Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Norgestrel
open-in-new
<h2 id="medical-uses">Medical uses</h2> <p>Norgestrel is used in combination with <a href="/facts/Ethinylestradiol/aYRGLz8n">ethinylestradiol</a> or <a href="/facts/Quinestrol/ld9XJo0w">quinestrol</a> in <a href="/facts/Combined_oral_contraceptive/Wudd4dH7">combined birth control pills</a>, alone in <a href="/facts/Progestogen-only_pill/o5asNcJT">progestogen-only birth control pills</a>, and in combination with <a href="/facts/Estradiol_(medication)/a8tPPllE">estradiol</a> or <a href="/facts/Conjugated_estrogens/Ss9d1kUr">conjugated estrogens</a> in <a href="/facts/Menopausal_hormone_therapy/d3KW80rn">menopausal hormone therapy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It has also been used as an <a href="/facts/Emergency_contraceptive/EHJf4SqN">emergency contraceptive</a> in the <a href="/facts/Yuzpe_regimen/kIg3fR0a">Yuzpe regimen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="side-effects">Side effects</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">Levonorgestrel § Side effects</a>, and <a href="/facts/Progestin/8xMJYV3A">Progestin § Side effects</a></p> <h2 id="pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2> <h3>Pharmacodynamics</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">Levonorgestrel § Pharmacodynamics</a></p> <p>Norgestrel is a <a href="/facts/Progestogen_(medication)/8xMJYV3A">progestogen</a>, or an <a href="/facts/Agonist/nz8U5NNp">agonist</a> of the <a href="/facts/Progesterone_receptor/B8W2o28f">progesterone receptor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Biological_activity/jJ14jyvc">biological activity</a> of norgestrel lies in the <i>levo</i> <a href="/facts/Enantiomer/wjPv5J3y">enantiomer</a>, <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">levonorgestrel</a>, whereas the <i>dextro</i> isomer is inactive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> As such, norgestrel is identical in its hormonal activity to levonorgestrel except that it is half as <a href="/facts/Potency_(pharmacology)/D38FDyPh">potent</a> by weight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Levonorgestrel, and by extension norgestrel, have some <a href="/facts/Androgen/Rxey0HxX">androgenic</a> activity, but no <a href="/facts/Estrogen_(medication)/mSKFraNu">estrogenic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antimineralocorticoid/zbHHR8sT">antimineralocorticoid</a>, or <a href="/facts/Glucocorticoid/2P91Aj3S">glucocorticoid</a> activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul> Relative affinities (%) of levonorgestrel and metabolites<table><tbody><tr><th>Compound</th><th><a href="/facts/Progesterone_receptor/B8W2o28f">PR</a>Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th><th><a href="/facts/Androgen_receptor/NBPRszqm">AR</a>Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><th><a href="/facts/Estrogen_receptor/dEGaNney">ER</a>Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th><th><a href="/facts/Glucocorticoid_receptor/NUsGokjq">GR</a>Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</th><th><a href="/facts/Mineralocorticoid_receptor/kwNhKIyC">MR</a>Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor</th><th><a href="/facts/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin/9gVoXJMz">SHBG</a>Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</th><th><a href="/facts/Corticosteroid_binding_globulin/LSmKhvkA">CBG</a>Tooltip Corticosteroid binding globulin</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">Levonorgestrel</a></td><td>150–162</td><td>34a, 45</td><td>0</td><td>1–8</td><td>17–75</td><td>50</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel/vzURuSuV">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></td><td>50</td><td>38a</td><td>0</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>3α,5α-Tetrahydrolevonorgestrel</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>0.4</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>3β,5α-Tetrahydrolevonorgestrel</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>2.4</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference <a href="/facts/Ligand_(biochemistry)/44QLL4eU">ligands</a> (100%) were <a href="/facts/Promegestone/cTYsFLay">promegestone</a> for the <a href="/facts/Progesterone_receptor/B8W2o28f">PR</a>Tooltip progesterone receptor, <a href="/facts/Metribolone/ITsnmlFQ">metribolone</a> (a = <a href="/facts/Mibolerone/v0qEXSgv">mibolerone</a>) for the <a href="/facts/Androgen_receptor/NBPRszqm">AR</a>Tooltip androgen receptor, <a href="/facts/Estradiol_(medication)/a8tPPllE">E2</a> for the <a href="/facts/Estrogen_receptor/dEGaNney">ER</a>Tooltip estrogen receptor, <a href="/facts/Dexamethasone/rwAhDqls">DEXA</a>Tooltip dexamethasone for the <a href="/facts/Glucocorticoid_receptor/NUsGokjq">GR</a>Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor, <a href="/facts/Aldosterone/tjw4dr1u">aldosterone</a> for the <a href="/facts/Mineralocorticoid_receptor/kwNhKIyC">MR</a>Tooltip mineralocorticoid receptor, <a href="/facts/Dihydrotestosterone/fQpDuzcL">DHT</a>Tooltip dihydrotestosterone for <a href="/facts/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin/9gVoXJMz">SHBG</a>Tooltip sex hormone-binding globulin, and <a href="/facts/Hydrocortisone/zvRCrYXG">cortisol</a> for <a href="/facts/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin/LSmKhvkA">CBG</a>Tooltip Corticosteroid-binding globulin. Sources: See template.