Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Algestone acetophenide
open-in-new
<h2 id="medical-uses">Medical uses</h2> <p>DHPA is used in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/XPXqDS6n">estradiol enantate</a> (E2-EN) or <a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/wdkezCaP">estradiol benzoate butyrate</a> (EBB) as a once-monthly <a href="/facts/Combined_injectable_contraceptive/wtbebG3p">combined injectable contraceptive</a> for women in <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a>, <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> It was also previously marketed for use alone in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> DHPA has reportedly been used to treat <a href="/facts/Acne/TKJxhHSd">acne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> E2-EN/DHPA is used by transgender women in some places of South America as feminizing hormone therapy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Available forms</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/algestone_acetophenide/TwnRDHCw">Estradiol enantate/algestone acetophenide</a> and <a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/algestone_acetophenide/S9bsFvEs">Estradiol benzoate butyrate/algestone acetophenide</a></p> <p>The following forms of DHPA in combination with an estrogen are or have been available for use:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>150 mg DHPA and 10 mg estradiol enantate (brand names Perlutal, Topasel, many others)</li> <li>75 mg DHPA and 5 mg estradiol enantate (brand names Anafertin, Patector NF, Yectames)</li> <li>120 mg DHPA and 10 mg estradiol enantate (brand names Unalmes, Yectuna)</li> <li>75 mg DHPA and 10 mg estradiol enantate (brand name Ova Repos; discontinued)</li> <li>150 mg DHPA and 10 mg estradiol benzoate butyrate (brand names Neolutin N, Redimen, Soluna, Unijab)</li></ul> <p>A 90 mg DHPA and 6 mg estradiol enantate formulation was also studied, but was never marketed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> The combination of DHPA and estradiol enantate has also been studied at other doses ranging from 75 to 200 mg DHPA and 5 to 50 mg estradiol enantate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="side-effects">Side effects</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Progestin/8xMJYV3A">Progestin § Side effects</a></p> <p>Side effects of the combination of DHPA and estradiol enantate have reportedly included <a href="/facts/Dysmenorrhea/WFNGwoY9">dysmenorrhea</a>, <a href="/facts/Breast_tenderness/lgVfXrUy">breast tenderness</a>, <a href="/facts/Headache/mdmmC9DP">headache</a>, <a href="/facts/Edema/Q6MI3KdH">edema</a>, <a href="/facts/Bloating/GnjG2Mdz">bloating</a>, changes in <a href="/facts/Libido/g1Eb72tA">libido</a>, <a href="/facts/Depression_(mood)/GDNFWm1L">depression</a>, <a href="/facts/Anxiety/Geekl883">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/facts/Injection_site_pain/fREM9zKV">injection site pain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The half-dose formulation of DHPA and estradiol enantate retains contraceptive effects but causes severe disruption of <a href="/facts/Menstrual_bleeding/AY6Y9xxM">menstrual bleeding</a> patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Likewise, the formulation of DHPA in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/wdkezCaP">estradiol benzoate butyrate</a> has been associated with poor control of menstrual bleeding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="overdose">Overdose</h2> <p>DHPA has been studied at high doses of 900 mg/week by intramuscular injection in women with <a href="/facts/Endometrial_cancer/rh605tHh">endometrial cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2> <h3>Pharmacodynamics</h3> <p>DHPA is a <a href="/facts/Progestogen_(medication)/8xMJYV3A">progestogen</a>, or an <a href="/facts/Agonist/nz8U5NNp">agonist</a> of the <a href="/facts/Progesterone_receptor/B8W2o28f">progesterone receptor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> It is said to be both more potent and longer-acting than the related progestogen <a href="/facts/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate/rqTaBegr">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The progestogenic potency of DHPA is about 2 to 5 times that of <a href="/facts/Progesterone_(medication)/U3NtGBtS">progesterone</a> in animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The medication has no <a href="/facts/Androgen/Rxey0HxX">androgenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antiandrogen/AfyGmnAs">antiandrogenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Estrogen_(medication)/mSKFraNu">estrogenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antiestrogen/VxQlPfYR">antiestrogenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Glucocorticoid/2P91Aj3S">glucocorticoid</a>, or <a href="/facts/Antimineralocorticoid/zbHHR8sT">antimineralocorticoid</a> activities, and hence is a pure progestogen with no <a href="/facts/Off-target_activity/Ksu88gav">off-target activity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>Clinical studies have found that, on the basis of <a href="/facts/Endometrium/LcesXIXm">endometrial</a> changes, E2-EN/DHPA appears, at the doses used, to be an estrogen-dominant combination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>An effective <a href="/facts/Ovulation/0K3MLdAv">ovulation</a>-inhibiting dose of DHPA is 100 mg when given alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul> Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Compound</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Form</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Dose for specific uses (mg)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">DOA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="col">TFD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></th><th scope="col">POICD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></th><th scope="col">CICD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td>Algestone acetophenide</td><td>Oil soln.</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>75–150</td><td>14–32 d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gestonorone_caproate/3zL6eCGJ">Gestonorone caproate</a></td><td>Oil soln.</td><td>25–50</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>8–13 d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate/rX1D6V4d">Hydroxyprogest. acetate</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td>Aq. susp.