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Zinc bromide
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<h2 id="production">Production</h2> <p>ZnBr2 · 2H2O is prepared by treating zinc oxide or zinc metal with <a href="/facts/Hydrobromic_acid/T6INXDR6">hydrobromic acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> ZnO + 2 HBr + H2O → ZnBr2·2H2O Zn + 2 HBr → ZnBr2 + H2 <p>The anhydrous material can be produced by dehydration of the dihydrate with hot CO2 or by reaction of zinc metal and bromine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Sublimation in a stream of hydrogen bromide also gives the anhydrous derivative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>ZnBr2 crystallizes in the same structure as <a href="/facts/Zinc_iodide/QXoeCmd9">ZnI2</a>: four tetrahedral Zn centers share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of nominal composition {Zn4Br10}2−, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The dihydrate ZnBr2 · 2H2O can be described as ([Zn(H2O)6]2+)2([Zn2Br6]2-).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Gaseous ZnBr2 is linear in accordance with <a href="/facts/VSEPR/WqsRgVRV">VSEPR</a> theory with a Zn-Br bond length of 221 pm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Zinc bromide is mainly used in servicing oil and natural gas wells, solutions of zinc bromide are used to displace drilling mud when transitioning from the drilling phase to the completion phase or in well workover operations. The extremely dense brine solution gives the fluid its weight of 20 pounds/gallon, which makes it especially useful in holding back flammable oil and gas particles in high pressure wells. However, the high acidity and <a href="/facts/Osmolarity/tgtkKAuk">osmolarity</a> cause corrosion and handling problems. Crews must be issued slicker suits and rubber boots because the fluid is so dehydrating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>It is the <a href="/facts/Electrolyte/4YE8bIVa">electrolyte</a> in the <a href="/facts/Zinc_bromide_battery/Nvrk0rB4">zinc bromide battery</a>. </p><p>Zinc bromide solutions can be used as a <a href="/facts/Transparency_and_translucency/PRryNNW6">transparent</a> shield against <a href="/facts/Radiation/RwMocyeq">radiation</a>. The space between two <a href="/facts/Glass/hezRsAGf">glass</a> panes is filled with a strong aqueous solution of zinc bromide with a very high <a href="/facts/Density/92p6hh9I">density</a>, to be used as a window on a <a href="/facts/Hot_cell/NQ3IcgxE">hot cell</a>. This type of window has the advantage over <a href="/facts/Lead_glass/FtgPe6r2">lead glass</a> in that it will not darken as a result of exposure to radiation. All glass will darken slowly over time due to radiation, however this is especially true in a hot cell, where exceptional levels of radiation are present. The advantage of an aqueous salt solution is that any radiation damage will last less than a <a href="/facts/Millisecond/xHCyv235">millisecond</a>, so the shield will undergo self-repair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>In the laboratory</h3> <p>In <a href="/facts/Organic_chemistry/djxhxaNg">organic chemistry</a> anhydrous ZnBr2 is sometimes used as a <a href="/facts/Lewis_acid/qlLqRvg2">Lewis acid</a>. </p> <h2 id="safety">Safety</h2> <p>Safety considerations are similar to those for zinc chloride, for which the toxic dose for humans is 3–5 g.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Zinc_chloride/aYscGQL7">Zinc chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_fluoride/NLgfQYPW">Zinc fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zinc_iodide/QXoeCmd9">Zinc iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cadmium_bromide/YRQNQMjt">Cadmium bromide</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. <a href="978-3-527-30385-4" target="_blank">978-3-527-30385-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Zinc bromide". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. NY, NY: Academic Press. p. 1071. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. <a href="978-3-527-30385-4" target="_blank">978-3-527-30385-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Zinc bromide". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. NY, NY: Academic Press. p. 1071. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Chieh, C.; White, M. A. (1984). "Crystal Structure of Anhydrous Zinc Bromide". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 166 (3–4): 189–197. Bibcode:1984ZK....166..189C. doi:10.1524/zkri.1984.166.3-4.189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Duhlev, R.; Brown, I. D.; Faggiani, R. (1988). "Zinc Bromide Dihydrate ZnBr2·2H2O: a Double-Salt Structure". Acta Crystallographica C. 44 (10): 1696–1698. Bibcode:1988AcCrC..44.1696D. doi:10.1107/S0108270188006584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wells A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford Science Publications. ISBN 0-19-855370-6. <a href="0-19-855370-6" target="_blank">0-19-855370-6</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Zinc Bromide - drilling fluids". Oilfield Glossary. Schlumberger. <a href="http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=zinc%20bromide" target="_blank">http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=zinc%20bromide</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. <a href="978-3-527-30385-4" target="_blank">978-3-527-30385-4</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Blaylock, D. P.; Abu-Jawdeh, E. (January 1999). "The Georgia Institute of Technology High-Dose Gamma Irradiation Facility". 32nd Annual Midyear Meeting - Creation and Future Legacy of Stockpile Stewardship Isotope Production, Applications, and Consumption. Poster Session. Albuquerque, NM: Health Physics Society. <a href="http://hps.org/meetings/midyear/abstract240.html" target="_blank">http://hps.org/meetings/midyear/abstract240.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. <a href="978-3-527-30385-4" target="_blank">978-3-527-30385-4</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>