</a>, <a href="/facts/Australian_English/S1qgz29t">Australia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scales/qkxEuNw2">Long scale</a>: <a href="/facts/French_Canadians/CfYF8yXT">French Canada</a>, older <a href="/facts/British_English/ymJR5Rnd">British</a>, <a href="/facts/Western_Europe/YmWlV59w">Western</a> & <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central Europe</a></li></ul> <p>Apart from <i>million</i>, the words in this list ending with -<i>illion</i> are all derived by adding prefixes (<i>bi</i>-, <i>tri</i>-, etc., derived from Latin) to the stem -<i>illion</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <i>Centillion</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. <i>Trigintillion</i>, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (<i>unvigintillion</i>, <i>duovigintillion</i>, <i>duoquinquagintillion</i>, etc.). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th rowspan="2">Value</th><th colspan="9">Authorities</th></tr><tr><th>AHD4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></th><th>CED<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th>COD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th>OED2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th>OEDweb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></th><th>RHD2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th><th>SOED3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></th><th>W3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></th><th>HM<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Googol/FPxsLCU8">Googol</a></td><td>10100</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Googolplex/MoGnKqMH">Googolplex</a></td><td>10googol (1010100)</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All of the dictionaries included <i>googol</i> and <i>googolplex</i>, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew (see below). None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> comments that <i>googol</i> and <i>googolplex</i> are "not in formal mathematical use". </p> <h2 id="usage-of-names-of-large-numbers">Usage of names of large numbers</h2> <p>Some names of large numbers, such as <i>million</i>, <i>billion</i>, and <i>trillion</i>, have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts, particularly in finance and economics. At times, the names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of <a href="/facts/Hyperinflation/Gt5pjbJU">hyperinflation</a>. The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion <a href="/facts/Peng%25C5%2591/veDMBvnd">pengő</a> (1021 or 1 milliard bilpengő as printed) printed in <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a> in 1946. In 2009, <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a> printed a 100 trillion (1014) <a href="/facts/Zimbabwean_dollar/tmWXcPDj">Zimbabwean dollar</a> note, which at the time of printing was worth about US$30.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In global economics, the name of a significantly larger number was used in 2024, when the Russian news outlet <a href="/facts/RBK_Group/l3mW5fQW">RBK</a> stated that the sum of legal claims against <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> in <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> totalled 2 undecillion (2×1036) <a href="/facts/Russian_Ruble/mzupvnyt">rubles</a>, or US $20 decillion (US $2×1034); a value worth more than all financial assets in the world combined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> A <a href="/facts/Kremlin/yvbofbcu">Kremlin</a> spokesperson, <a href="/facts/Dmitry_Peskov/8yWH9Hof">Dmitry Peskov</a>, stated that this value was symbolic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of how large numbers are named. Even well-established names like <i>sextillion</i> are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using <a href="/facts/Scientific_notation/YgyYEmq8">scientific notation</a>. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as <i>10</i> with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is 1.3×1045 joules." When a number such as 1045 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth" or "ten to the forty-five". This is easier to say and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale. </p><p>When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, <a href="/facts/SI_prefix/Y2MzkaeL">SI prefixes</a> can be used—thus "<a href="/facts/Femtosecond/vaVXTVyR">femtosecond</a>", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's <a href="/facts/Parsec/SwSsk57J">parsec</a> and <a href="/facts/Light_year/IGc5NdQb">light year</a> or the particle physicist's <a href="/facts/Barn_(unit)/0yCEtKJ9">barn</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one way people try to conceptualize and understand them. </p><p>One of the earliest examples of this is <i><a href="/facts/The_Sand_Reckoner/2Aurb9fg">The Sand Reckoner</a></i>, in which <a href="/facts/Archimedes/sIeMhSVF">Archimedes</a> gave a system for naming large numbers. To do this, he called the numbers up to a <a href="/facts/Myriad/uz0XXY0w">myriad</a> myriad (108) "first numbers" and called 108 itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 108·108=1016. This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 108-th numbers, i.e. ( 10 8 ) ( 10 8 ) = 10 8 ⋅ 10 8 , {\displaystyle (10^{8})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{8}},} and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to ( ( 10 8 ) ( 10 8 ) ) ( 10 8 ) = 10 8 ⋅ 10 16 . {\displaystyle ((10^{8})^{(10^{8})})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}.