Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
United States Intelligence Community
open-in-new
<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The term <i>Intelligence Community</i> was first used during LTG <a href="/facts/Walter_Bedell_Smith/S4oCp7xh">Walter Bedell Smith</a>'s tenure as <a href="/facts/Director_of_Central_Intelligence/bWgpp3zY">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1950–1953).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Intelligence is information that agencies collect, analyze, and distribute in response to government leaders' questions and requirements. Intelligence is a broad term that may entail for example: </p> <blockquote><p>Collection, analysis, and production of sensitive information to support national security leaders, including policymakers, military commanders, and members of Congress. Safeguarding these processes and this information through counterintelligence activities. Execution of covert operations approved by the president. The IC strives to provide valuable insight on important issues by gathering raw intelligence, analyzing that data in context, and producing timely and relevant products for customers at all levels of national security—from the war-fighter on the ground to the president in Washington.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Executive Order 12333 charged the IC with six primary objectives:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Collection of information needed by the president, the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Security_Council/HYwSNFA6">National Security Council</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_State/AgUe4Dkq">secretary of state</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense/K3ygWDbv">secretary of defense</a>, and other <a href="/facts/Executive_(government)/fPCCh3VU">executive branch officials</a> for the performance of their duties and responsibilities;</li> <li>Production and dissemination of intelligence;</li> <li>Collection of <a href="/facts/Information/3LdrzXtJ">information</a> concerning, and the conduct of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the U.S., international <a href="/facts/Terrorism/DHJGPJ6P">terrorist</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Narcotics/XPC65A8f">narcotics</a> activities, and other hostile activities directed against the U.S. by foreign powers, organizations, persons and their agents;</li> <li>Special activities (defined as activities conducted in support of <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States/2rusceuf">U.S. foreign policy</a> objectives abroad which are planned and executed so that the "role of the United States Government is not apparent or acknowledged publicly", and functions in support of such activities, but which are not intended to influence United States political processes, <a href="/facts/Public_opinion/GfnFwKk2">public opinion</a>, policies, or media and do not include <a href="/facts/Diplomacy/s5dRkAhk">diplomatic activities</a> or the collection and production of intelligence or related support functions);</li> <li>Administrative and support activities within the United States and abroad necessary for the performance of authorized activities and</li> <li>Such other intelligence activities as the president may direct from time to time.</li></ul> <p>Before the CIA's establishment, several <a href="/facts/Military_intelligence/VQJypEMT">military intelligence</a> agencies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation/UY93jwX6">FBI</a> to a limited extent, fulfilled its role. </p> <h2 id="organization">Organization</h2> <p>The IC is headed by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), whose statutory leadership is exercised through the <a href="/facts/ODNI/AnV5cBUQ">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a> (ODNI). The other members of the IC are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>List of members</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Seal</th><th>Organization</th><th>Parent organization</th><th>Federal department</th><th>Date est.</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence/9HFxz6V3">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> (ONI)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">U.S. Navy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1882</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Coast_Guard_Intelligence/RIIbBUdF">Coast Guard Intelligence</a> (CGI)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">U.S. Coast Guard</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">Homeland Security</a></td><td>1915</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research/FujVxxmD">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> (INR)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">State</a></td><td>1945</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Intelligence_Agency/U7urmQYL">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)</td><td><a href="/facts/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States/CLx9Mmyn">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government/XG5znCys">Independent agency</a></i></td><td>1947</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Air_and_Space_Intelligence_Center/IszjEdvg">National Air and Space Intelligence Center</a> (USAF ISR Enterprise)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">U.S. Air Force</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1954</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) /<a href="/facts/Central_Security_Service/l4womv7o">Central Security Service</a> (CSS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1952</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Reconnaissance_Office/Rnh04L8L">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1961</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Defense_Intelligence_Agency/lo2KYneo">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1961</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)/k8P7zAgX">U.S. Army