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Squib-class torpedo boat
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<h2 id="description-and-construction">Description and construction</h2> <p>During the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/facts/Union_blockade/B2WEqELQ">Union blockade</a> was suffocating the breakaway <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederate States of America</a>. In an attempt to break the blockade, the <a href="/facts/Torpedo_boat/lPtPPLD2">torpedo boat</a> <a href="/facts/CSS_David/MjVI9TpA">CSS <i>David</i></a> attacked the Union <a href="/facts/Ironclad/woAQJfj3">ironclad</a> <a href="/facts/USS_New_Ironsides/gE538rS3">USS <i>New Ironsides</i></a> on October 5, 1863, damaging the Union vessel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> As a result of <i>David</i>'s attack, the Confederates continued to build additional torpedo boats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Led by <a href="/facts/Lieutenant/G9BbvD6s">Lieutenant</a> Hunter Davidson,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and constructor William A. Graves,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Confederate engineers in <a href="/facts/Richmond%2c_Virginia/RPT22L8B">Richmond, Virginia</a>, designed a new class of torpedo boats based on a different pattern than <i>David</i>. While <i>David</i> was <a href="/facts/Semi-submersible_naval_vessel/nPfpCNq2">semi-submersible</a>, the Richmond design, known as the <i>Squib</i>-class, was not. Four were completed: <a href="/facts/CSS_Squib/SYt04xTt">CSS <i>Squib</i></a>, <a href="/facts/CSS_Scorpion/bIzj6Ppw">CSS <i>Scorpion</i></a>, <a href="/facts/CSS_Hornet/JMLxqBdL">CSS <i>Hornet</i></a>, and <a href="/facts/CSS_Wasp/JMLxqBdL">CSS <i>Wasp</i></a>. These vessels had wooden <a href="/facts/Hull_(watercraft)/hY6LxATt">hulls</a>, and were driven by a <a href="/facts/Propeller/0IN0JKXC">propeller</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <i>Squib</i> was about 30 feet (9.1 m) to 35 feet (11 m), with a <a href="/facts/Beam_(nautical)/kG7egDLm">beam</a> of about 6 feet (1.8 m). She was powered by a double-cylinder <a href="/facts/Steam_engine/f7hN8vzm">steam engine</a>, which had a single <a href="/facts/Boiler/uPqTq0I6">boiler</a> and <a href="/facts/Funnel_(ship)/qFM2PKIz">funnel</a>. The engine was located <a href="/facts/Amidships/b2XlMKqN">amidships</a>, and the boiler and funnel <a href="/facts/Aft/sTnc1yC2">aft</a>. <i>Squib</i> was reportedly quite fast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The other three vessels of the class were longer than <i>Squib</i> and were very similar amongst themselves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> They were 46 feet (14 m) long, with a beam of 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> All four ships are reported as having a <a href="/facts/Depth_of_hold/b2XlMKqN">depth of hold</a> of 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Their <a href="/facts/Tonnage/Nhp4wSQ4">tonnage</a> is unknown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> One of the three non-<i>Squib</i> vessels of the class had two <a href="/facts/Oscillating_engine/YjD2U9Lx">oscillating condensing engines</a>, which had a 7-inch (18 cm) <a href="/facts/Cylinder_(engine)/XlMRcfFl">cylinder</a> and a 6-inch (15 cm) <a href="/facts/Stroke_(engine)/whnTkDl3">stroke</a>, as well as a single boiler. The vessel was described as having "fair speed for a boat of her kind" by a Union engineer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> All of the vessels of the class carried a crew of five or six.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> They were armed with a single <a href="/facts/Spar_torpedo/cW5mXnYa">spar torpedo</a>, which was mounted on a shaft that was either 18 feet (5.5 m) according to naval historian Paul H. Silverstone<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> or 16 feet (4.9 m) long according to naval historian John M. Coski.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The spar could be raised or lowered by the ship's crew using a chain and <a href="/facts/Block_and_tackle/swPIThBM">tackle</a> system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The ships's sides were armored by thin plates of iron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p><i>Squib</i> was <a href="/facts/Ceremonial_ship_launching/kFSJFllx">launched</a> in early 1864, having been laid down at an unknown time in the prior year,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> with the others built later that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy/WAGX1t64">Confederate States Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/facts/Stephen_R._Mallory/gSgWFFGw">Stephen R. Mallory</a> ordered six <i>Squib</i>-class boats from England in July 1864, but they were never delivered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Additionally, two others were still under construction at Richmond in April 1865;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> the Confederates abandoned Richmond early in that month. Incomplete vessels at the Confederate naval facilities were burned when the city was abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Construction had been started on another in <a href="/facts/South_Carolina/lQQX84IS">South Carolina</a> and two more in <a