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Fuel dumping
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<h2 id="aircraft-fuel-dump">Aircraft fuel dump</h2> <h3>Weight issues</h3> <p>Aircraft have two main types of weight limits: the <a href="/facts/Maximum_takeoff_weight/tjdrYcoo">maximum takeoff weight</a> is composed of DOW (Dry Operating Weight) plus Payload (passengers and cargo), collectively the ZFW (Zero Fuel Weight), plus the trip fuel, contingency, alternate, final reserve and the block fuel (taxi fuel), and the <a href="/facts/Maximum_landing_weight/jquSGyws">maximum structural landing weight</a>, with the maximum structural landing weight almost always being the lower of the two. This allows an aircraft on a normal, routine flight to take off at a higher weight, consume fuel en route, and arrive at a lower weight. </p><p>It is an abnormal, non-routine flight where landing weight can be a problem. If a flight takes off at the maximum takeoff weight and then must land well before its destination, even returning immediately after takeoff to the departure airport (for example, because of mechanical problems or a passenger medical problem), it will contain more fuel than was intended for landing. If an aircraft lands at more than its maximum allowable weight, it might suffer structural damage or even break apart on landing. </p> <h3>History</h3> <p>As jets began flying in the US in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the <a href="/facts/Federal_Aviation_Administration/PYsXt3YT">FAA</a> rule in effect at the time mandated that if the ratio between an aircraft's maximum structural takeoff weight and its maximum structural landing weight was greater than 1.05, the aircraft had to have a fuel-dump system installed. Aircraft such as the <a href="/facts/Boeing_707/8TgSYe3M">Boeing 707</a> and <a href="/facts/Boeing_727/54HlSsE2">727</a> and the <a href="/facts/Douglas_DC-8/V4E0Jqov">Douglas DC-8</a> had fuel dump systems. Any of those aircraft needing to return to a takeoff airport above the maximum landing weight would jettison an amount of fuel sufficient to reduce the aircraft's weight below that maximum landing weight limit, and then land. </p><p>During the 1960s, <a href="/facts/Boeing/tF5sMe9F">Boeing</a> introduced the <a href="/facts/Boeing_737/Emwxb7JI">737</a>, and <a href="/facts/Douglas_Aircraft_Company/vkkFDEhB">Douglas</a> introduced the <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9/BnJRPl0a">DC-9</a>, the original models of each being for shorter routes; the 105% figure was not an issue, thus they had no fuel-dump systems installed. During the 1960s and 1970s, both Boeing and Douglas "grew" their respective aircraft as far as operational capabilities were concerned via <a href="/facts/Pratt_%2526_Whitney/DI4FhYep">Pratt & Whitney</a>'s development of increasingly powerful variants of the <a href="/facts/Pratt_%2526_Whitney_JT8D/JeFNcIqn">JT8D</a> engines that powered both aircraft series. Both aircraft were now capable of longer duration flights, with increased weight limits, and complying with the existing 105% rule became problematic due to the costs associated with adding a fuel-dump system to aircraft in production. Considering the more powerful engines that had been developed, the FAA changed the rules to delete the 105% requirement, and <a href="/facts/Federal_Aviation_Regulations/GjfHWDyh">Federal Aviation Regulations</a> 25.1001 was enacted stating a jettison system was not required if the climb requirements of FAR 25.119 (Landing Climb) and FAR 25.121 (Approach Climb) could be met, assuming a 15-minute flight. In other words, for a go-around with full landing <a href="/facts/Flap_(aircraft)/NJEgNK66">flaps</a> and all engines operating, and at approach flap setting and one engine inoperative, respectively. </p> <ul><li>On 11 September 2001 a large-scale fuel dumping occurred, when U.S. airspace was <a href="/facts/Ground_stop/HG9ceDyS">closed</a> due to the <a href="/facts/September_11_attacks/PfWQcQNx">September 11 attacks</a>. International flights en route to the U.S. were either turned back to their point of origin or <a href="/facts/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon/s9Qz5kWs">diverted to land in Canada</a> and other countries. Many of these flights were fuelled for travel well into the American interior; for those mid-flight aircraft unable to land due to excessive fuel weight, dumping was necessary.</li></ul> <ul><li>On 04 April 2018 a <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender/1NMkHMaV">McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender</a> operated by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a> dumped 43 tonnes of fuel over <a href="/facts/Rhineland-Palatinate/Ny2D4pbe">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> at a height of 5,000 meters shortly after taking off from <a href="/facts/Ramstein_Air_Base/UJ4zEH8t">Ramstein Air Base</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>On 14 March 2023 a <a href="/facts/Russian_Air_Force/RIftCqg6">Russian</a> Sukhoi <a href="/facts/Su-27/Cv9mDD6T">Su-27</a> fighter <a href="/facts/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident/qWFhhY17">dumped fuel</a> on an American <a href="/facts/MQ-9_Reaper/tjw5DSUk">MQ-9 Reaper</a> drone over the Black Sea, according to <a href="/facts/US_European_Command/6raWrnU4">US European Command</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Video of the incident appeared to corroborate the report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Types of aircraft</h3> <p>Since most twin jet airliners can meet these requirements, most aircraft of this type such as the <a href="/facts/Boeing_737/Emwxb7JI">Boeing 737</a> (all models), the <a