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White Sands Missile Range
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<h2 id="significant-events">Significant events</h2> <ul><li>The missile range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.</li> <li>On 16 July 1945, the first <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapon/QVdBcMdm">atomic bomb</a> (code named <a href="/facts/Trinity_(nuclear_test)/0aHtpyUN">Trinity</a>) was test detonated at Trinity Site near the northern boundary of the range, seven days after the White Sands Proving Ground was officially established,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> near the towns of <a href="/facts/Carrizozo,_New_Mexico/ya1YC4Ae">Carrizozo</a> and <a href="/facts/San_Antonio,_New_Mexico/UHLAecmB">San Antonio</a>. (<a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Sands_Missile_Range¶ms=33_40.636_N_106_28.525_W_region:US-NM_type:landmark_scale:60000">33°40.636′N 106°28.525′W / 33.677267°N 106.475417°W / 33.677267; -106.475417</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>After the conclusion of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, 100 long-range German <a href="/facts/V-2_rocket/8WHk8jsw">V-2 rockets</a> that were captured by U.S. military troops were brought to WSMR. Of these, 67 were test-fired between 1946 and 1951 from the <a href="/facts/White_Sands_V-2_Launching_Site/ySGqrwoD">White Sands V-2 Launching Site</a>. (This was followed by the testing of American rockets, which continues to this day, along with testing other technologies.)</li> <li>On 15 May, 1947, a V-2 rocket fired from WSMR veered off course and landed 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Alamogordo, New Mexico.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>Exactly two weeks later, on May 29, 1947, a modified <a href="/facts/V-2_sounding_rocket/1PeH1rUF">V-2 sounding rocket</a> veered off course and crashed on top of a rocky knoll about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the <a href="/facts/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez/HofCcQYd">Juárez</a> business district, leaving a 24 feet (7.3 m) deep by 50 feet (15 m) wide crater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>On 11 July 1970, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a> launched an Athena sounding rocket, equipped with re-entry vehicle V-123-D, from the <a href="/facts/Green_River_Launch_Complex/0MurndnI">Green River Launch Complex</a> in <a href="/facts/Utah/te7zUyBX">Utah</a>. While its intended target was inside of WSMR, the rocket instead flew south and impacted 180–200 miles (290–320 km) south of the <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexican</a> border in the <a href="/facts/Mapim%C3%AD_Silent_Zone/RKWXdHwS">Mapimi Desert</a> in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of <a href="/facts/Durango/tpByalcA">Durango</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>On 30 March 1982 <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Columbia/uF51RXWM">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> landed on the Northrop Strip at WSMR as the conclusion to mission <a href="/facts/STS-3/oFdLf7LR">STS-3</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> This was the only time that NASA used WSMR as a landing site for the space shuttle.</li></ul> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p class="note">For the geography and ecology of the WSMR area, see <a href="/facts/White_Sands,_New_Mexico/x7g6PSP6">White Sands, New Mexico</a> and <a href="/facts/Basin_and_Range_Province/r8d1aXV4">Basin and Range Province</a>.</p> <p>As the largest military installation in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, WSMR encompasses almost 3,200 sq mi (8,300 km2) including parts of <a href="/facts/Do%C3%B1a_Ana_County/8alx08tF">Doña Ana</a>, <a href="/facts/Otero_County,_New_Mexico/NI7b5PDc">Otero</a>, <a href="/facts/Socorro_County/0Cjs7fVm">Socorro</a>, <a href="/facts/Sierra_County,_New_Mexico/mxyMIx0d">Sierra</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico/9PJD16Y4">Lincoln</a> counties in southern <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a>. </p> <h3>Nearby military bases</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Holloman_Air_Force_Base/grqmPPQE">Holloman Air Force Base</a> borders WSMR to the east; and WSMR borders the 600,000-acre (2,400 km2) <a href="/facts/McGregor_Range_Complex/T6Jhs8uF">McGregor Range Complex</a> at <a href="/facts/Fort_Bliss/T6Jhs8uF">Fort Bliss</a> to the south (southeast <a href="/facts/Tularosa_Basin/s6IC3amx">Tularosa Basin</a> and on <a href="/facts/Otero_Mesa/MD865IgT">Otero Mesa</a>) making them contiguous areas for military testing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nearby cities</h3> <p>WSMR is located between <a href="/facts/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico/0lGd629J">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a> to the west, <a href="/facts/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico/U7nG8T8f">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a> 40 miles to the east, and <a href="/facts/Chaparral,_New_Mexico/BKlnUMPc">Chaparral, New Mexico</a> and <a href="/facts/El_Paso,_Texas/SanXJ0WE">El Paso, Texas</a> to