href="/facts/Columbus%2c_Georgia/jKDqM2qq">Columbus, Georgia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ships">Ships</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Ship</th><th>Laid down</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>Squib</i></td><td>1863</td><td>Scuttled February 1865, off <a href="/facts/Cape_Fear_(region)/LgjuyYIr">Cape Fear</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>Scorpion</i></td><td>1864</td><td>Captured, January 24, 1865; possibly burned</td></tr><tr><td><i>Wasp</i></td><td>1864</td><td>Scuttled on night of April 2/3, 1865, near Richmond, Virginia</td></tr><tr><td><i>Hornet</i></td><td>1864</td><td>Sunk in collision, January 27, 1864</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><i>Squib</i></h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/CSS_Squib/SYt04xTt">CSS Squib</a></p> <p><i>Squib</i> was also known as <i>Infanta</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Commanded by Davidson,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> <i>Squib</i> snuck into the midst of the Union fleet at <a href="/facts/Hampton_Roads/bEl4cN5H">Hampton Roads</a> on April 9, 1864, and attacked the Union <a href="/facts/Flagship/bkQIgekS">flagship</a> <a href="/facts/USS_Minnesota_(1855)/t6LhMXPF">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> After lowering the spar underwater, Davidson and his crew rammed the torpedo into <i>Minnesota</i>. The ensuing explosion of the 53 pounds (24 kg) of <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> in the torpedo damaged, but did not sink, the Union vessel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The torpedo had been too close to the water surface, reducing the effect of the explosion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i>Squib</i> escaped.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> She was also used to carry <a href="/facts/Flag_of_truce/JWE5fJLb">flags of truce</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> At an unknown date during mid-1864, <i>Squib</i> was transported by railcar to <a href="/facts/Wilmington%2c_North_Carolina/5mL8UmdH">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, where she served in the <a href="/facts/Cape_Fear_River/p2Gx3fAp">Cape Fear River</a>. While later reports of the activities of <i>Squib</i> no longer exist, she may have been used to ferry men and supplies during the <a href="/facts/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher/fMG6bdxy">Second Battle of Fort Fisher</a>. In February 1865, she was <a href="/facts/Scuttled/kDeqTHM7">scuttled</a> by her crew at Point Peter on <a href="/facts/Cape_Fear_(region)/LgjuyYIr">Cape Fear</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Scorpion</i></h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/CSS_Scorpion/bIzj6Ppw">CSS Scorpion</a></p> <p>Commanded by Lieutenant Edward Lakin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> <i>Scorpion</i> performed guard duty on the <a href="/facts/James_River/v1b83Do9">James River</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/James_River_Squadron/UodSPFLN">James River Squadron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> On the night of January 23, 1865, <i>Scorpion</i> participated in the Confederate offensive known as the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Trent%2527s_Reach/KHuKp0ov">Battle of Trent's Reach</a>. When the Confederate vessels present reached Union obstructions at Trent's Reach, <i>Scorpion</i> went ahead to perform <a href="/facts/Depth_sounding/GjtKqKxa">depth soundings</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Afterwards, while moving to get a lantern from the ironclad <a href="/facts/CSS_Virginia_II/H1j3hbeY">CSS <i>Virginia II</i></a>, <i>Scorpion</i> <a href="/facts/Ran_aground/98CSCNyb">ran aground</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> At 07:10 on January 24, she was swept downriver and out of control when Union fire caused the armed <a href="/facts/Tender_ship/JxGjFeu5">tender</a> <a href="/facts/CSS_Drewry/H0BmfLzX">CSS <i>Drewry</i></a> to explode. The explosion killed two crew members from <i>Scorpion</i> and swept four others overboard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Efforts to rescue her that night failed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> She was later captured by Union forces,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> and may have been burned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Wasp</i></h3> <p><i>Wasp</i> was commanded by <a href="/facts/Master%2527s_Mate/pL60gDtI">Master's Mate</a> J. W. Matherson and was part of the James River Squadron.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> She was present at the Battle of Trent's Reach on January 23 and 24. During the action, she helped refloat <i>Hornet</i> after the latter vessel ran aground, and unsuccessfully tried to get <i>Scorpion</i> ungrounded, but temporarily ran aground herself. Later, she withdrew to the Confederate position at <a href="/facts/Battery_Dantzler/BVrxJ7V7">Battery Dantzler</a>. <i>Wasp</i> then served as a <a href="/facts/Picket_boat/1CCHJUL6">picket boat</a> for <i>Virginia II</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> She was burned on the night of April 2/3, as the Confederates abandoned Richmond.