Intelligence</a> (Office of the G-2)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">U.S. Army</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1885</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence/98nu0DmY">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a> (OICI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">Department of Energy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">Energy</a></td><td>1977</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Marine_Corps_Intelligence/zeuJY2NY">Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">U.S. Marine Corps</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1920<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency/DrC6QGyo">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> (NGA)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Department of Defense</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>1996</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis_(Treasury_Department)/QCMygbWN">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (OIA)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury/lDmua740">Department of the Treasury</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury/lDmua740">Treasury</a></td><td>2004</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/FBI_Intelligence_Branch/G1IBX4GN">Intelligence Branch</a> (IB)</td><td><a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation/UY93jwX6">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Justice/2SuTuevo">Justice</a></td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence/CEnmd6Dv">Office of National Security Intelligence</a> (ONSI)</td><td><a href="/facts/Drug_Enforcement_Administration/qGQpHNB8">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Justice/2SuTuevo">Justice</a></td><td>2006</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis/AX3EYL00">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (I&A)</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">Department of Homeland Security</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security/jwz5gLfa">Homeland Security</a></td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Space_Intelligence_Center/3WyTfIaI">National Space Intelligence Center</a> (NSIC) (USSF ISR Enterprise)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Space_Force/bWlsxC5D">U.S. Space Force</a></td><td><a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Defense/dWAvf7e3">Defense</a></td><td>2020</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Notes</h3> <h3>Programs</h3> <p>The IC performs under two separate programs: </p> <ul><li>The National Intelligence Program (NIP), formerly known as the National Foreign Intelligence Program as defined by the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Act_of_1947/RoACycH4">National Security Act of 1947</a> (as amended), "refers to all programs, projects, and activities of the intelligence community, as well as any other programs of the intelligence community designated jointly by the <a href="/facts/Director_of_National_Intelligence/AnV5cBUQ">director of national intelligence</a> (DNI) and the head of a United States department or agency or by the president. Such term does not include programs, projects, or activities of the military departments to acquire intelligence solely for the planning and conduct of tactical military operations by the United States Armed Forces". Under the law, the DNI is responsible for directing and overseeing the NIP, though the ability to do so is limited (see the Organization structure and leadership section).</li> <li>The Military Intelligence Program (MIP) refers to the programs, projects, or activities of the military departments to acquire intelligence solely for the planning and conduct of tactical military operations by the United States Armed Forces. The MIP is directed and controlled by the under secretary of defense for intelligence. In 2005 the Department of Defense combined the Joint Military Intelligence Program and the Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities program to form the MIP.</li></ul> <p>Since the definitions of the NIP and MIP overlap when they address <a href="/facts/Military_intelligence/VQJypEMT">military intelligence</a>, the assignment of intelligence activities to the NIP and MIP sometimes proves problematic. </p> <h3>Organizational structure and leadership</h3> <p>The overall organization of the IC is primarily governed by the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Act_of_1947/RoACycH4">National Security Act of 1947</a> (as amended) and <a href="/facts/Executive_order/JwJJXBar">Executive Order</a> 12333. The statutory organizational relationships were substantially revised with the 2004 <a href="/facts/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act/XYsY23gy">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a> (IRTPA) amendments to the 1947 National Security Act. </p><p>Though the IC characterizes itself as a <a href="/facts/Federation/R846sufb">federation</a> of its member elements,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> its overall structure is better characterized as a <a href="/facts/Confederation/8BLyhA5U">confederation</a> due to its lack of a well-defined, unified leadership and governance structure. Prior to 2004, the <a href="/facts/Director_of_Central_Intelligence/bWgpp3zY">director of Central Intelligence</a> (DCI) was the head of the IC, in addition to being the director of the CIA. A major criticism of this arrangement was that the DCI had little or no actual authority over the budgetary authorities of the other IC agencies and therefore had limited influence over their operations. </p><p>Following the passage of IRTPA in 2004, the head of the IC is the <a href="/facts/Director_of_National_Intelligence/AnV5cBUQ">director of national intelligence</a> (DNI). The DNI exerts leadership of the IC primarily through statutory authorities under which he or she:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>develops and executes the National Intelligence Program budget;</li> <li>establishes objectives, priorities, and guidance for the IC; and</li> <li>manages and directs the tasking of, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence by elements of the IC.