the south. </p> <h3>National park and wildlife refuge</h3> <p><a href="/facts/White_Sands_National_Park/sf9ssVcz">White Sands National Park</a> and the <a href="/facts/San_Andres_National_Wildlife_Refuge/jEhpt8Cp">San Andres National Wildlife Refuge</a> are federally-protected natural areas contained within the borders of WSMR. </p> <h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2> <h3>Major highways</h3> <p><a href="/facts/New_Mexico_State_Road_213/JyJSzyo2">New Mexico State Road 213</a> enters the range from the south from <a href="/facts/Chaparral,_New_Mexico/BKlnUMPc">Chaparral, New Mexico</a> and terminates at <a href="/facts/U.S._Highway_70/9zzrY8TL">U.S. Highway 70</a>, which traverses the southern part of the range in a west-northeast direction and is subject to periodic road closures during test firings at the range. <a href="/facts/U.S._Highway_380/ff0gwhm1">U.S. Highway 380</a> runs east-west along the northern edge of WSMR between <a href="/facts/San_Antonio,_New_Mexico/UHLAecmB">San Antonio</a> and <a href="/facts/Carrizozo,_New_Mexico/ya1YC4Ae">Carrizozo</a>, and is also subject to periodic closures during test firings. <a href="/facts/New_Mexico_State_Road_525/7W7K37ek">New Mexico State Road 525</a> provides access from U.S. Highway 380 to the north end of WSMR near <a href="/facts/Stallion_Army_Airfield/pXmxloGM">Stallion Army Airfield</a>. </p> <h3>Nearby airports</h3> <p><a href="/facts/El_Paso_International_Airport/7EScDJ0e">El Paso International Airport</a> is the nearest airport with regularly scheduled commercial flights. There have been no regularly scheduled commercial passenger flights from <a href="/facts/Las_Cruces_International_Airport/EX4cKfVK">Las Cruces International Airport</a> since 25 July 2005, when Westward Airways ceased operations; general aviation, New Mexico Army National Guard (4 UH-72 Lakota Helicopters), private charters and CAP, among others, still use the airport. Regularly scheduled commercial flights are also available at the <a href="/facts/Albuquerque_International_Sunport/nVNPxDuA">Albuquerque International Sunport</a>, which is located 200 miles north of White Sands Missile Range's main base, but is closer to the northern test ranges than El Paso. </p> <h2 id="national-historic-landmarks">National Historic Landmarks</h2> <p>On 21 December 1965, the <a href="/facts/Trinity_Site/0aHtpyUN">Trinity Site</a>, selected in November 1944 for the <a href="/facts/Trinity_(nuclear_test)/0aHtpyUN">Trinity nuclear test</a> conducted on 16 July 1945<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>, was designated a <a href="/facts/National_Historic_Landmark/gSl4aEdv">National Historic Landmark</a> district,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and added to the <a href="/facts/National_Register_of_Historic_Places/leUNvfW6">National Register of Historic Places</a> on 15 October 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/White_Sands_V-2_Launching_Site/ySGqrwoD">White Sands V-2 Launching Site</a> used for a V-2 static test firing on 15 March 1946, and for the first US <a href="/facts/List_of_V-2_launches_in_the_United_States/r0P7m2J8">V-2 launch</a> on 16 April 1946, received landmark designation on 3 October 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="current-operations">Current operations</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Test_Center/PvFWAk2L">White Sands Test Center</a>, headquartered at the WSMR post area, has branches for tactical systems and electromagnetic radiation, and conducts missile testing and range recovery operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> "WSMR Main Post" includes several smaller areas such as the housing area, golf course, "Navy Area", and "Technical Area"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The WSMR Museum offers tours and exhibits including a V-2 rocket returned in May 2004 after restoration. The White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame inducts members such as the first range commander, Colonel Harold Turner (1945–1947), in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> A <a href="/facts/Skeet_shooting/0PUxDGEw">recreational shooting range</a> just inside the "El Paso gate" on the south is outside of the Post Area. </p><p>The 1972 DoD Centers for Countermeasures (CCM) evaluates precision guided munitions and other devices in <a href="/facts/Electronic_countermeasures/fu0m3qqp">electronic counter-</a> and <a href="/facts/Electronic_counter-countermeasures/WJ2NyhSQ">counter-countermeasures</a> environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Other operations on WSMR land include the <a href="/facts/Launch_escape_system/nPGKUesD">Launch Abort</a> Flight Test Complex for the <a href="/facts/Pad_Abort-1/plp8nPNH">Pad Abort-1</a>, the <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Launch_Complex_37/JUsgxDjF">White Sands Launch Complex 37</a> built for <a href="/facts/Nike_Hercules/zFUBuAqc">Nike Hercules</a> tests, the <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Launch_Complex_38/RpQffoWb">White Sands Launch Complex 38</a> built for <a href="/facts/Nike_Zeus/bRAor2lK">Nike Zeus</a> tests with Launch Control Building now used for <a href="/facts/Patriot_missile/qNH4yWeY">Patriot missile</a> firings, the <a href="/facts/North_Oscura_Peak/WgBH3zYE">North Oscura Peak</a> facility of the <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory/QGBMMKKa">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> Directed Energy Directorate, and the 1963 NASA <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Test_Facility/UwP8lrTS">White Sands Test Facility</a>'s ground station for <a href="/facts/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite/dycpN8r9">Tracking and Data Relay Satellites</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory/2vgpPzEt">SDO</a> ground station with two 18 m (59 ft) antennas. </p> <h2 id="chronology">Chronology</h2> <ul><li>1930: <a href="/facts/Robert_Goddard/tYmyRRta">Robert Goddard</a> began rocket testing in New Mexico.