</td><td>350</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>9–16 d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate/rqTaBegr">Hydroxyprogest. caproate</a></td><td>Oil soln.</td><td>250–500<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td>–</td><td>250–500</td><td>5–21 d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate/q6XACYYp">Medroxyprog. acetate</a></td><td>Aq. susp.</td><td>50–100</td><td>150</td><td>25</td><td>14–50+ d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Megestrol_acetate/Gdybmob0">Megestrol acetate</a></td><td>Aq. susp.</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>25</td><td>>14 d</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norethisterone_enanthate/GrwqPRsn">Norethisterone enanthate</a></td><td>Oil soln.</td><td>100–200</td><td>200</td><td>50</td><td>11–52 d</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Progesterone_(medication)/U3NtGBtS">Progesterone</a></td><td>Oil soln.</td><td>200<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>2–6 d</td></tr><tr><td>Aq. soln.</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>1–2 d</td></tr><tr><td>Aq. susp.</td><td>50–200</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>7–14 d</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Pharmacokinetics</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Pharmacokinetics/x4CUUnle">pharmacokinetics</a> of DHPA have been studied, albeit limitedly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> One study in women observed an <a href="/facts/Elimination_half-life/7nB2JtMr">elimination half-life</a> of DHPA and its <a href="/facts/Metabolite/nAyywVtA">metabolites</a> of 24 days and found that it remained detectable in the circulation for up to 60 days following a single <a href="/facts/Intramuscular_injection/PPNwW2wB">intramuscular injection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> In another study, the <a href="/facts/Duration_of_action/zdvfFshl">duration of action</a> of DHPA was reported to be more than 100 days after a single <a href="/facts/Subcutaneous_injection/L4srK61u">subcutaneous injection</a>, although it was unspecified as to whether this was in humans or animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> DHPA is <a href="/facts/Excretion/mspsTfnv">excreted</a> preferentially in <a href="/facts/Feces/r9HDKB8G">feces</a> via the <a href="/facts/Bile/7c5ufDao">biliary</a> route.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_progestogens/882mofnI">List of progestogens</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_progestogen_esters/xL1vrkmJ">List of progestogen esters § Cyclic ketals of progesterone derivatives</a></p> <p>DHPA, also known as 16α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, as well as 16α,17α-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione cyclic acetal with acetophenone or as (<i>R</i>)-16α,17-[(1-phenylethylidene)dioxy]pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a <a href="/facts/Synthetic_compound/gqCNaN45">synthetic</a> <a href="/facts/Pregnane/tbXV6N95">pregnane</a> <a href="/facts/Steroid/4AhMbgXt">steroid</a> and a <a href="/facts/Chemical_derivative/JYcbLkbm">derivative</a> of <a href="/facts/Progesterone/WEj2TGRm">progesterone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> It is specifically a derivative of <a href="/facts/17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone/RzVgaTaK">17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a> with an additional <a href="/facts/Hydroxyl/1Hs2QAEv">hydroxyl</a> <a href="/facts/Functional_group/GXkSPsjM">group</a> at the C17α position, or of <a href="/facts/Algestone/TaPExkgF">algestone</a> (16α,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone), and with the two hydroxyl groups <a href="/facts/Cyclic_compound/TH2ReKIQ">cyclized</a> into an <a href="/facts/Acetophenide/StC0oDg5">acetophenide</a> <a href="/facts/Moiety_(chemistry)/WxKqcJe1">moiety</a> (a <a href="/facts/Cyclic_compound/TH2ReKIQ">cyclic</a> <a href="/facts/Acetal/DuwXfBMz">acetal</a> with <a href="/facts/Acetophenone/4dk14PQz">acetophenone</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Structural_analogue/3aysWSVG">Analogues</a> of DHPA include other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives such as <a href="/facts/Algestone_acetonide/h2PJ8wJE">algestone acetonide</a> (dihydroxyprogesterone acetonide), <a href="/facts/Chlormadinone_acetate/UVgJBFku">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/facts/Cyproterone_acetate/I9qdguIp">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/facts/Gestonorone_caproate/3zL6eCGJ">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate/rqTaBegr">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/facts/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate/q6XACYYp">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/facts/Megestrol_acetate/Gdybmob0">megestrol acetate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Segesterone_acetate/SMn6opLU">segesterone acetate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p> <h3>Synthesis</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Chemical_synthesis/3KXsVVwC">Chemical syntheses</a> of DHPA have been published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>DHPA was first described in the literature in 1958 and was patented in 1960.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> It was developed in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/XPXqDS6n">estradiol enantate</a> as a long-lasting <a href="/facts/Combined_injectable_contraceptive/wtbebG3p">combined injectable contraceptive</a> under the tentative brand names Deladroxate and Droxone by <a href="/facts/Bristol-Myers_Squibb/HK47xMNF">Squibb</a> and was studied in women starting in 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> Development was discontinued by Squibb in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> in the late 1960s due to concerns of <a href="/facts/Toxicology/L6XHRIJH">toxicological</a> findings in animals, including <a href="/facts/Mammary_gland/6fVBnNSA">mammary gland</a> <a href="/facts/Tumor/K0ytzmPz">tumors</a> in <a href="/facts/Beagle/gp6A3qFk">beagle dogs</a> and <a href="/facts/Pituitary_gland/gdrQyldF">pituitary</a> <a href="/facts/Hyperplasia/gDv6kB4j">hyperplasia</a> in rats, as well as possible accumulation of estradiol enantate in the body with continued use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Subsequent research has shed doubt that these animal findings are applicable to humans and that the dosages required for contraception would pose any risks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> Although the medication was not marketed in the United States, its development was continued elsewhere and it went on to be introduced and widely used in <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a> and <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> A standalone version of DHPA was introduced in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> in 1982 under the brand names Neolutin Depo and Neolutin Depositum.