</li></ul> <p>Despite these responsibilities, the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of the IC except his own staff—the Office of the DNI—nor does the DNI have the authority to hire or fire personnel in the IC except those on his or her own staff. The member elements in the executive branch are directed and controlled by their respective department heads, all cabinet-level officials reporting to the president. By law, only the <a href="/facts/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency/vSERrIF8">director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a> reports to the DNI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In light of major intelligence failures in recent years that called into question how well Intelligence Community ensures U.S. national security, particularly those identified by the <a href="/facts/9/11_Commission/FJ26EaIs">9/11 Commission</a> (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States), and the "<a href="/facts/Iraq_Intelligence_Commission/l28cpHue">WMD Commission</a>" (Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction), the authorities and powers of the DNI and the overall organizational structure of the IC have become subject of intense debate in the United States. </p> <h3>Interagency cooperation</h3> <p>Previously, interagency cooperation and the flow of information among the member agencies was hindered by policies that sought to limit the pooling of information out of privacy and security concerns. Attempts to modernize and facilitate interagency cooperation within the IC include technological, structural, procedural, and cultural dimensions. Examples include the <a href="/facts/Intellipedia/eqeR486X">Intellipedia</a> <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a> of encyclopedic security-related information; the creation of the <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence/AnV5cBUQ">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a>, <a href="/facts/National_Counterterrorism_Center/rJuIYfpk">National Intelligence Centers</a>, <a href="/facts/Program_Manager_Information_Sharing_Environment/PGCUjuc9">Program Manager Information Sharing Environment</a>, and <a href="/facts/Information_Sharing_Council/PGCUjuc9">Information Sharing Council</a>; legal and policy frameworks set by the <a href="/facts/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act_of_2004/XYsY23gy">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004</a>, information sharing Executive Order 13354 and <a href="/facts/Executive_Order_13388/tu6AthrL">Executive Order 13388</a>, and the 2005 <a href="/facts/National_Intelligence_Strategy_of_the_United_States_of_America/6voU2DdF">National Intelligence Strategy</a>. </p><p>The Department of Defense Intelligence Information System(DoDIIS.mil) facilitates inter agency cooperation and communication in the IC. Part of the DoDIIS are classified systems e.g. <a href="/facts/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System/WspPyNpY">JWICS</a> and <a href="/facts/SIPRNet/tQuvDBlN">SIPRNET</a>, <a href="/facts/Classified_website/YfoXS72P">classified websites</a>, and non-classified systems e.g. <a href="/facts/NIPRNet/9hekwwP2">NIPRNET</a>. It also includes Intellipedia-TS: Accessible via JWICS for Top Secret information, Intellipedia-S: Accessible via SIPRNET for Secret-level information., and Intellipedia-U: Accessible via NIPRNET for unclassified but sensitive information.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/National_Intelligence_University/uaUnFewA">NIU</a> was and is involved in developing the DoDIIS. </p> <h3>Budget</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/United_States_intelligence_budget/3HEYRB8N">United States intelligence budget</a></p> <p>The United States intelligence budget (excluding the Military Intelligence Program) in fiscal year 2022 was appropriated as $65.7 billion, an increase of $3.4 billion from the $62.3 billion requested and up from $60.8 billion in fiscal year 2021. The total budget of the National Intelligence Program has been public since 2007, due to the <a href="/facts/Implementing_Recommendations_of_the_9/11_Commission_Act_of_2007/Ey2jKrcd">Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007</a>, which required them to disclose the "aggregate amount of funds appropriated by Congress” for the NIP within 30 days of the end of the fiscal year. The requested budget of the NIP has been public since 2011 due to a requirement enacted by Congress in Section 364 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>About 70 percent of the intelligence budget went to <a href="/facts/Independent_contractor/pqEUAhNv">contractors</a> for the <a href="/facts/Procurement/y35C00fn">procurement</a> of technology and services (including analysis), according to the May 2007 chart from the ODNI. Intelligence spending has increased by a third over ten years ago, in <a href="/facts/Inflation/YvKtKrVI">inflation</a>-adjusted dollars, according to the <a href="/facts/Center_for_Strategic_and_Budgetary_Assessments/NR3U9rln">Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments</a>. </p><p>In a statement on the release of new <a href="/facts/Declassification/trghJPAB">declassified</a> figures, DNI <a href="/facts/John_Michael_McConnell/B8hPK9ok">Mike McConnell</a> said[<i>when?