</li> <li>1941-04-13: US World War II preparations established<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Holloman_Air_Force_Base/grqmPPQE">Army Air Base, Alamogordo</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/facts/Biggs_Army_Airfield/wE7S6vrM">Biggs Army Airfield</a> construction began near El Paso (1947 Biggs AFB, 1973 Biggs AAF)--the region's nearby Deming Army Air Field, Ft Sumner Army Air Field, and South Aux Fid #1 transferred to "Army Div Engrs" in 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>1940s: When the range was formed, ranchers' land was leased and eventually condemned by <a href="/facts/Eminent_domain/M9skdn5A">eminent domain</a></li> <li>In the 1970s, more land was taken permanently to expand the area available for testing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>USAAF ranges</h3> <ul><li>1941-12: Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range established near <a href="/facts/Army_Air_Forces_Bombardier_School/gn3lP0wQ">the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle"</a>.</li> <li>1941-12: Executive Order No. 9029 canceled grazing leases on the newly established Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>1942-07: Goddard's rocket research group moved from <a href="/facts/Roswell,_New_Mexico/QJI5wTu6">Roswell, New Mexico</a>, to <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis, Maryland</a>.</li> <li>1944-02: <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_War/ar4kWMdI">War Department</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers/m92nc6gR">Corps of Engineers'</a> Ordnance Department teams looked for a US missile test site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>1945-07-13: <a href="/facts/McDonald_Ranch_House/J837YhN2">McDonald Ranch House</a>, <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a> location for the final assembly of the prototype <a href="/facts/Fat_Man/2vlxvS9a">Fat Man</a> <a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">plutonium</a> bomb.</li> <li>1945-07-16: <a href="/facts/Trinity_test/0aHtpyUN">Trinity test</a> of the plutonium bomb, the first nuclear weapon tested in the world.</li></ul> <h3>White Sands Proving Ground</h3> <p class="note">For additional events (e.g., USAF launches) at sites not on WSPG but that later became part of WSMR, see <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Missile_Development_Center/F2U3oNUk">Air Force Missile Development Center</a>.</p> <ul><li>1945-02-20: The <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_War/pz3atTqL">Secretary of War</a> approved establishment of WSPG.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a>: 246 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>1945-04-01: The first <a href="/facts/Private_(missile)/zLKeuUS1">Private F</a> launch<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> was at WSPG. (Not Fort Bliss's Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Center, which was established 6 July 1946.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>1945-06-25: WSPG construction began with drilling of water wells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>1945-07: First of 300 railroad cars of German <a href="/facts/V-2/8WHk8jsw">V-2</a> components began to arrive at <a href="/facts/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico/0lGd629J">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a>: 246 </li> <li>1945-09: The blockhouse at Army Launch Area 1 (later Launch Complex 33) was completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>1945-09-16: First <a href="/facts/WAC_Corporal/HPhnTH1b">WAC Corporal</a> test firing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a>: 253 </li> <li>1945-11: <a href="/facts/General_Electric/bBm5CzVY">GE</a> contractors began to identify, sort, and reassemble V-2 components in Building 1538 (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pz7CijIZnAC&q=white+sands&pg=PA84">Assembly Building 1).</a></li> <li>1946: 35 of the <a href="/facts/Operation_Paperclip/psCe5nL5">Operation Paperclip</a> scientists <a href="/facts/Peenemunde_Army_Research_Center/XxHJnu5p">from Germany</a> were working at WSPG.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>1946-05-29: <a href="/facts/List_of_V-2_launches_in_the_United_States/r0P7m2J8">The 4th U.S. V-2 launch</a> was tracked by two White Sands based <a href="/facts/AN/MPQ-2/PBftRBQA">AN/MPQ-2</a> stations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>1946 summer: New WSPG quarters were completed and the Medical Detachment and 3 batteries moved from Ft Bliss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>1946-09: First static firing of a <a href="/facts/Nike_missile/hmaWJ7Jb">Nike missile</a> was at WSPG.