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> This single-drug formulation has since been discontinued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> DHPA remains available in Latin America, but is no longer marketed in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="society-and-culture">Society and culture</h2> <h3>Generic names</h3> <p><i>Algestone acetophenide</i> are the <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> <a href="/facts/Generic_term/nENLNhIF">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/facts/International_Nonproprietary_Name/wYL655x6">INNM</a>Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name and <a href="/facts/United_States_Adopted_Name/5AFEKGfQ">USAN</a>Tooltip United States Adopted Name, while <i>dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide</i> (<i>DHPA</i>) is a commonly used synonym.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> Its generic names in other languages are as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a>: <i>acétophénide d'algestone</i> and <i>dihydroxyprogestérone acétophénide</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>: <i>algeston acetofenid</i> and <i>dihydroxyprogesteron acetophenid</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a>: <i>algestone acetofenide</i> and <i>diidrossiprogesterone acetofenide</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>: <i>acetofenido de algestona</i>, <i>algestona acetofenido</i>, <i>algestona acetofenida, acetofenido de dihidroxiprogesterona</i>, and <i>dihidroxiprogesterona acetofenido</i></li></ul> <p>DHPA is also known by its former developmental code name <i>SQ-15101</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> It has been referred to as <i>deladroxone</i>, <i>droxone</i>, <i>alfasone acetophenide</i>, and <i>alphasone acetophenide</i> as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> </p> <h3>Brand names</h3> <p>DHPA has been marketed alone and in combination with <a href="/facts/Estrogen_(medication)/mSKFraNu">estrogens</a> under a wide variety of brand names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> It was marketed alone under the brand name Neolutin Depositum, but this preparation was discontinued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> The medication was developed under the developmental code names Deladroxone and Droxone, but these brand names were never used commercially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> DHPA has been marketed in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/XPXqDS6n">estradiol enantate</a> (E2-EN) as a <a href="/facts/Combined_injectable_contraceptive/wtbebG3p">combined injectable contraceptive</a> in a few different preparations, with varying doses of E2-EN and DHPA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> These formulations all have different brand names, which include the following († = discontinued):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>E2-EN 10 mg / DHPA 150 mg: Acefil, Agurin†, Atrimon†, Ciclomes, Ciclovar, Ciclovular, Cicnor†, Clinomin, Cycloven, Daiva, Damix, Deprans, Deproxone, Exuna, Ginestest, Ginoplan†, Gynomes, Horprotal, Listen, Luvonal, Neogestar, Neolutin, Nomagest, Nonestrol, Normagest, Normensil, Novular, Oterol, Ovoginal, Patector, Patectro, Perludil, Perlumes, Perlutal, Perlutale, Perlutan, Perlutin, Perlutin-Unifarma, Permisil, Preg-Less, Pregnolan, Progestrol†, Protegin, Proter, Seguralmes, Synovular, Topasel, Unigalen, Uno-Ciclo, and Vagital.</li> <li>E2-EN 10 mg / DHPA 120 mg: Anafertin†, Patector NF, and Yectames.</li> <li>E2-EN 5 mg / DHPA 75 mg: Unalmes and Yectuna.</li> <li>E2-EN 10 mg / DHPA 75 mg: Ova Repos†.</li> <li>Unsorted: Evitas†, Femineo†, and Primyfar†.</li></ul> <p>The combination of E2-EN 10 mg and DHPA 150 mg was developed under the developmental brand name Deladroxate, but this brand name was never used commercially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> </p><p>In addition to E2-EN, DHPA is marketed in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/wdkezCaP">estradiol benzoate butyrate</a> (EBB) as a combined injectable contraceptive under the brand names Neolutin N, Redimen, Soluna, and Unijab.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> This combination was developed under the developmental brand name Unimens, but this brand name was never used commercially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> </p><p>DHPA has also been used in <a href="/facts/Veterinary_medicine/KYNaodgl">veterinary medicine</a> in cows under the brand name Bovitrol.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> </p> <h3>Availability</h3> <p>DHPA has been available for use both alone and in combination with <a href="/facts/Estrogen_(medication)/mSKFraNu">estrogens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> It was marketed alone under the brand name Neolutin Depositum in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, but this preparation was discontinued.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> DHPA has been marketed in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/XPXqDS6n">estradiol enantate</a> (E2-EN) as a <a href="/facts/Combined_injectable_contraceptive/wtbebG3p">combined injectable contraceptive</a> in at least 19 countries, mostly in <a href="/facts/Latin_America/Qmx9Jx2a">Latin America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a> A few different preparations, with varying doses of E2-EN and DHPA and varying availability, have been introduced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a> These formulations have the following approval and availability († = discontinued in this country):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>E2-EN 10 mg / DHPA 150 mg: at least 19 countries, including <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a>, <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>, <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a>, the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a>, <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a>, <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>†, and <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>†.