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Yavapai orogeny
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Age and isotope data show that southern North America is composed of a series of northeast-trending provinces representing island arc terranes accreted onto the 1800 Mya core of Laurentia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> These are the Yavapai province (1800–1700 Mya), the Mazatzal province (1700–1650 Mya), the Granite-Rhyolite province (1500–1300 Mya), and the Llano-Grenville province (1300–1000 Mya). Each is interpreted as juvenile crust of an island arc, together with smaller amounts of reworked older crust, that accreted to Laurentia in an orogenic pulse accompanied by <a href="/facts/Pluton/y65IUQps">pluton</a> emplacement. The plutons sutured new and existing orogens together and helped convert the juvenile terranes to mature crust. The orogen pulses are identified as the Yavapai orogeny at 1710–1680 Mya, the <a href="/facts/Mazatzal_orogeny/pwHgrruw">Mazatzal orogeny</a> at 1650–1600 Ga, the <a href="/facts/Picuris_orogeny/nC5CwYjw">Picuris orogeny</a> at 1450–1300 Mya,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and the Grenville orogeny at 1300–950 Mya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Some of the orogens were accompanied by <a href="/facts/Slab_rollback/sbp2PRk4">slab rollback</a>. This created short-lived <a href="/facts/Back-arc_basin/px4uAEVE">extensional basins</a> at 1700 and 1650 Mya that accumulated sand and high-silica volcanic debris to form <a href="/facts/Paleoproterozoic/gMS69p5r">Paleoproterozoic</a> <a href="/facts/Quartzite/8rNpCMrv">quartzite</a>-<a href="/facts/Rhyolite/yKeR5Lut">rhyolite</a> successions. Subsequent convergent tectonics closed the basins and <a href="/facts/Thrust_fault/qxDnYlS8">thrust</a> imbricated the successions. That is, faulted blocks of rock were stacked atop each other like shingles on a roof.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>The northeast-trending provinces are truncated by <a href="/facts/Neoproterozoic/89NsnsM1">Neoproterozoic</a> passive margins that indicate the orogenic system once extended much further. This is part of the basis for the AUSWUS reconstruction of Rodinia, which places Australia adjacent to the southwestern US from 1800 to 1000 Mya. Other supporting evidence includes correspondence of 1450 and 1000 Ga <a href="/facts/Paleomagnetic_pole/k3lv5XaP">paleomagnetic poles</a> between Australia and Laurentia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The northeastern extension of the orogenic belt would then correspond to the <a href="/facts/Gothian_orogeny/Uc235WNY">Gothian orogeny</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Baltica/RvuQJgSd">Baltica</a> and the southwestern extension to the <a href="/facts/Albany-Fraser_orogeny/WA01dXDe">Albany-Fraser orogeny</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> However, the placement of Australia has been disputed on the basis of paleomagnetic data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/SWEAT_(hypothesis)/3lJ9XqFj">SWEAT</a> reconstruction places <a href="/facts/East_Antarctica/Uh0yn6ox">East Antarctica</a> on the southwest extension of the Yavapai Province.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The Yavapai Province was named for the Yavapai Supergroup in central <a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> It extends from <a href="/facts/Arizona/6ayM3swJ">Arizona</a> to <a href="/facts/Colorado/IgIHrJI5">Colorado</a> south of the <a href="/facts/Cheyenne_belt/AfkB7Rmh">Cheyenne belt</a>, then northeastward to the mid-continent region. The southern boundary is somewhat poorly defined,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> possibly because it corresponds to a shallow relic <a href="/facts/Subduction_zone/rkasNdTo">subduction zone</a>, but runs roughly along the <a href="/facts/Jemez_Lineament/aLpSpRc6">Jemez Lineament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Individual island arc terranes accreted to Laurentia during the Yavapai Orogeny include the Elves Chasm block in the <a href="/facts/Grand_Canyon/5jdvIay7">Grand Canyon</a>, Green Mountain, Dubois-Cochetopa, <a href="/facts/Irving_Formation/2VgQr4L0">Irving Formation</a>, <a href="/facts/Moppin_Complex/qHVdJyMx">Moppin</a>-Gold Hill, and Ash Creek-Payson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The latter includes the Payson <a href="/facts/Ophiolite/vX9Kg940">Ophiolite</a>. Quartzite-rhyolite successions associated with extensional basins include the <a href="/facts/Vadito_Group/7Cs6xbFy">Vadito Group</a> and <a href="/facts/Hondo_Group/yGLUGyLq">Hondo Group</a> in <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a> and the <a href="/facts/Mazatzal_Group/UtyrofcQ">Mazatzal Group</a> in Arizona, deposited during the transition from the Yavapai to the Mazatzal orogens at 1700 Mya. The extensional basin in which the Mazatzal Group was deposited lasted about 30 Ma, from the Payson Ophiolite at 1730 Mya to the <a href="/facts/Mazatzal_Peak_Quartzite/UtyrofcQ">Mazatzal Peak Quartzite</a> sometime after 1700 Mya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>A