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range</h3> <ul><li>1947 (late): AMC shifted Army Air Force guided missile programs to Alamogordo in March 1947 and established inter-service New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range at the end of the year<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>1947-11-14: The USAF's Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base (AGMTB) had its first <a href="/facts/Ramjet/wFschau9">ramjet</a>-configured <a href="/facts/Boeing_Ground-to-Air_Pilotless_Aircraft/X3GXSSzP">GAPA missile</a> launch (39th for GAPA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>1948–05-13 to 1949-04-21: First six flight attempts for the <a href="/facts/RTV-G-4_Bumper/YVmwUKb2">Project <i>Bumper</i></a> two-stage V-2 SRBM/WAC Corporal two-stage research vehicles as the world's first "high-speed" <a href="/facts/Multistage_rocket/WNrmgztj">multistage rockets</a> to be launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li>1948-07: USAF Project MX–774 commenced with the first <a href="/facts/RTV-A-2_Hiroc/F2yzCXuJ">RTV-A-2 Hiroc</a> launch (from Launch Complex 33)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>1949-03: <a href="/facts/Holloman_Air_Force_Base/grqmPPQE">Holloman's</a> <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Missile_Development_Center/F2U3oNUk">2754th Air Force Base</a> unit gained "control of [the WSPG] support airfield, Condron Field…from <a href="/facts/Biggs_Army_Air_Field/wE7S6vrM">Biggs Army Air Field</a> at Fort Bliss."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>1949: German scientists transferred from New Mexico <a href="/facts/Redstone_Arsenal/b3Qymu8L">to Alabama</a> (<a href="/facts/Ernst_Steinhoff/yk0bVy5W">Ernst Steinhoff</a> transferred <a href="http://www.wsmr-history.org/HallOfFame39.htm">from WSPG to Holloman's Air Development Center.)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222192458/http://wsmr-history.org/HallOfFame39.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1949-07: The range's Four Bits Peak Instrumentation Annex was assigned to the air force base (disposed on 30 September 1960).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>1951-07: The AGMTB became a sub-base of Florida's <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Missile_Test_Center/pN8D9wsc">Air Force Missile Test Center</a> until 31 August 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>1951-08-22: Broomstick Scientists in a unit of the 9393 Technical Service Unit conducted their first launch: the "TF-1" V-2 rocket.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> (Broomstick Sweepings publication ended after a 22 January 1952 general order transferred "1st Ord. GMS Bn." soldiers to Detachment No. 1, Station Complement.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>1952-05-27: An aggregated 2,394,384 acres (4,680 sq miles) was set aside for the "Alamogordo bombing range, White Sands proving ground, and the Fort Bliss antiaircraft range".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>1952-09-01: Merger of Holloman bombing range and smaller White Sands Proving Grounds (WSPG) into WSPG<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>1952-11: The range's Red Butte Instrumentation Annex was assigned to Holloman AFB (disposed on 22 November 1963).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>1953-06: <a href="/facts/USS_Desert_Ship_(LLS-1)/FgBY0XpM">USS Desert Ship (LLS-1)</a> (Launch Complex 35) was built to test the Navy <a href="/facts/RIM-8_Talos/sMzh7rYx">RIM-8 Talos</a> missile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>1957-02: The 9393rd Technical Unit, Ordnance, became the U.S. Army Garrison.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>1957-03-13: <a href="/facts/Nike_Hercules/zFUBuAqc">Nike Hercules</a> satisfactory launch from White Sands<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>White Sands Missile Range</h3> <ul><li>1958-05-01: The test range was designated "White Sands Missile Range".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>1958-09-02: The Gold Hill Instrumentation Annex was assigned to Holloman Air Force Base (disposed on 30 September 1960).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li>1958-10: Zeus Acquisition Radar site construction at the planned Launch Complex 38 began<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> near an airstrip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li>c. 1959: The long-range GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar at <a href="/facts/Laredo_Air_Force_Station/Ic1LYHuv">the Laredo Test Site</a> tracked its first WSMR rocket.</li> <li>1959: <a href="/facts/Shavetail/61HvqSSm">Shavetail</a> rocket tested.[<i>where?</i>]</li> <li>1959: An <a href="/facts/Iconorama/xhtYukYI">Iconorama</a> large screen display as used <a href="/facts/IBM_473L_Command_and_Control_System/WCBEGnds">for Pentagon C2</a> was installed at WSMR.