</li> <li>E2-EN 10 mg / DHPA 120 mg: at least 3 countries, including <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>†, <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a>, and <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a>.</li> <li>E2-EN 5 mg / DHPA 75 mg: at least 9 countries, including <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a>, the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a>, and <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>†.</li></ul> <p>In addition to E2-EN, DHPA is marketed in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/wdkezCaP">estradiol benzoate butyrate</a> (EBB) as a combined injectable contraceptive in <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a> and <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> EBB has a shorter duration than E2-EN of about 3 weeks and hence EBB/DHPA was developed because it was thought that it would be more suitable for use as a once-monthly combined injectable contraceptive than E2-EN/DHPA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> </p> <h3>Usage</h3> <p>E2-EN/DHPA is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive in Latin America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> It was estimated in 1995 that E2-EN/DHPA was used as a combined injectable contraceptive in Latin America by at least 1 million women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a> However, combined injectable contraceptives like E2-EN/DHPA are unlikely to constitute a large proportion of contraceptive use in the countries in which they are available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>DHPA was studied by its developer <a href="/facts/Bristol-Myers_Squibb/HK47xMNF">Squibb</a> for use as a <a href="/facts/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive/mH8DwRYA">progestogen-only injectable contraceptive</a> at a dose of 100 mg once per month by <a href="/facts/Intramuscular_injection/PPNwW2wB">intramuscular injection</a> under the developmental code name and tentative brand name Deladroxone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> It was associated with poor cycle control and was never marketed for this indication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Estradiol_enantate/algestone_acetophenide/TwnRDHCw">Estradiol enantate/algestone acetophenide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Estradiol_benzoate_butyrate/algestone_acetophenide/S9bsFvEs">Estradiol benzoate butyrate/algestone acetophenide</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jarquín González JD, Elda de Aguirre L, Rodríguez C, Abrego de Aguilar M, Carrillo F, León DA, et al. (September 1996). "Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg + estradiol enantate 10 mg as monthly injectable contraceptives". Advances in Contraception. 12 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1007/BF01849664. PMID 8910663. S2CID 2522426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rowlands S (January 2009). "New technologies in contraception" (PDF). BJOG. 116 (2): 230–239. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01985.x. PMID 19076955. S2CID 3415547. <a href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf" target="_blank">http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rowlands S (January 2009). "New technologies in contraception" (PDF). BJOG. 116 (2): 230–239. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01985.x. PMID 19076955. S2CID 3415547. <a href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf" target="_blank">http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lerner LJ, Brennan DM, Borman A (January 1961). "Biological activities of 16 alpha, 17 alpha dihydroxyprogesterone derivatives". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 106: 231–234. doi:10.3181/00379727-106-26296. PMID 13761080. S2CID 89428532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lerner, L. J., Brennan, D. M., DePhillipo, M., & Yiacas, E. (1961). Comparison of biological activities of progesterone, norethisterone and the acetophenone derivatives of 16 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone.(Abstr.). In Federation Proceedings (Vol. 20, p. 200). <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kurihara N, Tadokoro S, Ogawa H (February 1972). "Studies on hormonal actions of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, estradiol enanthate and their mixtures". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 22 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1254/jjp.22.43. PMID 4537624. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lerner LJ, Brennan DM, Borman A (January 1961). "Biological activities of 16 alpha, 17 alpha dihydroxyprogesterone derivatives". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 106: 231–234. doi:10.3181/00379727-106-26296. PMID 13761080. S2CID 89428532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Lerner, L. J., Brennan, D. M., DePhillipo, M., & Yiacas, E. (1961). Comparison of biological activities of progesterone, norethisterone and the acetophenone derivatives of 16 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone.(Abstr.). In Federation Proceedings (Vol. 20, p. 200). <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Kurihara N, Tadokoro S, Ogawa H (February 1972). "Studies on hormonal actions of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, estradiol enanthate and their mixtures". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 22 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1254/jjp.22.43. PMID 4537624. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Fried, J. (1960). U.S. Patent No. 2,941,997. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Fried J, Borman A (1958). "Synthetic derivatives of cortical hormones". Vitamins & Hormones. 16: 303–374. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60320-9. ISBN 9780127098166. PMID 13625604. <a href="9780127098166" target="_blank">9780127098166</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Population Reports: Injectables and implants. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George Washington University. 