href="/facts/DC-9/BnJRPl0a">DC-9</a>/<a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80/XK4Pp83H">MD80</a>/<a href="/facts/Boeing_717/vkmzKo24">Boeing 717</a>, the <a href="/facts/Airbus_A320_family/tT68Vwuq">A320 family</a> and various regional jet ("<a href="/facts/Regional_jet/YQAjyNdf">RJ</a>") aircraft do not have fuel dump systems installed. In the event of an emergency requiring a return to the departure airport, the aircraft circles nearby in order to consume fuel to get down to within the maximum structural landing weight limit, or, if the situation demands, simply land overweight without delay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Modern aircraft are designed with possible overweight landings in mind, but this is not done except in cases of emergency, and various maintenance inspections are required afterwards. </p><p>Long-range twin jets such as the <a href="/facts/Boeing_767/NJtTqBC4">Boeing 767</a> and the <a href="/facts/Airbus_A300/cw7K15B3">Airbus A300</a>, <a href="/facts/Airbus_A310/74DXMPpM">A310</a>, and <a href="/facts/Airbus_A330/1lX0bPbf">A330</a> may or may not have fuel dump systems, depending upon how the aircraft was ordered, since on some aircraft they are a customer option. Three- and four-engine jets like the <a href="/facts/Lockheed_L-1011/xrGuKU5u">Lockheed L-1011</a>, <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10/YBMIxctL">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> / <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11/0KRhWtN2">MD-11</a>, <a href="/facts/Boeing_747/jHjLqpbr">Boeing 747</a> and <a href="/facts/Airbus_A340/K7GfuMjQ">Airbus A340</a> usually have difficulty meeting the requirements of FAR 25.119 near maximum structural takeoff weight, thus most of those have jettison systems. A <a href="/facts/Boeing_757/BfzqBb1T">Boeing 757</a> has no fuel-dump capability as its maximum landing weight is similar to the maximum take-off weight. </p> <h3>Area and flight level</h3> <p>Fuel-dumping operations are coordinated with <a href="/facts/Air_traffic_control/G2cQebVb">air traffic control</a>, and precautions are taken to keep other aircraft clear of such areas. Fuel dumping is usually accomplished at a high enough altitude (minimum 6,000 feet, <a href="/facts/Height_above_ground_level/1WuaEznu">AGL</a>), where the fuel will dissipate before reaching the ground. Fuel leaves the aircraft through a specific point on each wing, usually closer to the wingtips and farther away from engines, and initially appears as more liquid than vapor. Specific areas have been designated where fuel dumping is allowed to avoid damage or harm where the fuel may drop; generally speaking, this is above seas or unpopulated areas above land. <a href="/facts/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_89/X07pt3hp">Delta Air Lines Flight 89</a> is an example of fuel dumping that violated established regulations: on 14 January 2020, it likely dumped 15,000–20,000 US gallons (12,000–17,000 imp gal; 57,000–76,000 L) of fuel at a low altitude over a populated area in <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, causing injuries to 56 people including school children below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dump rates</h3> <p>It is difficult to quote specific dump rates even for specific types of aircraft since the dumped fuel is not pumped but delivered by gravity feed so as to be more independent of electrical systems, which might be unavailable in a fuel-dump scenario. This means the actual rate depends on the pressure exerted by the fuel head: the more fuel on board, the higher the rate at which it flows out. This also means that the dump rate is not constant, but decreases while dumping because the fuel head and its pressure decrease. </p><p>As a rule of thumb for the <a href="/facts/Boeing_747/jHjLqpbr">Boeing 747</a>, pilots either quote dump rates ranging within 1–2 tons per minute or reference a thumb formula of dump time = (dump weight / 2) + 5 in minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 2009, an <a href="/facts/Airbus_A340/K7GfuMjQ">Airbus A340-300</a> returning to its airport of departure shortly after takeoff<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> dumped 53 tons of fuel in 11 minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h4>Dumped fuel descent rate</h4> <p>The average rate of descent of the dumped fuel is approximately 500 feet per minute (2.5 m/s). Air traffic control, after receiving information from the pilots executing the dumping procedure, usually separates other traffic by 2,000 feet (610 m) vertically and 5 nautical miles (9.3 kilometres) laterally, since the dumped vapours if ingested by a jet engine might cause serious problems to the engine's normal operation. </p> <h2 id="dump-and-burn">Dump-and-burn</h2> <p>A dump-and-burn is a fuel dump in which the fuel is ignited, intentionally, using the plane's <a href="/facts/Afterburner/aDeuyqp3">afterburner</a>. A spectacular flame combined with high speed makes this a popular display for <a href="/facts/Air_show/rECpwxF5">air shows</a> or as a finale to <a href="/facts/Fireworks/sPEQcu3h">fireworks</a>. Dump-and-burns are also referred to as "<a href="/facts/Torch/kFWpbjzr">torching</a>" or "<a href="/facts/Zippo/ylMeVAN2">zippos</a>". </p><p>The <a href="/facts/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark/oCScquIC">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a>'s dump and burn is so powerful that it can set a runway on fire, as the flame burns rubber from <a href="/facts/Skid_marks/Q0T6bEKa">skid marks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The aircraft was used for this purpose in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> during the closing ceremony of the <a href="/facts/2000_Summer_Olympics/XY21rhCP">2000 Summer Olympics</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and (until 2010) regularly at Brisbane's <a href="/facts/Riverfire/CrrB4Yfx">Riverfire</a> and the <a href="/facts/Australian_Grand_Prix/hh22SAh5">Australian Grand Prix</a>. The F-111 is well suited to perform the dump-and-burn maneuver, as its fuel dump nozzle is located between the engine exhausts. It was also done at the retirement of the F-111C in 2010 at RAAF Amberly Air Base (A video is shown in the historical museum at the base by staff next to A8-126, aka the F-111 that did the final Dump-And-Burn). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Drop_tank/qJEAkrrx">Drop tank</a> – external tank that can be jettisoned when empty or in an emergency</li> <li><a href="/facts/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_89/X07pt3hp">Delta Air Lines Flight 89</a> – dumped fuel over a densely populated area, resulting in illness of people on ground</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cessna_188_Pacific_rescue/PYKuUW0w">Cessna 188 Pacific rescue</a> – use of fuel dumping in an attempt to make the aircraft more visible</li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_434/sfRXHCX5">Philippine Airlines Flight 434</a> – dumped fuel to reduce strain in landing</li> <li><a href="/facts/Swissair_Flight_111/MX2GAfAM">Swissair Flight 111</a> – dumped fuel as per procedures, but was engulfed in flames before the landing weight was reached</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samoan_Clipper/HL2pHTVy">Samoan Clipper</a> – in-flight explosion</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel dumping. <ul><li><a href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_3_07/article_03_1.html">Boeing AERO: Overweight Landings? Fuel Jettison? What to consider</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Saarbrücker Zeitung, Wieder Kerosin nahe von US-Airbase Ramstein abgelassen 04.04.2018 <a href="https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/wieder-kerosin-nahe-von-us-airbase-ramstein-abgelassen_aid-9987783" target="_blank">https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/wieder-kerosin-nahe-von-us-airbase-ramstein-abgelassen_aid-9987783</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Samuels, Brett (14 March 2023). "Russian jet forces downing of US drone over Black Sea". The Hill. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-14. <a href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3899844-russian-jet-intercepts-us-drone-over-black-sea-forcing-it-down/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3899844-russian-jet-intercepts-us-drone-over-black-sea-forcing-it-down/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Olson, Emily; Chappell, Bill (16 March 2023). "The U.S. military releases footage of Black Sea drone crash with Russian jet". NPR. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/03/16/1163845903/video-drone-crash-russia-black-sea" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2023/03/16/1163845903/video-drone-crash-russia-black-sea</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Redmond Shannon (3 February 2020). "Air Canada flight forced to make emergency landing in Madrid". Global News. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 15 October 2020. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbR_s4MixOs" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbR_s4MixOs</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Martinez, Peter (January 14, 2020). "Delta jet dumps fuel over Southern California, sickening dozens of schoolkids and adults". CBS News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jet-fuel-dump-california-schools-delta-air-lines-flight-89-emergency-landing-lax-today-2020-01-14-live-updates/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jet-fuel-dump-california-schools-delta-air-lines-flight-89-emergency-landing-lax-today-2020-01-14-live-updates/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"B747-400 fuel dump rate? - PPRuNe Forum". Pprune.org. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <a href="http://www.pprune.org/tech-log/81634-b747-400-fuel-dump-rate.html" target="_blank">http://www.pprune.org/tech-log/81634-b747-400-fuel-dump-rate.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Incident: Swiss A343 near Vienna on Nov 26th 2009, engine shut down in flight". Avherald.com. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <a href="http://avherald.com/h?article=42369b1f&opt=1" target="_blank">http://avherald.com/h?article=42369b1f&opt=1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Airbus A340 EMERGENCY - Engine Failure". YouTube. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2017. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEf35NtlBLg&t=9m55s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEf35NtlBLg&t=9m55s</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Crandall, Richard; Rogoway, Tyler (2016-07-27). "Flying the Iconic Swing-Wing F-111 Aardvark at the Height of the Cold War". The Drive. Retrieved 2019-10-31. <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/4595/flying-the-iconic-swing-wing-f-111-aardvark-at-the-height-of-the-cold-war" target="_blank">https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/4595/flying-the-iconic-swing-wing-f-111-aardvark-at-the-height-of-the-cold-war</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Defence Media Release: RAAF JETS IGNITE CLOSING CEREMONY EXCITEMENT". Australian Government: Department of Defence. 1 October 2000. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230931/http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=357" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230931/http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=357</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>