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li>1962-03: Annual Service Practice was being conducted for <a href="/facts/Redstone_missile/cz58vLqm">Redstone missile</a> crews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>1963-03: Site preparation began for the Multi-function Array Radar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>1963-06-05: President <a href="/facts/John_F._Kennedy/1cdDaswg">John F. Kennedy</a> visited for the MEWS (Missile Exercise White Sands).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>1963-08-28: <a href="/facts/Apollo_program/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo program</a> <a href="/facts/Launch_escape_system/nPGKUesD">Launch Escape System</a> tests with the <a href="/facts/Little_Joe_II/CKooReAM">Little Joe II</a> began at <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Launch_Complex_36/MWBvtwn1">White Sands Launch Complex 36</a> (ended 1966).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li>1963-11: The Loma (assigned December 1952), Rose Park (5 February 1950), and Twin Buttes (December 1949) instrumentation annexes transferred from <a href="/facts/Holloman_Air_Force_Base/grqmPPQE">Holloman Air Force Base</a> to the Army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li>1963-11: Cincinnati Ohio area civic leaders visit White Sands Nike Zeus site as part of Operation Understanding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>1964-07-08: The first "successful <a href="/facts/Athena_RTV/C7PukNKh">Athena</a>/ABRES test missile [was] <a href="/facts/Green_River_Launch_Complex/0MurndnI">fired from Utah</a> into WSMR".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li>1965-11: first <a href="/facts/Sprint_missile/n1bmE9MB">Sprint missile</a> launch <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li>1967-10-21: Public Law 90-110 authorized $4,781,000 for WSMR construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li>1972: WSMR had 3 <a href="/facts/RCA_AN/FPS-16_Instrumentation_Radar/yFMD6TKh">RCA AN/FPS-16 Instrumentation Radars</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>1983 thru 30 September 1993 - WSMR hosted the <a href="/facts/Simtel/H4bLx86r">Simtel</a> collection, the largest collection of <a href="/facts/Free_software/IaoVtJXn">free software</a> and <a href="/facts/Freeware/c8oGA9ju">freeware</a> available to the public on the <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a> and <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a>. It began as a copy of an MIT collection of CP/M software, and expanded to collect free software for other operating systems as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li>1991 (late): Convair <a href="/facts/QF-106_Delta_Dart/TEFF4otV">QF-106 Delta Dart</a> drones based at Holloman Air Force Base began operating as Full-Scale Aerial Targets over WSMR.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li>1993-08-18: The first <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-X/Eka8jVUS">McDonnell Douglas DC-X</a> flight was from the <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Space_Harbor/0xsKCzMI">White Sands Space Harbor</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/facts/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics/fVbwtwh8">AIAA</a> named the WSPG a Historic Aerospace Site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li>2007-11-14: Launch Complex 32 groundbreaking for the <a href="/facts/Orion_Abort_Test_Booster/hYLKv3YK">Orion Abort Test Booster</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>2010-05-06: Successful test of <a href="/facts/Pad_Abort-1/plp8nPNH">Orion Pad Abort System</a> at Launch Complex 32<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li>2022-05-25: <a href="/facts/Boeing_Starliner/VHmM9Yp7">CST-100 Starliner spacecraft</a>, traveling from the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, landed successfully at <a href="/facts/White_Sands_Space_Harbor/0xsKCzMI">White Sands Space Harbor</a> toward the northern portion of White Sands Missile Range<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="launch-complexes">Launch Complexes</h2> <ul><li>White Sands LC32 - Used for Storm-2 and Hera.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/White_Sands_V-2_Launching_Site/ySGqrwoD">White Sands LC33</a> - Originally Army Launch Area 1. Used to launch <a href="/facts/WAC_Corporal/HPhnTH1b">WAC Corporal</a>, <a href="/facts/Viking_(rocket)/5j59bdG4">Viking</a>, <a href="/facts/V-2_sounding_rocket/1PeH1rUF">V-2</a>, <a href="/facts/Project_Nike/hmaWJ7Jb">Nike</a>, <a href="/facts/FGM-148_Javelin/uSc10zaQ">Javelin</a>, Hermes, <a href="/facts/MGM-5_Corporal/eldL2TP6">Corporal</a>, <a href="/facts/SM-65_Atlas/H4ULUgKf">Atlas</a> and Apache.