1987. p. K-75. In the US, Squibb Pharmaceutical Company withdrew Deladroxate from clinical testing in the late 1960s because of concerns over (1) breast tumors in beagle dogs, (2) pituitary hyperplasia in rats, and (3) possible accumulation of estradiol enanthate in the body with continued use (89, 98, 243). Subsequently, however, questions have been raised about whether such animal findings are applicable to humans. Research suggests that the adverse effects of Deladroxate on animals may occur only with doses higher than the equivalent of a contraceptive dose (2, 62, 82, 121, 272). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Rowlands S (January 2009). "New technologies in contraception" (PDF). BJOG. 116 (2): 230–239. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01985.x. PMID 19076955. S2CID 3415547. <a href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf" target="_blank">http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/28852/1/WRAP_Rowlands_NewtechnologiesincontraceptionBJOG2008_Uni_repos_version.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Milne GW (8 May 2018). Drugs: Synonyms and Properties: Synonyms and Properties. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1565–. ISBN 978-1-351-78989-9. <a href="978-1-351-78989-9" target="_blank">978-1-351-78989-9</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Juo PS (21 December 2001). Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology. CRC Press. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1-4200-4130-9. <a href="978-1-4200-4130-9" target="_blank">978-1-4200-4130-9</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Kulick D (12 January 2009). Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-226-46101-4. <a href="978-0-226-46101-4" target="_blank">978-0-226-46101-4</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Comitê Técnico de Saúde Integral LGBTIA+ (June, 2023), “Protocolo para o cuidado integral à saúde de pessoas trans, travestis ou com vivências de variabilidade de gênero no município de São Paulo, 2ª ed.” (PDF), p. 307 Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-03. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240203200314/https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/saude/Protocolo_Trans_Travesti_Viv_variab_genero_2a_ed2023.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20240203200314/https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/saude/Protocolo_Trans_Travesti_Viv_variab_genero_2a_ed2023.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Unijab Dosage & Drug Information | MIMS Singapore". <a href="http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab" target="_blank">http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>d 'Arcangues C, Snow RC (1999). "Injectable Contraceptives". Fertility Control — Update and Trends. pp. 121–149. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86696-8_6. ISBN 978-3-642-86698-2. <a href="978-3-642-86698-2" target="_blank">978-3-642-86698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Coutinho EM, Spinola P, Barbosa I, Gatto M, Tomaz G, Morais K, et al. (March 1997). "Multicenter, double-blind, comparative clinical study on the efficacy and acceptability of a monthly injectable contraceptive combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate compared to a monthly injectable contraceptive combination of 90 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 6 mg estradiol enanthate". Contraception. 55 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(97)00018-8. PMID 9115007. <a href="http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/8331" target="_blank">http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/8331</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Coutinho EM, Spinola P, Tomaz G, Morais K, Nassar de Souza R, Sabino Pinho Neto J, et al. (April 2000). "Efficacy, acceptability, and clinical effects of a low-dose injectable contraceptive combination of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and estradiol enanthate". Contraception. 61 (4): 277–280. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(00)00099-8. PMID 10899484. <a href="http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/7874" target="_blank">http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/7874</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Koetsawang S (April 1994). "Once-a-month injectable contraceptives: efficacy and reasons for discontinuation". Contraception. 49 (4): 387–398. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90034-5. PMID 8013221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Koetsawang S (April 1994). "Once-a-month injectable contraceptives: efficacy and reasons for discontinuation". Contraception. 49 (4): 387–398. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90034-5. PMID 8013221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Recio R, Garza-Flores J, Schiavon R, Reyes A, Diaz-Sanchez V, Valles V, et al. (June 1986). "Pharmacodynamic assessment of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide plus estradiol enanthate as a monthly injectable contraceptive". Contraception. 33 (6): 579–589. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90046-6. PMID 3769482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Kennedy BJ (July 1968). "Progestogens in the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 127 (1): 103–114. PMID 5657772. <a href="https://www.popline.org/node/469448" target="_blank">https://www.popline.org/node/469448</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Lerner LJ, Brennan DM, Borman A (January 1961). "Biological activities of 16 alpha, 17 alpha dihydroxyprogesterone derivatives". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 106: 231–234. doi:10.3181/00379727-106-26296. PMID 13761080. S2CID 89428532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Lerner, L. J., Brennan, D. M., DePhillipo, M., & Yiacas, E. (1961). Comparison of biological activities of progesterone, norethisterone and the acetophenone derivatives of 16 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone.(Abstr.). In Federation Proceedings (Vol. 20, p. 200). <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Kurihara N, Tadokoro S, Ogawa H (February 1972). "Studies on hormonal actions of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, estradiol enanthate and their mixtures". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 22 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1254/jjp.22.43. PMID 4537624. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Kawakami M, Sawyer CH (May 1967). "Effects of sex hormones and antifertility steroids in brain thresholds in the rabbit". Endocrinology. 