</i>] there would be no additional disclosures of <a href="/facts/Classified_information_in_the_United_States/YNyn6wGA">classified budget information</a> beyond the overall spending figure because "such disclosures could harm national security". How the money is divided among the 16 intelligence agencies and what it is spent on is classified. It includes <a href="/facts/Salary/W4rYGjhe">salaries</a> for about 100,000 people, multi billion-dollar <a href="/facts/Spy_satellite/LkL0IYHH">satellite programs</a>, <a href="/facts/Surveillance_aircraft/9ae9ulxs">aircraft</a>, <a href="/facts/Weapon/fV9QfoBh">weapons</a>, electronic sensors, <a href="/facts/Intelligence_analysis/BHJdNEEB">intelligence analysis</a>, <a href="/facts/Espionage/oaDJ5fAd">spies</a>, <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">computers</a>, and <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a>. </p><p>On August 29, 2013 <i><a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a></i> published the summary of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence's multivolume FY 2013 Congressional Budget Justification, the U.S. Intelligence Community's top-secret "black budget".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The IC's FY 2013 budget details how the 16 spy agencies use the money and how it performs against the goals set by the president and Congress. Experts said that access to such details about U.S. spy programs is without precedent. Steven Aftergood of the <a href="/facts/Federation_of_American_Scientists/KNjX3s7U">Federation of American Scientists</a>, which provides analyses of national security issues, stated that "It was a titanic struggle just to get the top-line budget number disclosed, and that has only been done consistently since 2007 ... but a real grasp of the structure and operations of the intelligence bureaucracy has been totally beyond public reach. This kind of material, even on a historical basis, has simply not been available."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Access to budget details will enable an informed public debate on intelligence spending for the first time, said the co-chair of the 9/11 Commission Lee H. Hamilton. He added that Americans should not be excluded from the budget process because the intelligence community has a profound impact on the life of ordinary Americans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Oversight</h3> <p><a href="/facts/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Oversight/b6Qe18wa">Intelligence Community Oversight</a> duties are distributed to both the executive and legislative branches. Primary executive oversight is performed by the <a href="/facts/President%27s_Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board/axsJ8pJM">President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Joint_Intelligence_Community_Council/vACLcvR6">Joint Intelligence Community Council</a>, the <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_Inspector_General/PKtgF0yL">Office of the Inspector General</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Office_of_Management_and_Budget/CgNXcMkS">Office of Management and Budget</a>. Primary <a href="/facts/Congressional_oversight/DHansyxJ">congressional oversight</a> jurisdiction over the IC is assigned to two <a href="/facts/United_States_Congressional_committee/lQkeSNbD">committees</a>: the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence/RzEguBdu">United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence/RvreNP4e">United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a>. The <a href="/facts/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services/gcz3kbdX">House Armed Services Committee</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services/SU9hJyob">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> draft bills to annually authorize the budgets of DoD intelligence activities, and both the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations/xchoCHeg">House</a> and <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations/UNpSUwtl">Senate appropriations committees</a> annually draft bills to appropriate the budgets of the IC. The <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs/S396TGyV">Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a> took a leading role in formulating the intelligence reform legislation in the <a href="/facts/108th_United_States_Congress/UrCy3R6q">108th Congress</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>United States portal</li><li>Politics portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/UKUSA_Agreement/37k7fNRa">UKUSA Agreement</a>, and other members of <a href="/facts/Five_Eyes/7lnSYxYh">Five Eyes</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/United_Kingdom_Intelligence_Community/Ck1JfrR2">United Kingdom Intelligence Community</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies/Pkxb9JWf">New Zealand intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intelligence_services_in_Canada/XtFQSspe">Intelligence services in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Intelligence_Community/qkHtP3ol">Australian Intelligence Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_intelligence_agencies/BNavd5y9">List of intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Security_Act_of_1947/RoACycH4">National Security Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Top_Secret_America/Wy5LVAUy">Top Secret America</a>, a 2010 <i>Washington Post</i> series on the post-9/11 growth of the United States Intelligence Community</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States_National_Security_Council/HYwSNFA6">United States National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Basic_Information_Library/kHplpBAR">World Basic Information Library</a> - a joint Army/Navy program will allows all <a href="/facts/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces/KKmhUArF">Reserve Component</a> military personnel to contribute to the sharing of <a href="/facts/Open-source_intelligence/GzCXep9r">open-source intelligence</a> (OSINT)</li></ul> <p>Notes </p> <p>Further reading </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)/5Vbnz16K"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States</i></a> by the <a href="/facts/Office_of_the_Historian/98Jjr4Ho">Office of the Historian</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel">1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment</a>.