} Archimedes then estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (1063). </p><p>Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that have no existence outside the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word <i><a href="/facts/Googol/FPxsLCU8">googol</a></i>, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words. </p><p>Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further. </p> <h2 id="origins-of-the-standard-dictionary-numbers">Origins of the "standard dictionary numbers"</h2> <p>The words <i>bymillion</i> and <i>trimillion</i> were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of <a href="/facts/Jehan_Adam/TUuGdIby">Jehan Adam</a>. Subsequently, <a href="/facts/Nicolas_Chuquet/qNdAY4WM">Nicolas Chuquet</a> wrote a book <i>Triparty en la science des nombres</i> which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by <a href="/facts/Estienne_de_La_Roche/oT0SH0UU">Estienne de La Roche</a> for a portion of his 1520 book, <i><a href="/facts/L%2527arismetique/oT0SH0UU">L'arismetique</a></i>. Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment: </p> <blockquote> <p>Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinqe quyllion Le sixe sixlion Le sept.e septyllion Le huyte ottyllion Le neufe nonyllion et ainsi des ault's se plus oultre on vouloit preceder </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>(Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go). </p> </blockquote> <p>Adam and Chuquet used the <a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">long scale</a> of powers of a million; that is, Adam's <i>bymillion</i> (Chuquet's <i>byllion</i>) denoted 1012, and Adam's <i>trimillion</i> (Chuquet's <i>tryllion</i>) denoted 1018. </p> <h2 id="the-googol-family">The googol family</h2> <p>The names <i><a href="/facts/Googol/FPxsLCU8">googol</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Googolplex/MoGnKqMH">googolplex</a></i> were invented by <a href="/facts/Edward_Kasner/lzkfkkVr">Edward Kasner</a>'s nephew Milton Sirotta and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book <i><a href="/facts/Mathematics_and_the_Imagination/juR9FvBL">Mathematics and the Imagination</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> in the following passage: </p> <blockquote><p>The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "googolplex". A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would happen if one tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have <a href="/facts/Primo_Carnera/fsJQoaad">Carnera</a> a better mathematician than <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Dr. Einstein</a>, simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, equal to 1 with a googol zeros after it.</p></blockquote> <table><tbody><tr><th>Value</th><th>Name</th><th>Authority</th></tr><tr><td>10100</td><td><a href="/facts/Googol/FPxsLCU8">Googol</a></td><td>Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)</td></tr><tr><td>10googol = 1010100</td><td><a href="/facts/Googolplex/MoGnKqMH">Googolplex</a></td><td>Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/facts/John_Horton_Conway/g3PA1zoK">John Horton Conway</a> and <a href="/facts/Richard_K._Guy/shtfXH4N">Richard K. Guy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> have suggested that <i>N-plex</i> be used as a name for 10N. This gives rise to the name <i>googolplexplex</i> for 10googolplex = 101010100. Conway and Guy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> have proposed that <i>N-minex</i> be used as a name for 10−N, giving rise to the name <i>googolminex</i> for the <a href="/facts/Reciprocal_(mathematics)/yczdYyCw">reciprocal</a> of a googolplex, which is written as 10-(10100). None of these names are in wide use. </p><p>The names <i>googol</i> and <i>googolplex</i> inspired the name of the <a href="/facts/Dot-com_company/AMucgbRW">Internet company</a> <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> and its <a href="/facts/Corporate_headquarters/IrdSe3XA">corporate headquarters</a>, the <a href="/facts/Googleplex/XUQloArc">Googleplex</a>, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="extensions-of-the-standard-dictionary-numbers">Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Billion/d9KjEYSt">billion</a> and <a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scales/qkxEuNw2">Long and short scales</a></p> <p>This section illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past <i>vigintillion</i>. </p><p>Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the <a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">long scale</a>): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,0002 = 1 billion; 1,000,0003 = 1 trillion; and so on. It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by <a href="/facts/Nicolas_Chuquet/qNdAY4WM">Chuquet</a>. </p><p>Traditional American usage (which was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), Canadian, and modern British usage assign new names for each power of one thousand (the <a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">short scale</a>). Thus, a <i>billion</i> is 1000 × 10002 = 109; a <i>trillion</i> is 1000 × 10003 = 1012; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the <a href="/facts/US_dollar/naEEDUhC">US dollar</a>), this was adopted for official <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> documents. </p><p>Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had originally popularized the short scale worldwide, reverted to the long scale. </p><p> The term <i>milliard</i> is unambiguous and always means 109. It is seldom seen in American usage and rarely in British usage, but frequently in continental European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to French mathematician <a href="/facts/Jacques_Peletier_du_Mans/BVwmUtUt">Jacques Peletier du Mans</a> c. 