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Ovulation/0K3MLdAv">ovulation</a>-inhibiting dose of norgestrel appears to be greater than 75 μg/day, as ovulation occurred in 50 to 75% of cycles with this dosage of norgestrel in studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The ovulation-inhibiting dosage of levonorgestrel, which is twice as potent as norgestrel, is approximately 50 to 60 μg/day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> One review lists the ovulation-inhibiting dose of norgestrel as 100 μg/day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Endometrial_transformation_dose/JAldc9qd">endometrial transformation dose</a> of norgestrel is listed as 12 mg per cycle and the <a href="/facts/Menstrual_delay_test/7cv4HzLe">menstrual delay test</a> dose of norgestrel is listed as 0.5 to 2 mg/day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Pharmacokinetics</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">Levonorgestrel § Pharmacokinetics</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Pharmacokinetics/x4CUUnle">pharmacokinetics</a> of norgestrel have been reviewed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_progestogens/882mofnI">List of progestogens</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids/jk2ldAbG">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a>, and <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">Levonorgestrel</a></p> <p>Norgestrel, also known as <i>rac</i>-13-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone or as <i>rac</i>-13-ethyl-17α-ethynylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a <a href="/facts/Synthetic_compound/gqCNaN45">synthetic</a> <a href="/facts/Estrane/K1RVW77v">estrane</a> <a href="/facts/Steroid/4AhMbgXt">steroid</a> and a <a href="/facts/Chemical_derivative/JYcbLkbm">derivative</a> of <a href="/facts/Testosterone/uUumdhAz">testosterone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> It is a <a href="/facts/Racemic_mixture/STEagtrD">racemic mixture</a> of <a href="/facts/Stereoisomer/I3kzlDE8">stereoisomers</a> dextronorgestrel (the C13α isomer; l-norgestrel, L-norgestrel, or (+)-norgestrel) and <a href="/facts/Levonorgestrel/BHJc8A96">levonorgestrel</a> (the C13β isomer; d-norgestrel, D-norgestrel, or (–)-norgestrel), the former of which is inactive (making norgestrel exactly half as <a href="/facts/Potency_(pharmacology)/D38FDyPh">potent</a> as levonorgestrel).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Norgestrel is more specifically a derivative of <a href="/facts/Norethisterone/G1DJxlre">norethisterone</a> (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) and is a member of the <a href="/facts/Gonane/Vdrul7Wf">gonane</a> (18-methylestrane) subgroup of the <a href="/facts/19-nortestosterone/ezrNGa2U">19-nortestosterone</a> family of progestins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h3>Synthesis</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Chemical_synthesis/3KXsVVwC">Chemical syntheses</a> of norgestrel have been published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Norgestrel was first introduced, as a birth control pill in combination with <a href="/facts/Ethinylestradiol/aYRGLz8n">ethinylestradiol</a>, under the brand name Eugynon in Germany in 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> It was subsequently marketed as a combined birth control pill with ethinylestradiol in the United States under the brand name Ovral in 1968, and was marketed in many other countries as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>The contraceptive efficacy of norgestrel was established in the U.S. with the original approval for prescription use in 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>In July 2023, the <a href="/facts/FDA/fMfdaRAa">FDA</a> approved norgestrel for <a href="/facts/Over-the-counter/QI3FcgRf">over-the-counter</a> sale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The FDA granted the approval to Laboratoire HRA Pharma which was acquired by <a href="/facts/Perrigo_Company_plc/Ix9Pq3pC">Perrigo Company plc</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="society-and-culture">Society and culture</h2> <h3>Generic names</h3> <p>Norgestrel is the <a