</i> Thorne, Jr., C. T. & Patterson, D. S. (Eds.) 1996. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-16-045208-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35167352">35167352</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel">1950–1955, The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955</a>.</i> Keane, D. & Warner, M. (Eds.) 2007. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-16-076468-8. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/216660202">216660202</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jeffrey_T._Richelson/qVUpVSRg">Richelson, Jeffrey T.</a> (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eKztvOk_aIC"><i>The United States Intelligence Community</i></a> (Sixth ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8133-4512-3. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701015423">701015423</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Intelligence Community. Wikiquote has quotations related to <i>United States Intelligence Community</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search/?q=intelligence&t=fulltext&nlow=&nhi=">Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding U.S. Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic">ODNI Members of the IC</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Agrawal, Nina. "There's more than the CIA and FBI: The 17 agencies that make up the U.S. intelligence community". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017. <a href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-17-intelligence-agencies-20170112-story.html" target="_blank">http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-17-intelligence-agencies-20170112-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Members of the IC". Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117211102/https://www.odni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181117211102/https://www.odni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Executive Order 12333". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215419/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/eo12333.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215419/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/eo12333.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>DeVine, Michael (June 27, 2018). "In Focus: U.S. Intelligence Community Elements: Establishment Provisions". Congressional Research Service (IF10527). Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022. <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10527" target="_blank">https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10527</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dana Priest & William M Arkin (July 19, 2010). "A hidden world, growing beyond control". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720183755/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100720183755/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/a-hidden-world-growing-beyond-control/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Warner, Michael; McDonald, Kenneth. "US Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since 1947" (PDF). fas.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2021. <a href="https://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/reform.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/reform.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rosenbach, Eric & Aki J. Peritz (June 12, 2009). "Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence Community" (PDF). Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2022. <a href="https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IC-book-finalasof12JUNE.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IC-book-finalasof12JUNE.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Executive Order 12333 Archived March 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine text <a href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html" target="_blank">https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Tikkanen, Amy; Munro, André; Duignan, Brian; Pringle, Robert W. (June 2, 2023). "Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Duignan" target="_blank">/wiki/Brian_Duignan</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Members of the IC". Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301072520/http://www.dni.gov/index.php/intelligence-community/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160301072520/http://www.dni.gov/index.php/intelligence-community/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"USSF Becomes 18th Member of Intel Community". defense.gov. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2466657/ussf-becomes-18th-member-of-intel-community/" target="_blank">https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2466657/ussf-becomes-18th-member-of-intel-community/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Members of the IC". www.dni.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>The NSA's Central Security Service consists of the Service Cryptologic Components which include the Army Intelligence and Security Command, Marine Corps Information Command, Navy Fleet Cyber Command, Sixteenth Air Force, United States Space Force, and Coast Guard Deputy Assistant Commandant for Intelligence.