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the <i>Chuquet-Peletier</i> system), but the <a href="/facts/Oxford_English_Dictionary/qaxKX8Bc">Oxford English Dictionary</a> states that the term derives from post-Classical <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> term <i>milliartum</i>, which became <i>milliare</i> and then <i>milliart</i> and finally our modern term. </p><p>Concerning names ending in -illiard for numbers 106<i>n</i>+3, <i>milliard</i> is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. The terms "milliardo" in Italian, "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish, and "миллиард," milliard (transliterated) in Russian, are standard usage when discussing financial topics. </p><p>The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number <i>n</i> occurring in 103<i>n</i>+3 (short scale) or 106<i>n</i> (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix <i>-illion</i>. In this way, numbers up to 103·999+3 = 103000 (short scale) or 106·999 = 105994 (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if <i>n</i> is 9 or smaller. For larger <i>n</i> (between 10 and 999), prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by Conway and Guy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers and, using the same reasoning as Conway and Guy did for the numbers up to nonillion, could probably be used to form acceptable prefixes. The Conway–Guy system for forming prefixes:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a>: 15 </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><th>Units</th><th>Tens</th><th>Hundreds</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>Un</td><td>N Deci</td><td>NX Centi</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>Duo</td><td>MS Viginti</td><td>N Ducenti</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>Tre<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>NS Triginta</td><td>NS Trecenti</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>Quattuor</td><td>NS Quadraginta</td><td>NS Quadringenti</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>Quinqua</td><td>NS Quinquaginta</td><td>NS Quingenti</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>Se<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>N Sexaginta</td><td>N Sescenti</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>Septe<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>N Septuaginta</td><td>N Septingenti</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>Octo</td><td>MX Octoginta</td><td>MX Octingenti</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>Nove<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>Nonaginta</td><td>Nongenti</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 106,000,258, Conway and Guy co-devised with Allan Wechsler the following set of consistent conventions that permit, in principle, the extension of this system indefinitely to provide English short-scale names for any integer whatsoever.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The name of a number 103<i>n</i>+3, where <i>n</i> is greater than or equal to 1000, is formed by concatenating the names of the numbers of the form 103<i>m</i>+3, where <i>m</i> represents each group of comma-separated digits of <i>n</i>, with each but the last "-illion" trimmed to "-illi-", or, in the case of <i>m</i> = 0, either "-nilli-" or "-nillion".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> For example, 103,000,012, the 1,000,003rd "-illion" number, equals one "millinillitrillion"; 1033,002,010,111, the 11,000,670,036th "-illion" number, equals one "undecillinilliseptuagintasescentillisestrigintillion"; and 1029,629,629,633, the 9,876,543,210th "-illion" number, equals one "nonilliseseptuagintaoctingentillitresquadragintaquingentillideciducentillion".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>The following table shows number names generated by the system described by Conway and Guy for the short and long scales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Base -illion(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">short scale</a>)</th><th>Base -illion(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">long scale</a>)</th><th>Value</th><th>US, Canada and modern British(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">short scale</a>)</th><th>Traditional British(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">long scale</a>)</th><th>Traditional European (Peletier long scale)</th><th>SISymbol</th><th>SIPrefix</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>106</td><td>Million</td><td>Million</td><td>Million</td><td>M</td><td><a href="/facts/Mega-/rk32jTkD">Mega-</a></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>109</td><td>Billion</td><td>Thousand million</td><td>Milliard</td><td>G</td><td><a href="/facts/Giga-/vdrYKueB">Giga-</a></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>1012</td><td>Trillion</td><td>Billion</td><td>Billion</td><td>T</td><td><a href="/facts/Tera-/qWTDFAI1">Tera-</a></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>1015</td><td>Quadrillion</td><td>Thousand billion</td><td>Billiard</td><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Peta-/cQshGtGA">Peta-</a></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>1018</td><td>Quintillion</td><td>Trillion</td><td>Trillion</td><td>E</td><td><a href="/facts/Exa-/x8wY9T75">Exa-</a></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>1021</td><td>Sextillion</td><td>Thousand trillion</td><td>Trilliard</td><td>Z</td><td><a href="/facts/Zetta-/Af0rxXpu">Zetta-</a></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>1024</td><td>Septillion</td><td>Quadrillion</td><td>Quadrillion</td><td>Y</td><td><a href="/facts/Yotta-/SI1rfzW1">Yotta-</a></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>1027</td><td>Octillion</td><td>Thousand quadrillion</td><td>Quadrilliard</td><td>R</td><td><a href="/facts/Ronna-/Y2MzkaeL">Ronna-</a></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>5</td><td>1030</td><td>Nonillion</td><td>Quintillion</td><td>Quintillion</td><td>Q</td><td><a