href="/facts/Generic_term/nENLNhIF">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/facts/International_nonproprietary_name/wYL655x6">international nonproprietary name</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Adopted_Name/5AFEKGfQ">United States Adopted Name</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Pharmacopeia/CyYDYG8m">United States Pharmacopeia</a>, <a href="/facts/British_Approved_Name/pm1t52SQ">British Approved Name</a>, <a href="/facts/D%C3%A9nomination_Commune_Fran%C3%A7aise/Kvfl1AVE">Dénomination Commune Française</a>, <a href="/facts/Denominazione_Comune_Italiana/wsNJbX1K">Denominazione Comune Italiana</a>, and <a href="/facts/Japanese_Accepted_Name/2TWpxztK">Japanese Accepted Name</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> It is also known as dl-norgestrel, DL-norgestrel, or (±)-norgestrel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p> <h3>Brand names</h3> <p>Norgestrel is marketed under a variety of brand names including Cyclacur, Cryselle, Cyclo-Progynova, Duoluton, Elinest, Eugynon, Microgynon, Lo/Ovral, Low-Ogestrel, Logynon, Microlut, Minicon, Nordette, Neogest, Opill, Ogestrel, Ovral, Ovran, Ovranette, Ovrette, Planovar, Prempak, Progyluton, and Trinordiol among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 887–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Learn more about Opill (0.075mg Oral Norgestrel Tablet)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/opill-0075mg-oral-norgestrel-tablet-information" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/opill-0075mg-oral-norgestrel-tablet-information</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ortiz-Gómez T, Santesmases MJ (22 April 2016). Gendered Drugs and Medicine: Historical and Socio-Cultural Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. ISBN 978-1-317-12981-3. The 1966 marketing campaign for Schering's second contraceptive, Eugynon, [...] (Schering AG Berline 1966, 11). [...] In 1970 [Schering] had already conducted an opinion poll among doctors in the run up to the marketing campaign for the newly introduced Neogynon. [...] <a href="978-1-317-12981-3" target="_blank">978-1-317-12981-3</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pohl WG (2004). Die wissenschaftliche Welt von gestern: die Preisträger des Ignaz L. Lieben-Preises 1865-1937 und des Richard Lieben-Preises 1912-1928: ein Kapitel österreichischer Wissenschaftsgeschichte in Kurzbiografien. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-3-205-77303-0. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2018. [The contraceptive Eugynon is launched in 1966. Neogynon follows in 1970.] <a href="978-3-205-77303-0" target="_blank">978-3-205-77303-0</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 479. ISBN 9783527607495. <a href="9783527607495" target="_blank">9783527607495</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Carp HJ (9 April 2015). Progestogens in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-3-319-14385-9. <a href="978-3-319-14385-9" target="_blank">978-3-319-14385-9</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Generic Lo/Ovral-28 Availability". Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-lo-ovral-28.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-lo-ovral-28.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024. <a href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx" target="_blank">https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024. <a href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/EthinylEstradiolNorgestrel" target="_blank">https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/EthinylEstradiolNorgestrel</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Yuzpe AA, Smith RP, Rademaker AW (April 1982). "A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent". Fertility and Sterility. 37 (4): 508–513. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)46157-1. PMID 7040117. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2946157-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0015-0282%2816%2946157-1</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). "Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide". Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009. PMID 22078182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf" target="_blank">http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, et al. (December 2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas. 46 (Suppl 1): S7 – S16. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014. PMID 14670641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). "Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide". Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009. PMID 22078182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (8 March 2013). Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion. Springer-Verlag. pp. 583–. ISBN 978-3-642-95583-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2022. <a href="978-3-642-95583-9" target="_blank">978-3-642-95583-9</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (8 March 2013). Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion. Springer-Verlag. pp. 583–. ISBN 978-3-642-95583-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2022. <a href="978-3-642-95583-9" target="_blank">978-3-642-95583-9</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Leidenberger FA, Strowitzki T, Ortmann O (29 August 2009). Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte. Springer-Verlag. pp. 225, 227. ISBN 978-3-540-89760-6. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2022. <a href="978-3-540-89760-6" target="_blank">978-3-540-89760-6</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Die Gestagene. Springer-Verlag. 27 November 2013. pp. 16–17, 284–. ISBN 978-3-642-99941-3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2018. <a href="978-3-642-99941-3" target="_blank">978-3-642-99941-3</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 887–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Alldredge BK, Corelli RL, Ernst ME (1 February 2012). Koda-Kimble and Young's Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1072–. ISBN 978-1-60913-713-7. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="978-1-60913-713-7" target="_blank">978-1-60913-713-7</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Lavery JP, Sanfilippo JS (6 December 2012). Pediatric and Adolescent Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-1-4612-5064-7. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="978-1-4612-5064-7" target="_blank">978-1-4612-5064-7</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 390–. ISBN 978-3-540-38916-3. <a href="978-3-540-38916-3" target="_blank">978-3-540-38916-3</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Die Gestagene. Springer-Verlag. 27 November 2013. pp. 16–17, 284–. ISBN 978-3-642-99941-3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2018. <a href="978-3-642-99941-3" target="_blank">978-3-642-99941-3</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Ortiz-Gómez T, Santesmases MJ (22 April 2016). Gendered Drugs and Medicine: Historical and Socio-Cultural Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. ISBN 978-1-317-12981-3. The 1966 marketing campaign for Schering's second contraceptive, Eugynon, [...] (Schering AG Berline 1966, 11). [...] In 1970 [Schering] had already conducted an opinion poll among doctors in the run up to the marketing campaign for the newly introduced Neogynon. [...] <a href="978-1-317-12981-3" target="_blank">978-1-317-12981-3</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Pohl WG (2004). Die wissenschaftliche Welt von gestern: die Preisträger des Ignaz L. Lieben-Preises 1865-1937 und des Richard Lieben-Preises 1912-1928: ein Kapitel österreichischer Wissenschaftsgeschichte in Kurzbiografien. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-3-205-77303-0. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2018. [The contraceptive Eugynon is launched in 1966. Neogynon follows in 1970.] <a href="978-3-205-77303-0" target="_blank">978-3-205-77303-0</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 2935–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Marks L (2010). Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill. Yale University Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. <a href="978-0-300-16791-7" target="_blank">978-0-300-16791-7</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2023/017031Orig1s041SumR.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2023/017031Orig1s041SumR.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"FDA Approves First Nonprescription Daily Oral Contraceptive". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-nonprescription-daily-oral-contraceptive</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 887–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 887–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2018. <a href="978-94-011-4439-1" target="_blank">978-94-011-4439-1</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 887–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. <a href="978-1-4757-2085-3" target="_blank">978-1-4757-2085-3</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. <a href="978-3-88763-075-1" target="_blank">978-3-88763-075-1</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Norgestrel - brand name list from". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022. <a href="https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html" target="_blank">https://www.drugs.com/international/norgestrel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 2935–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. <a href="978-0-8155-1856-3" target="_blank">978-0-8155-1856-3</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>