number of regional orogenies fall within the time span of the Yavapai orogeny and are regarded as parts of the overall orogenic system. These include the <a href="/facts/Ivanpah_orogeny/MT1nFcyB">Ivanpah orogeny</a> (1710–1680 Mya) in the New York Mountains area; the <a href="/facts/Central_Plains_orogeny/b1EWI6PS">Central Plains orogeny</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> in the mid-continent; the <a href="/facts/Medicine_Bow_Mountains/fQ3TuL8P">Medicine Bow</a> orogeny at 1708–1750 Mya that produced the Cheyenne belt, the Colorado province or <a href="/facts/Colorado_orogeny/66lE3343">Colorado orogeny</a> at 1780–1700 Mya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_orogenies/sUT5S1l1">List of orogenies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geology_of_Arizona/GSA6QQfP">Geology of Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geology_of_New_Mexico/W5FlmLz2">Geology of New Mexico</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mako, Calvin A.; Williams, Michael L.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Doe, Michael F.; Powicki, David; Holland, Mark E.; Gehrels, George; Pecha, Mark (December 2015). "Polyphase Proterozoic deformation in the Four Peaks area, central Arizona, and relevance for the Mazatzal orogeny". Geosphere. 11 (6): 1975–1995. Bibcode:2015Geosp..11.1975M. doi:10.1130/GES01196.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES01196.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES01196.1</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Mako, Calvin A.; Williams, Michael L.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Doe, Michael F.; Powicki, David; Holland, Mark E.; Gehrels, George; Pecha, Mark (December 2015). "Polyphase Proterozoic deformation in the Four Peaks area, central Arizona, and relevance for the Mazatzal orogeny". Geosphere. 11 (6): 1975–1995. Bibcode:2015Geosp..11.1975M. doi:10.1130/GES01196.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES01196.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES01196.1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Karlstrom, Karl E; Åhäll, Karl-Inge; Harlan, Stephen S; Williams, Michael L; McLelland, James; Geissman, John W (1 October 2001). "Long-lived (1.8–1.0 Ga) convergent orogen in southern Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and Baltica, and implications for refining Rodinia". Precambrian Research. 111 (1): 5–30. Bibcode:2001PreR..111....5K. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00154-1. ISSN 0301-9268. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926801001541" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926801001541</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Karlstrom, Karl E. (1989). Early recumbent folding during Proterozoic orogeny in central Arizona. Geological Society of America. p. 156. ISBN 9780813722351. <a href="9780813722351" target="_blank">9780813722351</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Magnani, M.B.; Miller, K.C.; Levander, A.; Karlstrom, K. (2004). "The Yavapai-Mazatzal boundary: A long-lived tectonic element in the lithosphere of southwestern North America". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (9): 1137. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116.1137M. doi:10.1130/B25414.1. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/116/9-10/1137/2116" target="_blank">https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/116/9-10/1137/2116</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Jones, James V. III; Daniel, Christopher G.; Frei, Dirk; Thrane, Kristine (2011). "Revised regional correlations and tectonic implications of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in northern New Mexico, USA: New findings from detrital zircon studies of the Hondo Group, Vadito Group, and Marqueñas Formation". Geosphere. 7 (4): 974–991. doi:10.1130/GES00614.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00614.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00614.1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). "Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Condie, Kent C. (1982). "Plate-tectonics model for Proterozoic continental accretion in the southwestern United States". Geology. 10 (1): 37. Bibcode:1982Geo....10...37C. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<37:PMFPCA>2.0.CO;2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Daniel, C. G.; Pfeifer, L. S.; Jones, J. V.; McFarlane, C. M. (23 July 2013). "Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490-1450 Mya) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 125 (9–10): 1423–1441. Bibcode:2013GSAB..125.1423D. doi:10.1130/B30804.1. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/125/9-10/1423/125945" target="_blank">https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/125/9-10/1423/125945</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). "Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). "Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Karlstrom, Karl E; Åhäll, Karl-Inge; Harlan, Stephen S; Williams, Michael L; McLelland, James; Geissman, John W (1 October 2001). "Long-lived (1.8–1.0 Ga) convergent orogen in southern Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and Baltica, and implications for refining Rodinia". Precambrian Research. 