href="/facts/Quetta-/Y2MzkaeL">Quetta-</a></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>1033</td><td>Decillion</td><td>Thousand quintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>6</td><td>1036</td><td>Undecillion</td><td>Sextillion</td><td colspan="3">Sextillion</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>6</td><td>1039</td><td>Duodecillion</td><td>Thousand sextillion</td><td colspan="3">Sextilliard</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>7</td><td>1042</td><td>Tredecillion</td><td>Septillion</td><td colspan="3">Septillion</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>7</td><td>1045</td><td>Quattuordecillion</td><td>Thousand septillion</td><td colspan="3">Septilliard</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>8</td><td>1048</td><td>Quindecillion</td><td>Octillion</td><td colspan="3">Octillion</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>8</td><td>1051</td><td>Sedecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>Thousand octillion</td><td colspan="3">Octilliard</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>9</td><td>1054</td><td>Septendecillion</td><td>Nonillion</td><td colspan="3">Nonillion</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>9</td><td>1057</td><td>Octodecillion</td><td>Thousand nonillion</td><td colspan="3">Nonilliard</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>10</td><td>1060</td><td>Novendecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>Decillion</td><td colspan="3">Decillion</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>10</td><td>1063</td><td>Vigintillion</td><td>Thousand decillion</td><td colspan="3">Decilliard</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>11</td><td>1066</td><td>Unvigintillion</td><td>Undecillion</td><td colspan="3">Undecillion</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>11</td><td>1069</td><td>Duovigintillion</td><td>Thousand undecillion</td><td colspan="3">Undecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>12</td><td>1072</td><td>Tresvigintillion</td><td>Duodecillion</td><td colspan="3">Duodecillion</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>12</td><td>1075</td><td>Quattuorvigintillion</td><td>Thousand duodecillion</td><td colspan="3">Duodecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>13</td><td>1078</td><td>Quinvigintillion</td><td>Tredecillion</td><td colspan="3">Tredecillion</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>13</td><td>1081</td><td>Sesvigintillion</td><td>Thousand tredecillion</td><td colspan="3">Tredecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>14</td><td>1084</td><td>Septemvigintillion</td><td>Quattuordecillion</td><td colspan="3">Quattuordecillion</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>14</td><td>1087</td><td>Octovigintillion</td><td>Thousand quattuordecillion</td><td colspan="3">Quattuordecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>15</td><td>1090</td><td>Novemvigintillion</td><td>Quindecillion</td><td colspan="3">Quindecillion</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>15</td><td>1093</td><td>Trigintillion</td><td>Thousand quindecillion</td><td colspan="3">Quindecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>16</td><td>1096</td><td>Untrigintillion</td><td>Sedecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">Sedecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>16</td><td>1099</td><td>Duotrigintillion</td><td>Thousand sedecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">Sedecilliard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>17</td><td>10102</td><td>Trestrigintillion</td><td>Septendecillion</td><td colspan="3">Septendecillion</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>17</td><td>10105</td><td>Quattuortrigintillion</td><td>Thousand septendecillion</td><td colspan="3">Septendecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>18</td><td>10108</td><td>Quintrigintillion</td><td>Octodecillion</td><td colspan="3">Octodecillion</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>18</td><td>10111</td><td>Sestrigintillion</td><td>Thousand octodecillion</td><td colspan="3">Octodecilliard</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>19</td><td>10114</td><td>Septentrigintillion</td><td>Novendecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">Novendecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>19</td><td>10117</td><td>Octotrigintillion</td><td>Thousand novendecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">Novendecilliard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>20</td><td>10120</td><td>Noventrigintillion</td><td>Vigintillion</td><td colspan="3">Vigintillion</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>20</td><td>10123</td><td>Quadragintillion</td><td>Thousand vigintillion</td><td colspan="3">Vigintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>25</td><td>10153</td><td>Quinquagintillion</td><td>Thousand quinvigintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinvigintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>30</td><td>10183</td><td>Sexagintillion</td><td>Thousand trigintillion</td><td colspan="3">Trigintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>35</td><td>10213</td><td>Septuagintillion</td><td>Thousand quintrigintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quintrigintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>40</td><td>10243</td><td>Octogintillion</td><td>Thousand quadragintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quadragintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>45</td><td>10273</td><td>Nonagintillion</td><td>Thousand quinquadragintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquadragintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>50</td><td>10303</td><td>Centillion</td><td>Thousand quinquagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>51</td><td>10306</td><td>Uncentillion</td><td>Unquinquagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Unquinquagintillion</td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td>55</td><td>10333</td><td>Decicentillion</td><td>Thousand quinquinquagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquinquagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td>56</td><td>10336</td><td>Undecicentillion</td><td>Sesquinquagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Sesquinquagintillion</td></tr><tr><td>120</td><td>60</td><td>10363</td><td>Viginticentillion</td><td>Thousand sexagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Sexagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>121</td><td>61</td><td>10366</td><td>Unviginticentillion</td><td>Unsexagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Unsexagintillion</td></tr><tr><td>130</td><td>65</td><td>10393</td><td>Trigintacentillion</td><td>Thousand quinsexagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinsexagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>140</td><td>70</td><td>10423</td><td>Quadragintacentillion</td><td>Thousand septuagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Septuagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>150</td><td>75</td><td>10453</td><td>Quinquagintacentillion</td><td>Thousand quinseptuagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinseptuagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>160</td><td>80</td><td>10483</td><td>Sexagintacentillion</td><td>Thousand octogintillion</td><td colspan="3">Octogintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>170</td><td>85</td><td>10513</td><td>Septuagintacentillion</td><td>Thousand quinoctogintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinoctogintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>180</td><td>90</td><td>10543</td><td>Octogintacentillion</td><td>Thousand nonagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Nonagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>190</td><td>95</td><td>10573</td><td>Nonagintacentillion</td><td>Thousand quinnonagintillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinnonagintilliard</td></tr><tr><td>200</td><td>100</td><td>10603</td><td>Ducentillion</td><td>Thousand centillion</td><td colspan="3">Centilliard</td></tr><tr><td>300</td><td>150</td><td>10903</td><td>Trecentillion</td><td>Thousand quinquagintacentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquagintacentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>400</td><td>200</td><td>101203</td><td>Quadringentillion</td><td>Thousand ducentillion</td><td colspan="3">Ducentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>500</td><td>250</td><td>101503</td><td>Quingentillion</td><td>Thousand quinquagintaducentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquagintaducentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>600</td><td>300</td><td>101803</td><td>Sescentillion</td><td>Thousand trecentillion</td><td colspan="3">Trecentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>700</td><td>350</td><td>102103</td><td>Septingentillion</td><td>Thousand quinquagintatrecentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquagintatrecentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>800</td><td>400</td><td>102403</td><td>Octingentillion</td><td>Thousand quadringentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quadringentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>900</td><td>450</td><td>102703</td><td>Nongentillion</td><td>Thousand quinquagintaquadringentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quinquagintaquadringentilliard</td></tr><tr><td>1000</td><td>500</td><td>103003</td><td>Millinillion <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>Thousand quingentillion</td><td colspan="3">Quingentilliard</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Value</th><th rowspan="2">Name</th><th colspan="3">Equivalent</th></tr><tr><th>US, Canadian and modern British(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">short scale</a>)</th><th>Traditional British(<a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">long scale</a>)</th><th>Traditional European (Peletier long scale)</th></tr><tr><td>10100</td><td><a href="/facts/Googol/FPxsLCU8">Googol</a></td><td>Ten duotrigintillion</td><td>Ten thousand sedecillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td>Ten sedecilliard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1010100</td><td><a href="/facts/Googolplex/MoGnKqMH">Googolplex</a></td><td>Ten trillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentilliduotrigintatrecentillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td>Ten thousand millisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td>Ten millisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentillisesexagintasescentilliard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="binary-prefixes">Binary prefixes</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/International_System_of_Quantities/MJFfvYNx">International System of Quantities</a> (ISQ) defines a series of prefixes denoting integer powers of 1024 between 10241 and 10248.