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands LC35 - Used to launch Standard-ER, <a href="/facts/Black_Brant_(rocket)/mxjN9D4v">Black Brant</a> and <a href="/facts/Aerobee/2Y6J8k7v">Aerobee</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/White_Sands_Launch_Complex_36/MWBvtwn1">White Sands LC36</a> - Originally Army Launch Area 3, later becoming a NASA facility. Used to launch <a href="/facts/RIM-2_Terrier/5LH23uxX">Terrier</a>, <a href="/facts/PGM-11_Redstone/cz58vLqm">Redstone</a>, Nike, <a href="/facts/Little_Joe_II/CKooReAM">Little Joe II</a>, <a href="/facts/MGR-1_Honest_John/FYJYcbIn">Honest John</a>, Black Brant, Storm, <a href="/facts/Aries_(rocket)/0qLXxheP">Aries</a>, and to test the <a href="/facts/Apollo_(spacecraft)/gv7k516G">Apollo LES</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands LC37 - Originally Army Launch Area 3. Used for <a href="/facts/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax/pBFRE7NF">Nike Ajax</a>, <a href="/facts/Nike_Hercules/zFUBuAqc">Nike Hercules</a>, HIBEX and HEDI KITE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/White_Sands_Launch_Complex_38/RpQffoWb">White Sands LC38</a> - Originally Army Launch Area 5. Used for <a href="/facts/Nike_Zeus/bRAor2lK">Nike Zeus</a> and <a href="/facts/MIM-104_Patriot/qNH4yWeY">Patriot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands LC39<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands LC50 - Used for Sprint and HIBEX.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands LC94 - Used to launch Nike Zeus and Hera.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>White Sands SULF (Speedball Uprange Launch Facility) - Used for Storm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/White_Sands_Space_Harbor/0xsKCzMI">White Sands WSSH</a> (White Sands Space Harbor)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Las_Cruces_Public_Schools/8PVN4Uvn">Las Cruces Public Schools</a> operates White Sands School on the missile range property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/McDonald_Ranch_House/J837YhN2">McDonald Ranch House</a>, location of the final assembly of the world's first nuclear weapon</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kapustin_Yar/IpWRzUPs">Kapustin Yar</a>, the Soviet analog of WSMR</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peenemunde_Army_Research_Center/XxHJnu5p">Peenemunde Army Research Center</a>, WWII German rocket center</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jornada_del_Muerto/HSHWtRqu">Jornada del Muerto</a>, desert where White Sands Missile Range is located</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Sands Missile Range. <ul><li><a href="http://www.wsmr-history.org/">White Sands Missile Range Museum</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074304/http://www.wsmr-history.org/">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Heritage_Documentation_Programs/0qPMrv7e">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. NM-1, "<a href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/nm0138/">White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, Dona Ana County, NM</a>", 128 data pages</li> <li>HAER No. NM-1-A, "<a href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/nm0139/">White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site</a>", 106 photos, 11 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 8 photo caption pages</li> <li>HAER No. NM-1-B, "<a href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/nm0140/">White Sands Missile Range, V-2 Rocket Facilities</a>", 72 photos, 6 measured drawings, 117 data pages, 5 photo caption pages</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"White Sands Missile Range". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="http://www.astronautix.com/w/whitesands.html" target="_blank">http://www.astronautix.com/w/whitesands.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Trinity Site". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007. GPS Coordinates for obelisk (exact GZ) = N33.40.636 W106.28.525 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806045224/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/Trinst.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070806045224/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/Trinst.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Jim Eckles (15 May 2022) Two crashes in two weeks: In 1947, rockets launched from White Sands landed in Alamogordo, Juárez <a href="https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/life/2022/05/15/1947-rockets-launched-white-sands-landed-alamogordo-juarez/9740356002/" target="_blank">https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/life/2022/05/15/1947-rockets-launched-white-sands-landed-alamogordo-juarez/9740356002/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Jim Eckles (15 May 2022) Two crashes in two weeks: In 1947, rockets launched from White Sands landed in Alamogordo, Juárez <a href="https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/life/2022/05/15/1947-rockets-launched-white-sands-landed-alamogordo-juarez/9740356002/" target="_blank">https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/life/2022/05/15/1947-rockets-launched-white-sands-landed-alamogordo-juarez/9740356002/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Remember the time we bombed Mexico with German rockets?". Gizmodo. 11 May 2012. <a href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/remember-the-time-we-bombed-mexico-with-german-rockets-5909476" target="_blank">https://io9.gizmodo.com/remember-the-time-we-bombed-mexico-with-german-rockets-5909476</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Barclay, Michael (13 July 2015). "USAF Accidentally Launched Rocket into Mexico's Mapimi Desert 45 Years Ago". Unredacted. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="https://unredacted.com/2015/07/13/usaf-accidentally-launched-rocket-into-mexicos-mapimi-desert-45-years-ago/" target="_blank">https://unredacted.com/2015/07/13/usaf-accidentally-launched-rocket-into-mexicos-mapimi-desert-45-years-ago/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"STS-3 Columbia Lands at the White Sands Missile Range, NM". NASA. 30 March 1982. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/multimedia/imagegallery/Shuttle/EC82-18507.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/multimedia/imagegallery/Shuttle/EC82-18507.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rubenson, David; Robert Everson; Jorge Munoz; Robert Weissler (1998). McGregor Renewal and the Current Air Defense Mission. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8330-2669-9. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="978-0-8330-2669-9" target="_blank">978-0-8330-2669-9</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"U.S. Army Fort Bliss Training Center" (PDF). Western Regional Partnership. 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="https://wrpinfo.org/media/1191/fort-bliss-training-center-wrp-mal-final-2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://wrpinfo.org/media/1191/fort-bliss-training-center-wrp-mal-final-2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965" (PDF). New Mexico State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028154222/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141028154222/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Greenwood, Richard (14 January 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Trinity Site". National Park Service. Retrieved 21 June 2009. and Accompanying 10 photos, from 1974. (3.37 MB) <a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000493_text" target="_blank">https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000493_text</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Trinity Site". National Historic Landmarks. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215133823/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=351&ResourceType=District" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080215133823/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=351&ResourceType=District</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"National Register Information System – Trinity Site (#66000493)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 23 January 2007. <a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000493" target="_blank">https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000493</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"White Sands Missile Range Fact Sheet" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224060917/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/449089main_White_Sands_Missile_Range_Fact_Sheet.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170224060917/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/449089main_White_Sands_Missile_Range_Fact_Sheet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Time Magazine, "Recovery at White Sands"". 29 June 1962. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203020303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897960,00.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090203020303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897960,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Welcome to WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE WSMR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309072935/https://www.arl.army.mil/www/pages/45/VG_WSMR.PDF" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130309072935/https://www.arl.army.mil/www/pages/45/VG_WSMR.PDF</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame". White Sands Missile Range Museum. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022. <a href="https://wsmrmuseum.com/wsmr-historical-foundation-hall-of-fame/" target="_blank">https://wsmrmuseum.com/wsmr-historical-foundation-hall-of-fame/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Center for Countermeasures". Archived from the original on 6 April 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2022. <a href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20010406000000/http://www.ccm.osd.mil/" target="_blank">http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20010406000000/http://www.ccm.osd.mil/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965" (PDF). New Mexico State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2014. 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"WSMR, DOD may take control of range's Northern Extension Area". Las Cruces Sun-News. The Las Cruces Sun-News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053149/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_26180573/wsmr-dod-may-take-control-ranges-northern-extension" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053149/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_26180573/wsmr-dod-may-take-control-ranges-northern-extension</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Chapter Four: Global War at White Sands 1940–1945". White Sands Administrative History. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 November 2022. 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