80 (5): 857–871. doi:10.1210/endo-80-5-857. PMID 4164655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Jarquín González JD, Elda de Aguirre L, Rodríguez C, Abrego de Aguilar M, Carrillo F, León DA, et al. (September 1996). "Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg + estradiol enantate 10 mg as monthly injectable contraceptives". Advances in Contraception. 12 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1007/BF01849664. PMID 8910663. S2CID 2522426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Lerner LJ, Brennan DM, Borman A (January 1961). "Biological activities of 16 alpha, 17 alpha dihydroxyprogesterone derivatives". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 106: 231–234. doi:10.3181/00379727-106-26296. PMID 13761080. S2CID 89428532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Lerner, L. J., Brennan, D. M., DePhillipo, M., & Yiacas, E. (1961). Comparison of biological activities of progesterone, norethisterone and the acetophenone derivatives of 16 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone.(Abstr.). In Federation Proceedings (Vol. 20, p. 200). <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Kurihara N, Tadokoro S, Ogawa H (February 1972). "Studies on hormonal actions of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, estradiol enanthate and their mixtures". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 22 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1254/jjp.22.43. PMID 4537624. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1254%2Fjjp.22.43</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Bassol S, Garza-Flores J (May 1994). "Review of ovulation return upon discontinuation of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (5): 441–453. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90003-5. PMID 8045131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Taymor ML, Planck S, Yahia C (1964). "Ovulation inhibition with a long-acting parenteral progestogen-estrogen combination". Fertility and Sterility. 15 (6): 653–660. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35411-5. PMID 14236842. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935411-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935411-5</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Sources: [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>All given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" target="_blank">/wiki/Intramuscular_injection</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Progesterone production during the luteal phase is ~25 (15–50) mg/day. The OIDTooltip ovulation-inhibiting dose of OHPC is 250 to 500 mg/month. <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" target="_blank">/wiki/Luteal_phase</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Duration of action in days. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Usually given for 14 days. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Usually dosed every two to three months. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Usually dosed once monthly. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Never marketed or approved by this route. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>In divided doses (2 × 125 or 250 mg for OHPC, 10 × 20 mg for P4). <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>In divided doses (2 × 125 or 250 mg for OHPC, 10 × 20 mg for P4). <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–359. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID 8013219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Gual C, Pérez-Palacios G, Perez AE, Ruiz MR, Solis J, Cervantes A, et al. (1973). "Metabolic fate of a long-acting injectable estrogen-progestogen contraceptive". Contraception. 7 (4): 271–287. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(73)90145-5. ISSN 0010-7824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Gual C, Pérez-Palacios G, Perez AE, Ruiz MR, Solis J, Cervantes A, et al. (1973). "Metabolic fate of a long-acting injectable estrogen-progestogen contraceptive". Contraception. 7 (4): 271–287. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(73)90145-5. ISSN 0010-7824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>"Bula do Algestona Acetofenida + Enantato de Estradiol". Consulta Remédios. Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918105310/https://consultaremedios.com.br/algestona-acetofenida-enantato-de-estradiol/bula" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918105310/https://consultaremedios.com.br/algestona-acetofenida-enantato-de-estradiol/bula</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>"Bula do Algestona Acetofenida + Enantato de Estradiol". Consulta Remédios. Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918105310/https://consultaremedios.com.br/algestona-acetofenida-enantato-de-estradiol/bula" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918105310/https://consultaremedios.com.br/algestona-acetofenida-enantato-de-estradiol/bula</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Jarquín González JD, Elda de Aguirre L, Rodríguez C, Abrego de Aguilar M, Carrillo F, León DA, et al. (September 1996). "Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg + estradiol enantate 10 mg as monthly injectable contraceptives". Advances in Contraception. 12 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1007/BF01849664. PMID 8910663. S2CID 2522426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Kleemann A, Engel J (2001). Pharmaceutical Substances: Syntheses, Patents, Applications. Thieme. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-13-558404-1. <a href="978-3-13-558404-1" target="_blank">978-3-13-558404-1</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Die Gestagene. Springer-Verlag. 27 November 2013. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-3-642-99941-3. <a href="978-3-642-99941-3" target="_blank">978-3-642-99941-3</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Fried, J. (1960). U.S. Patent No. 2,941,997. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Fried J, Borman A (1958). "Synthetic derivatives of cortical hormones". Vitamins & Hormones. 16: 303–374. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60320-9. ISBN 9780127098166. PMID 13625604. <a href="9780127098166" target="_blank">9780127098166</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Rutherford RN, Banks AL, Coburn WA (1964). "Deladroxate for the prevention of ovulation". Fertility and Sterility. 15 (6): 648–652. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35410-3. PMID 14236841. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935410-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935410-3</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Taymor ML, Planck S, Yahia C (1964). "Ovulation inhibition with a long-acting parenteral progestogen-estrogen combination". Fertility and Sterility. 15 (6): 653–660. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35411-5. PMID 14236842. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935411-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2935411-5</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Artini PG, Genazzani AR, Petraglia F (11 December 2001). Advances in Gynecological Endocrinology. CRC Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-84214-071-0. Subsequently another formulation of 150 mg of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (DHPA) with 10 mg estradiol enanthate (E2-EN) was tested in the 1960s3-6. <a href="978-1-84214-071-0" target="_blank">978-1-84214-071-0</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>d 'Arcangues C, Snow RC (1999). "Injectable Contraceptives". Fertility Control — Update and Trends. pp. 121–149. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86696-8_6. ISBN 978-3-642-86698-2. <a href="978-3-642-86698-2" target="_blank">978-3-642-86698-2</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>Population Reports: Injectables and implants. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George Washington University. 1987. p. K-75. In the US, Squibb Pharmaceutical Company withdrew Deladroxate from clinical testing in the late 1960s because of concerns over (1) breast tumors in beagle dogs, (2) pituitary hyperplasia in rats, and (3) possible accumulation of estradiol enanthate in the body with continued use (89, 98, 243). Subsequently, however, questions have been raised about whether such animal findings are applicable to humans. Research suggests that the adverse effects of Deladroxate on animals may occur only with doses higher than the equivalent of a contraceptive dose (2, 62, 82, 121, 272). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Population Reports: Injectables and implants. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George Washington University. 1987. p. K-75. In the US, Squibb Pharmaceutical Company withdrew Deladroxate from clinical testing in the late 1960s because of concerns over (1) breast tumors in beagle dogs, (2) pituitary hyperplasia in rats, and (3) possible accumulation of estradiol enanthate in the body with continued use (89, 98, 243). Subsequently, however, questions have been raised about whether such animal findings are applicable to humans. Research suggests that the adverse effects of Deladroxate on animals may occur only with doses higher than the equivalent of a contraceptive dose (2, 62, 82, 121, 272). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zZhLAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Kleemann A, Engel J (2001). Pharmaceutical Substances: Syntheses, Patents, Applications. Thieme. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-13-558404-1. <a href="978-3-13-558404-1" target="_blank">978-3-13-558404-1</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Negwer M (1994). Organic-chemical Drugs and Their Synonyms: (an International Survey). Akademie Verlag. p. 2572. ISBN 978-3-05-500156-7. Algestone acetophenide, Alphasone acetophenide, Bovitrol, Deladroxone, Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, Droxone, Neolutin depositum, SQ 15101 U Progestin, spermatogenesis inhibitor <a href="978-3-05-500156-7" target="_blank">978-3-05-500156-7</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Chemical Contraception. Macmillan International Higher Education. 18 June 1974. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-1-349-02287-8. <a href="978-1-349-02287-8" target="_blank">978-1-349-02287-8</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–359. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID 8013219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>Kleemann A, Engel J (2001). Pharmaceutical Substances: Syntheses, Patents, Applications. Thieme. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-13-558404-1. <a href="978-3-13-558404-1" target="_blank">978-3-13-558404-1</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Negwer M (1994). Organic-chemical Drugs and Their Synonyms: (an International Survey). Akademie Verlag. p. 2572. ISBN 978-3-05-500156-7. Algestone acetophenide, Alphasone acetophenide, Bovitrol, Deladroxone, Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, Droxone, Neolutin depositum, SQ 15101 U Progestin, spermatogenesis inhibitor <a href="978-3-05-500156-7" target="_blank">978-3-05-500156-7</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Chemical Contraception. Macmillan International Higher Education. 18 June 1974. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-1-349-02287-8. <a href="978-1-349-02287-8" target="_blank">978-1-349-02287-8</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–359. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID 8013219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>Gallo MF, Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF, d'Arcangues C (2013). "Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (3): CD004568. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004568.pub3. PMC 6513542. PMID 23641480. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513542" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513542</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>"Unijab Dosage & Drug Information | MIMS Singapore". <a href="http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab" target="_blank">http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:183"><p>Toppozada MK (1983). "Monthly Injectable Contraceptives". In Goldsmith A, Toppozada M (eds.). Long-Acting Contraception. pp. 93–103. OCLC 35018604. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:184"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:185"><p>Negwer M (1994). Organic-chemical Drugs and Their Synonyms: (an International Survey). Akademie Verlag. p. 2572. ISBN 978-3-05-500156-7. Algestone acetophenide, Alphasone acetophenide, Bovitrol, Deladroxone, Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, Droxone, Neolutin depositum, SQ 15101 U Progestin, spermatogenesis inhibitor <a href="978-3-05-500156-7" target="_blank">978-3-05-500156-7</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:186"><p>North Dakota State University. Extension Service (1967). Circulars. p. XV. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvJHAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=bvJHAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:187"><p>Louisiana Agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1967. p. 38. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmhRAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KmhRAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:188"><p>Beef Cattle Science Handbook. Agriservices Foundation. 1971. p. 148. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt0qAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=jt0qAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:189"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:190"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:191"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:192"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:193"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:194"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:195"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:196"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:197"><p>Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew Publishing. 22 October 2013. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:198"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:199"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:200"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:201"><p>Rabe T, Runnebaum B (6 December 2012). Fertility Control — Update and Trends: Update and Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-3-642-86696-8. Two additional monthly, combined injectable methods warrant mention. Deladroxate (commercially labelled as Perlutan, Topasel, Agurin, Horprotal and Uno-Ciclo in various countries), is a combination of 150 mg dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide and 10 mg estradiol enanthate, and is available in many Latin American countries and Spain. The method is highly effective, without a single pregnancy reported in large clinical trials (Koetsawang 1994). Although available since the 1960s, the method has not been studied as extensively as Cyclofem or Mesigyna. The original manufacturer withdrew support due to toxicological concerns with dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide, and clinical evaluations continue to be published. A recent dose-finding trial compared the standard available dose of 150/10 with a lower dose of 90/6, and concluded the lower dose was equally effective (Coutinho et al., 1997). <a href="978-3-642-86696-8" target="_blank">978-3-642-86696-8</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:202"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:203"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:204"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:205"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:206"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:207"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:208"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:209"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:210"><p>Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9. PMID 8013216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:211"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:212"><p>Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–359. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID 8013219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:213"><p>"Micromedex Products: Please Login". <a href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/" target="_blank">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:214"><p>Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1. <a href="978-0-85369-840-1" target="_blank">978-0-85369-840-1</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:215"><p>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180918123639/https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:216"><p>"Progestin Oral, Parenteral, Vaginal Advanced Patient Information". <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/algestone-acetophenide.html</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:217"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:218"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:219"><p>Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170810000242/http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:220"><p>Senanayake P, Potts M (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4. <a href="978-0-203-34732-4" target="_blank">978-0-203-34732-4</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:221"><p>Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 4 (Suppl 1): S1-34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:222"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–433, 467. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1. <a href="978-92-832-1291-1" target="_blank">978-92-832-1291-1</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:223"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:224"><p>"Unijab Dosage & Drug Information | MIMS Singapore". <a href="http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab" target="_blank">http://www.mims.com/singapore/drug/info/unijab</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:225"><p>Toppozada MK (1983). "Monthly Injectable Contraceptives". In Goldsmith A, Toppozada M (eds.). Long-Acting Contraception. pp. 93–103. OCLC 35018604. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:226"><p>Speroff L, Fritz MA (2005). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 969–. ISBN 978-0-7817-4795-0. <a href="978-0-7817-4795-0" target="_blank">978-0-7817-4795-0</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:227"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:228"><p>IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. <a href="978-92-832-1272-0" target="_blank">978-92-832-1272-0</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:229"><p>Toppozada MK (1983). "Monthly Injectable Contraceptives". In Goldsmith A, Toppozada M (eds.). Long-Acting Contraception. pp. 93–103. OCLC 35018604. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14664537528797672080</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:230"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:231"><p>Toppozada M (June 1977). "The clinical use of monthly injectable contraceptive preparations". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 32 (6): 335–347. doi:10.1097/00006254-197706000-00001. PMID 865726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>