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Power</th><th>Value</th><th>ISQsymbol</th><th>ISQprefix</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>10241</td><td>Ki</td><td><a href="/facts/Kibi-/oM3wgJgW">Kibi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>10242</td><td>Mi</td><td><a href="/facts/Mebi-/oM3wgJgW">Mebi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>10243</td><td>Gi</td><td><a href="/facts/Gibi-/oM3wgJgW">Gibi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>10244</td><td>Ti</td><td><a href="/facts/Tebi-/oM3wgJgW">Tebi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>10245</td><td>Pi</td><td><a href="/facts/Pebi-/oM3wgJgW">Pebi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>10246</td><td>Ei</td><td><a href="/facts/Exbi-/oM3wgJgW">Exbi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>10247</td><td>Zi</td><td><a href="/facts/Zebi-/oM3wgJgW">Zebi-</a></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>10248</td><td>Yi</td><td><a href="/facts/Yobi-/oM3wgJgW">Yobi-</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="other-named-large-numbers-used-in-mathematics-physics-and-chemistry">Other named large numbers used in mathematics, physics and chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Avogadro_number/SwajCq22">Avogadro number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Graham%2527s_number/7IJYxN2x">Graham's number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Skewes%2527s_number/1CbBmfvz">Skewes's number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Steinhaus%25E2%2580%2593Moser_notation/Wf1zyukm">Steinhaus–Moser notation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TREE(3)/3q0G4cbP">TREE(3)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rayo%2527s_number/qBFnIUoB">Rayo's number</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SSCG(3)/sCPQslJQ">SSCG(3)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Mathematics portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/-yllion/Eo4aeCR5">-yllion</a> – Mathematical notation</li> <li><a href="/facts/Infinity/cF506uD7">Infinity</a> – Mathematical concept</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aleph_number/kwe9I4v5">Aleph number</a> – Infinite cardinal number</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asa%25E1%25B9%2583khyeya/bXAxARv0">Asaṃkhyeya</a> – Buddhist name for a large number</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_numerals/vQjcPYAv">Chinese numerals</a> – Characters used to denote numbers in Chinese</li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_large_numbers/IK3oPKQ2">History of large numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers/7yyUmAej">Indefinite and fictitious numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_numbering_system/GV7ABVvK">Indian numbering system</a> – Indian convention of naming large numbers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Japanese_numerals/37KBJHNI">Japanese numerals</a> – Number words used in the Japanese language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Knuth%2527s_up-arrow_notation/F441JrlK">Knuth's up-arrow notation</a> – Method of notation of very large integers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Law_of_large_numbers/X3Bjcy3v">Law of large numbers</a> – Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_numbers/ItWEN7tF">List of numbers</a> – Notable numbers</li> <li><a href="/facts/Long_and_short_scale/qkxEuNw2">Long and short scale</a> – Two meanings of "billion" and "trillion"Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/Metric_prefix/Y2MzkaeL">Metric prefix</a> – Order of magnitude indicator</li> <li><a href="/facts/Names_of_small_numbers/qhjE6Ctd">Names of small numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Numeral_(linguistics)/9Pzgh1Rp">Number names</a> – Word or phrase which describes a numerical quantity</li> <li><a href="/facts/Number_prefix/b5sechhR">Number prefix</a> – Prefix derived from numerals or other numbersPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orders_of_magnitude/cWzRP2dM">Orders of magnitude</a> – Scale of numbers with a fixed ratioPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orders_of_magnitude_(data)/j4rrYddB">Orders of magnitude (data)</a> – Computer data measurements and scales</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)/uu2o1hk2">Orders of magnitude (numbers)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Power_of_10/hDAexgKs">Power of 10</a> – Ten raised to an integer power</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bellos, Alex (2011). Alex's Adventures in Numberland. A&C Black. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4088-0959-4. <a href="978-1-4088-0959-4" target="_blank">978-1-4088-0959-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0-395-82517-2. <a href="0-395-82517-2" target="_blank">0-395-82517-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Collins English Dictionary". HarperCollins. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Cambridge Dictionaries Online". Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/" target="_blank">http://dictionary.cambridge.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. <a href="0-19-861186-2" target="_blank">0-19-861186-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. <a href="http://www.oed.com" target="_blank">http://www.oed.com</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd ed.). Random House. 1987. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Brown, Lesley; Little, William (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198612710. <a href="0198612710" target="_blank">0198612710</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Webster, Noah (1981). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0877792011. <a href="0877792011" target="_blank">0877792011</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rowlett, Russ. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measures". Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 1 March 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301234049/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000301234049/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Emerson, Oliver Farrar (1894). The History of the English Language. Macmillan and Co. p. 316. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRM_AAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SRM_AAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Entry for centillion in dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022. <a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=centillion" target="_blank">http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=centillion</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0-395-82517-2. <a href="0-395-82517-2" target="_blank">0-395-82517-2</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Collins English Dictionary". HarperCollins. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Cambridge Dictionaries Online". Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/" target="_blank">http://dictionary.cambridge.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. <a href="0-19-861186-2" target="_blank">0-19-861186-2</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. <a href="http://www.oed.com" target="_blank">http://www.oed.com</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd ed.). Random House. 1987. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Brown, Lesley; Little, William (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198612710. <a href="0198612710" target="_blank">0198612710</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Webster, Noah (1981). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0877792011. <a href="0877792011" target="_blank">0877792011</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Rowlett, Russ. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measures". Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 1 March 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000301234049/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000301234049/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Zimbabwe rolls out Z$100tr note". BBC News. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2022. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7832601.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7832601.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Cunningham, Doug (31 October 2024). "Russian court levies huge $20 decillion fine against Google". United Press International. Retrieved 1 November 2024. <a href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/10/31/Google-huge-fine/8411730386289" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/10/31/Google-huge-fine/8411730386289</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Russia says $20 decillion fine against Google is 'symbolic'". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2024. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 November 2024. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kasner, Edward; Newman, James (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-486-41703-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="0-486-41703-4" target="_blank">0-486-41703-4</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"How we started and where we are today". About Google. Retrieved 20 April 2025. <a href="https://about.google/company-info/our-story/" target="_blank">https://about.google/company-info/our-story/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>When preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven". <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>When preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven". <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>When preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven". <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>When preceding a component marked S or X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked M or N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven". <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15-16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X. <a href="0-387-97993-X" target="_blank">0-387-97993-X</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Fish. "Conway's illion converter". Retrieved 1 March 2023. <a href="https://kyodaisuu.github.io/illion/conway.html" target="_blank">https://kyodaisuu.github.io/illion/conway.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Stewart, Ian (2017). Infinity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-875523-4. <a href="978-0-19-875523-4" target="_blank">978-0-19-875523-4</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>While, today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers, these numbers are called "sedecillion" and "novendecillion" respectively in the Conway and Guy system. The same applies to the long scale forms "sedecilliard" and "novendecilliard". <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Googolplex's short scale name is derived from it equal to ten of the 3,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,333,332nd "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10 × 10(3n + 3) = 1010100) <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Googolplex's long scale name (both traditional British and traditional European) is derived from it being equal to ten thousand of the 1,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666th "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10,000 × 106n = 1010100). <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Googolplex's long scale name (both traditional British and traditional European) is derived from it being equal to ten thousand of the 1,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666,666th "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10,000 × 106n = 1010100). <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"IEC 80000-13:2008". International Organization for Standardization. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2022. <a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/31898.html" target="_blank">https://www.iso.org/standard/31898.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>