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Nitroethylene
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<h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <p>Nitroethylene has a <a href="/facts/Molecular_dipole_moment/G1vRqruD">dipole moment</a> from the electron withdrawing nitro group present in the molecule, even though it is a neutral species. As a result, it is soluble in water and non-polar solvents. Nitroethylene is extremely reactive, even at low temperatures. It readily decomposes at room temperature. In sharp contrast to reports that highlight its instability, however, it has been found to be stable as a standard solution in benzene for at least 6 months when stored in a refrigerator (-10 °C).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="production">Production</h2> <p>Nitroethene can be produced by reacting <a href="/facts/Nitromethane/mfVA2AA1">nitromethane</a> with <a href="/facts/Formaldehyde/Ck8RLfqk">formaldehyde</a> or <a href="/facts/Paraformaldehyde/9lcmgIWD">paraformaldehyde</a> (a polymeric form) to form 2-nitroethanol, which can then undergo an <a href="/facts/E2_reaction/7LSBwU3P">E2</a> acid-catalyzed <a href="/facts/Dehydration_reaction/dTAxlyRX">dehydration reaction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Alternatively, nitroethene may be produced via thermal dehydratation of 2-nitroethanol in the presence of phthalic anhydride.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reactions">Reactions</h2> <p>Nitroethylene is a very electron deficient molecule. As a result, nitroethylene usually acts as the <a href="/facts/Electrophile/1AHFg1zm">electrophile</a> in reactions. Nitroethylene is capable of reacting spontaneously at temperatures as low as -100 °C, often as endothermic reactions. Common reactions for this molecule are cycloadditions, radical additions, and nucleophilic additions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cycloaddition</h3> <p>Nitroethylene can act at the 2π electron source in a [4+2] <a href="/facts/Cycloaddition/Gme6TDFP">cycloaddition</a>. The nitro group in the molecule serves as an electron withdrawing group that makes the molecule a good candidate as a dienophile. It readily forms an adduct with cyclopentadiene, spiroheptadiene, and their derivatives in a [4+2] cycloaddition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Nitroethene can react at the 2π electron source in a [3+2] cycloaddition with nitrones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Nitroethylene is also reactive in domino-cycloaddition processes. For example, they can initially react with a chiral vinyl ether, and then react in a [3+2] cycloaddition with an electron deficient alkene such as dimethyl fumarate. The reactions are almost spontaneous at -78 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Radical polymerization</h3> <p>At very low temperatures (i.e. -78 °C), nitroethylene can polymerize with itself through initiation by one of its lone pairs. This process can be moderated by using t-butyl solvent. Research has been conducted on performing batch polymerization at room temperature in THF solvent. This process requires gamma ray irradiation for initiation. Termination of the polymerization requires a radical retardant, such as hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride. Water must be carefully removed prior to the polymerization, as nitroethylene is sensitive to polymerization by traces of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Addition and Reduction</h3> <p>In addition to standard nucleophilic addition reactions on the C=C bond, nitroethylene can serve as a Michael acceptor in a Michael addition reaction. A typical Michael donor (i.e. ketone or aldehyde) can be used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Like most nitro compounds, a platinum/palladium catalyzed reaction with hydrogen gas can reduce the nitro group to an amine group. </p><p>Another example is the Michael reaction of indole and nitroethylene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>The main use of nitroethylene is as an intermediate reagent in chemical synthesis. One example is the production of N-(2-nitroethyl)-aniline with <a href="/facts/Aniline/eFXck1Rj">aniline</a> at room temperature. The reaction utilizes benzene as a solvent and proceeds to about 90% yield in 12 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <p>Another example of nitroethylene is from the coupling reaction with a vinyl <a href="/facts/Grignard_reagent/0vkLtPo1">Grignard reagent</a> and a silyl glyoxalate to form a nitrocylopentanol. This process via a Henry reaction and is highly diastereoselective.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ranganathan, D.; Rao, C. B.; Ranganathan, S.; Mehrotra, A.K; Iyengar, R. Nitroethylene: A Stable, Clean, and Reactive Agent for Organic Synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1185-1189. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Yamaoka, H.; Williams, F.; Hayashi, K. Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Nitroethylene. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 376-381. DOI: 10.1039/TF9676300376 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Zimmerman, Howard E.; Wang, Pengfei (2002-12-01). "Inter- and Intramolecular Stereoselective Protonation of Enols1,2". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 67 (26): 9216–9226. doi:10.1021/jo026187p. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 12492323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Singleton, Daniel A. Nitroethylene. Publication. College Station: n.p., 2008. Wiley Online Library. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ranganathan, D.; Rao, C. B.; Ranganathan, S.; Mehrotra, A.K; Iyengar, R. Nitroethylene: A Stable, Clean, and Reactive Agent for Organic Synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1185-1189. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Jasiński, R. (2009-06-01). "The question of the regiodirection of the [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of triphenylnitrone to nitroethene". Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. 45 (6): 748–749. doi:10.1007/s10593-009-0318-3. ISSN 0009-3122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Jasiński, Radomir (2009-09-11). "Regio- and stereoselectivity of [2+3]cycloaddition of nitroethene to (Z)-N-aryl-C-phenylnitrones". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 74 (9): 1341–1349. doi:10.1135/cccc2009037. ISSN 1212-6950. <a href="http://cccc.uochb.cas.cz/74/9/1341/" target="_blank">http://cccc.uochb.cas.cz/74/9/1341/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Denmark, S. E., Hurd A. R. Tandem [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloadditions with Nitroethylene. J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63(9), 3045-3050. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Yamaoka, H.; Williams, F.; Hayashi, K. Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Nitroethylene. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 376-381. DOI: 10.1039/TF9676300376 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Y. Chi, L. Guo, N. A. Kopf, S. H. Gellman. Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroethylene: Efficient Access to γ2-Amino Acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 5048-5049. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ranganathan, D.; Rao, C. B.; Ranganathan, S.; Mehrotra, A.K; Iyengar, R. Nitroethylene: A Stable, Clean, and Reactive Agent for Organic Synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1185-1189. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Nitroethylene properties. http://es.sw3c.com/chemical/formulas/cas-3638-64-0.html (accessed 11/6/2012). <a href="http://es.sw3c.com/chemical/formulas/cas-3638-64-0.html" target="_blank">http://es.sw3c.com/chemical/formulas/cas-3638-64-0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Boyce G. R., & Johnson, J. S. Three-Component Coupling Reactions of Silyl Glyoxylates, Vinyl Grignard Reagent, and Nitroalkenes: An Efficient, Highly Diastereoselective Approach to Nitrocyclopentanols. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2010, 49(47), pp. 8930–8933 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>