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3><i>Hornet</i></h3> <p><i>Hornet</i> was commanded by <a href="/facts/Master_(naval)/2flNo9wN">Master</a> Samuel P. Blanc. On January 23 and 24, 1865, she also took part in the action at Trent's Reach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> After <i>Scorpion</i> ran aground, <i>Hornet</i>, who had been proceeding towards the ironclad <a href="/facts/CSS_Richmond/HlKKyu6c">CSS <i>Richmond</i></a>, encountered her and tried to get her unstuck, but was unable to do so due to the shallowness of the water. <i>Hornet</i> then moved upriver towards Battery Dantzler, arriving around the time of daylight. On January 27, <i>Hornet</i> collided with the steamer CSS <i>Allison</i> and sank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). <i>Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States</i>. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-57249-202-3.</li> <li>Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. <i>Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron</i>. New York: Savas Beatie. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-932714-15-9.</li> <li>Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". <i>Warship International</i>. 21 (4): 384–393. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</li> <li>Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). <i>Warships of the Civil War Navies</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87021-783-8.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, pp. 384–385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 92. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, pp. 384–385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 105. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, pp. 384–385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 93. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 105. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, pp. 384–385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Squib". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Hornet". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/hornet.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/hornet.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Scorpion". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Wasp". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Silverstone 1989, p. 219. - Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-783-8. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 105. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Silverstone 1989, p. 219. - Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-783-8. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Coski 2005, pp. 125–126. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Coski 2005, p. 126. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Campbell 2000, pp. 91–92. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Silverstone 1989, p. 219. - Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-783-8. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Coski 2005, p. 125. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Coski 2005, pp. 218–219. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 105. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Squib". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 385. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 387. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Coski 2005, p. 126. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Squib". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/squib.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 387. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 92. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Campbell 2000, pp. 100, 102. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 111. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Scorpion". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Coski 2005, pp. 198–202. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Coski 2005, pp. 201–203. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Coski 2005, p. 204. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 114. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Scorpion". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/scorpion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Coski 2005, p. 204. - Coski, John M. (2005) [2006]. Capital Navy: The Men, Ships, and Operations of the James River Squadron. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-15-9. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Silverstone 1989, p. 219. - Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-783-8. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Pry & Zeitlin 1984, p. 392. - Pry, Peter; Zeitlin, Richard (1984). "Torpedo Boats: Secret Weapons of the South". Warship International. 21 (4): 384–393. ISSN 0043-0374. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"Wasp". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Wasp". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/wasp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Campbell 2000, p. 218. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Hornet". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/hornet.html" target="_blank">https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/hornet.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Campbell 2000, pp. 114–115. - Campbell, R. Thomas (2000). Hunters of the Night: Confederate Torpedo Boats in the War Between the States. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-202-3. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>