[13] <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" target="_blank">/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Members of the IC". www.dni.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Members of the IC". www.dni.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Members of the IC". www.dni.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Journal Article: Marine Corps Intelligence, the Interwar Years, by Maj Michael H. Decker, USMC (Ret) and Sgt William Mackenzie, USMC (Ret), Marine Corps Gazette, September 2019,Volume 103, Number 9 and Michael H. Decker and William Mackenzie “The Birth and Early Years of Marine Corps Intelligence,” Marine Corps History, Volume 5, Number 2 (Winter 2020) p. 39-53 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Members of the IC". www.dni.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"NSIC changes commanders, redesignated Field Operating Agency". United States Space Force. <a href="https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3822843/nsic-changes-commanders-redesignated-field-operating-agency/" target="_blank">https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3822843/nsic-changes-commanders-redesignated-field-operating-agency/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"What is Intelligence?". www.odni.gov. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117211801/https://www.odni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/what-is-intelligence" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181117211801/https://www.odni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/what-is-intelligence</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The National Counterintelligence and Security Center: About". Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ncsc-features/123-about" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ncsc-features/123-about</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"U.S. National Intelligence: An Overview, 2013" (PDF). dni.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/USNI%202013%20Overview_web.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/USNI%202013%20Overview_web.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"In today's intelligence hierarchy, who really runs the show? - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/12/cia.dni/" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/12/cia.dni/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"The Role of the Director of National Intelligence as 'Head' of the Intelligence Community - Foreign Policy Research Institute". www.fpri.org. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021. <a href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2019/09/the-role-of-the-director-of-national-intelligence-as-head-of-the-intelligence-community/" target="_blank">https://www.fpri.org/article/2019/09/the-role-of-the-director-of-national-intelligence-as-head-of-the-intelligence-community/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Department of Defense (DOD) Intelligence Information System (DODIIS)". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 7, 2025. <a href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/dodiis.htm" target="_blank">https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/dodiis.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Defense Data Network", Wikipedia, January 24, 2024, retrieved March 7, 2025 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_Data_Network#cite_ref-5" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_Data_Network#cite_ref-5</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"DoDIIS Worldwide". www.dia.mil. Retrieved March 7, 2025. <a href="https://www.dia.mil/News-Features/DoDIIS-Worldwide/" target="_blank">https://www.dia.mil/News-Features/DoDIIS-Worldwide/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"IC Budget". www.dni.gov. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/ic-budget" target="_blank">https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/ic-budget</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"H.R.2701 - Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2701" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2701</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Matt DeLong (August 29, 2013). "Inside the 2013 U.S. intelligence 'black budget'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901052651/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/inside-the-2013-us-intelligence-black-budget/420/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130901052651/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/inside-the-2013-us-intelligence-black-budget/420/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Matthews, Dylan (August 29, 2013). "America's secret intelligence budget, in 11 (nay, 13) charts". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/29/your-cheat-sheet-to-americas-secret-intelligence-budget/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/29/your-cheat-sheet-to-americas-secret-intelligence-budget/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>DeLong, Matt (August 29, 2013). "2013 U.S. intelligence budget: Additional resources". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901082231/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/2013-us-intelligence-budget-additional-resources/421/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130901082231/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/2013-us-intelligence-budget-additional-resources/421/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Barton Gellman & Greg Miller (August 29, 2013). "U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Barton Gellman & Greg Miller (August 29, 2013). "U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>