111 (1): 5–30. Bibcode:2001PreR..111....5K. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00154-1. ISSN 0301-9268. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926801001541" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926801001541</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Graversen, Ole; Pedersen, Svend (1999). "Timing of Gothian structural evolution in SE Norway: A Rb-Sr whole-rock age study" (PDF). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 79 (47–56): 47–56. doi:10.1080/002919699433906. Retrieved 15 September 2015. <a href="http://foreninger.uio.no/ngf/ngt/pdfs/NGT_79_1_047-056.pdf" target="_blank">http://foreninger.uio.no/ngf/ngt/pdfs/NGT_79_1_047-056.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Kirkland, C.J. and co-authors (2011). "On the edge: U–Pb, Lu–Hf, and Sm–Nd data suggests reworking of the Yilgarn craton margin during formation of the Albany-Fraser Orogen". Precambrian Research. p. 223. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926811000611" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926811000611</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Pisarevsky, S.A. and co-authors (2003). "Late Mesoproterozoic (ca 1.2 Ga) palaeomagnetism of the Albany–Fraser orogen: no pre-Rodinia Australia–Laurentia connection". Geophysical Journal International. p. F6. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/155/1/F6/2046215" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/155/1/F6/2046215</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (11 July 2008). "A Positive Test of East Antarctica-Laurentia Juxtaposition Within the Rodinia Supercontinent". Science. 321 (5886): 235–240. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..235G. doi:10.1126/science.1159189. PMID 18621666. S2CID 11799613. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1159189" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1159189</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>KARLSTROM, KARL E.; BOWRING, SAMUEL A.; CONWAY, CLAY M. (1987). "Tectonic significance of an Early Proterozoic two-province boundary in central Arizona". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 99 (4): 529. Bibcode:1987GSAB...99..529K. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<529:TSOAEP>2.0.CO;2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>KARLSTROM, KARL E.; BOWRING, SAMUEL A.; CONWAY, CLAY M. (1987). "Tectonic significance of an Early Proterozoic two-province boundary in central Arizona". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 99 (4): 529. Bibcode:1987GSAB...99..529K. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<529:TSOAEP>2.0.CO;2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Grambling, Tyler A.; Holland, Mark; Karlstom, Karl E.; Gehrels, George E.; Pecha, Mark (2015). "REVISED LOCATION FOR THE YAVAPAI-MAZATZAL CRUSTAL PROVINCE BOUNDARY IN NEW MEXICO: HF ISOTOPIC DATA FROM PROTEROZOIC ROCKS OF THE NACIMIENTO MOUNTAINS" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 66: 175–184. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/66/66_p0175_p0184.pdf" target="_blank">https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/66/66_p0175_p0184.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Daniel, Christopher G.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Williams, Michael L.; Pedrick, Jane N. (1995). "The reconstruction of a middle Proterozoic orogenic belt in north-central New Mexico, U.S.A." (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 46: 193. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/46/46_p0193_p0200.pdf" target="_blank">https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/46/46_p0193_p0200.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Magnani, M.B.; Miller, K.C.; Levander, A.; Karlstrom, K. (2004). "The Yavapai-Mazatzal boundary: A long-lived tectonic element in the lithosphere of southwestern North America". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (9): 1137. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116.1137M. doi:10.1130/B25414.1. Retrieved 19 April 2020. <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/116/9-10/1137/2116" target="_blank">https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/116/9-10/1137/2116</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007). "Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Cox, Rónadh; Martin, Mark W.; Comstock, Jana C.; Dickerson, Laura S.; Ekstrom, Ingrid L.; Sammons, James H. (December 2002). "Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and geochronology of the Proterozoic Mazatzal Group, central Arizona". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (12): 1535–1549. 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"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America". Geosphere. 3 (4): 220. doi:10.1130/GES00055.1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00055.1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>