Iron–platinum nanoparticle

<h2 id="properties">Properties</h2>
The various properties of iron-platinum nanoparticles allow them to function in multiple ways. In standard conditions, FePt NPs exist in the face-centered cubic phase with a 3 to 10 nanometer diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> However, once heat is added the structure becomes face-centered tetragonal.
Plant viruses, such as <a href="/facts/Cowpea_mosaic_virus/pC6hKHNj">Cowpea mosaic virus</a> and <a href="/facts/Tobacco_mosaic_virus/36sVcLw2">Tobacco mosaic virus</a>, enlarge the average radius of the FePt NPs through direct mineralization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The virus acts as a natural template to <a href="/facts/Monodisperse/8HHtUarc">monodisperse</a> nanoparticles up to 30 nanometers in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The size increase of the <a href="/facts/Bimetallic_nanoparticles/70V0s3Mr">bimetallic nanoparticles</a> enables a wider range of biological applications.

<h2 id="synthesis">Synthesis</h2>
Platinum nanoparticles become more chemically stable when alloyed with iron, <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a>, or <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a>. The platinum <a href="/facts/Alloy/I7w7WQWR">alloys</a> also have a better detection range and <a href="/facts/Catalysis/LPBS7TQC">catalytic</a> activity than platinum alone. These magnetic metal additions to platinum reduce the overall sensitivity to <a href="/facts/Redox/Pyd5RVcj">oxidation</a> while maintaining the desirable magnetic properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>[unreliable source?] Combined, FePt nanoparticles can be synthesized for medical applications. One method of synthesis uses incident laser technology to <a href="/facts/Irradiation/fHW0QNAa">irradiate</a> solutions containing iron and platinum to combine the two alloys. A laser beam is emitted onto a 4:1 mixture of iron (III) acetylacetonate and platinum (II) acetylacetonate dissolved in <a href="/facts/Methanol/EIfpoNCg">methanol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The black <a href="/facts/Precipitation_(chemistry)/s3BgsLLY">precipitates</a> are then washed and dried on <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> substrates to be characterized by <a href="/facts/Transmission_electron_microscopy/Rpr8jpCn">transmission electron microscopy</a> (TEM) and <a href="/facts/X-ray_crystallography/WtI0F5DN">X-ray diffraction</a>.

An alternative method of synthesis involves the coreduction of <a href="/facts/Chloroplatinic_acid/3F3cuA1b">chloroplatinic acid</a> (H2PtCl6) and iron (II) chloride in water-in-oil microemulsions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In this process, the normal face-centered cubic structure is transformed to a face-centered tetragonal configuration, offering a higher density product useful for many storage media applications.
For solid state applications FePt nanoparticles can be synthesised on a substrate by directly co-<a href="/facts/Sputter_deposition/dnJ7y7cw">sputtering</a> Fe and Pt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="applications">Applications</h2>
<h3>Magnetic storage</h3>
FePt NPs are promising materials for ultra-high density magnetic recording media due to their high <a href="/facts/Coercivity/duBA23fB">coercivity</a>. Higher coercivity indicates the material cannot be demagnetized easily. After <a href="/facts/Annealing_(metallurgy)/2AfoCE4X">annealing</a> at 700 °C, the film can have up to 14KOe <a href="/facts/Coercivity/duBA23fB">coercivity</a> compared to common hard drives that have 5KOe coercivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Nanoparticles have also been grown with coercivities up to 37 kOe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h3>Medicine</h3>

Due to their superparamagnetism and controllable shape, size, and surface, iron-platinum nanoparticles have great potential for advancing medicine in many fields, including imaging, <a href="/facts/Pathogen/axMXtV1M">pathogen</a> detection, and <a href="/facts/Targeted_therapy/QaHGLjc6">targeted cancer therapy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The NPs can be conjugated with <a href="/facts/Antibody/MX8pdTdP">antibodies</a> for tissue-specific delivery, providing a systematic way to customize for either technology. FePt NPs are compatible for <a href="/facts/X-ray_computed_tomography/NusPJ2S8">CT</a> scans because of their strong ability to absorb <a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">x-rays</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> FePt NPs also provide a non-toxic, more persistent alternative to <a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">iodinated</a> molecules that are harmful to the kidney and survive in the body for only a short time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
The superparamagnetic properties of the nanoparticles and the systematic method for conjugating <a href="/facts/Ligand/6etB3qeW">ligands</a> to the FePt surface makes them viable vehicles for detection of pathogens such as <a href="/facts/Gram-positive_bacteria/H6WYQ17e">gram-positive bacteria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Antibodies for the bacteria conjugated to the FePt NP bind to the bacteria and magnetic <a href="/facts/Dipole/G1vRqruD">dipoles</a> are used to detect the FePt NP-bacteria conjugate. By attaching <a href="/facts/Peptide/C4ltc7UG">peptides</a> to the surface of the face-centered cubic FePt NPs, <a href="/facts/Cytotoxicity/SQuTTLoL">cytotoxic</a> iron can be delivered to specific locations and taken up with high selectivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> A <a href="/facts/Phospholipid/u6GhNCF5">phospholipid</a> coating of the FCC-FePt prevents Fe release. Once in the cell, the low pH of <a href="/facts/Lysosome/0mcrzJU9">lysosome</a>’s intracellular environments breaks down the phospholipid bilayer. Fe catalyzed decomposition of <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_peroxide/vju6HBIc">hydrogen peroxide</a> into <a href="/facts/Reactive_oxygen_species/GpwSRugH">ROSs</a> results in membrane <a href="/facts/Lipid/TdQR87HX">lipid</a> oxidation, damage to DNA and proteins, and tumor death.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:14">Zhang, Li; Takahashi, Y. K.; Perumal, A.; Hono, K. (2010-09-01). "L10-ordered high coercivity (FePt)Ag–C granular thin films for perpendicular recording". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 322 (18): 2658–2664. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.04.003. ISSN 0304-8853. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885310002258" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885310002258</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ma, Lei; Liu, Z. W.; Yu, H. Y.; Zhong, X. C.; Zeng, Y. P.; Zeng, D. C.; Zhong, X. P. (2011). "High Coercivity FePtSiN Films With 
 
 
 
 L
 
 1
 
 0
 
 
 
 
 {\displaystyle L1_{0}}
 
–FePt Nanoparticles Embedded in a Si-Rich Matrix". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 47 (10). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 3505–3508. doi:10.1109/tmag.2011.2147772. ISSN 0018-9464. S2CID 25645077. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Zhang, Li; Takahashi, Y. K.; Perumal, A.; Hono, K. (2010-09-01). "L10-ordered high coercivity (FePt)Ag–C granular thin films for perpendicular recording". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 322 (18): 2658–2664. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.04.003. ISSN 0304-8853. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Iron–platinum nanoparticle open-in-new

Iron–platinum nanoparticle