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P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
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<h2 id="posttranslational-modification">Posttranslational modification</h2> <p>PSGL-1 protein requires two distinct <a href="/facts/Posttranslational_modification/KMUayTIc">posttranslational modifications</a> to gain its selectin binding activity:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sulfation/lI6B3Y1M">sulfation</a> of <a href="/facts/Tyrosine/RJhEgE4C">tyrosines</a></li> <li>the addition of the <a href="/facts/Sialyl_Lewis_x/JSnstmc6">sialyl Lewis x</a> tetrasaccharide (sLex) to its O-linked <a href="/facts/Glycan/FbMG78sx">glycans</a></li></ul> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>PSGL-1 is expressed on all <a href="/facts/White_blood_cells/vsDunUK0">white blood cells</a> and plays an important role in the recruitment of white blood cells into inflamed tissue: White blood cells normally do not interact with the <a href="/facts/Endothelium/L4ENFVnw">endothelium</a> of blood vessels. However, <a href="/facts/Inflammation/Ura86MIy">inflammation</a> causes the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) such as P-selectin on the surface of the blood vessel wall. White blood cells present in flowing blood can interact with CAM. The first step in this interaction process is carried out by PSGL-1 interacting with P-selectin and/or E-selectin on endothelial cells and adherent platelets. This interaction results in "rolling" of the white blood cell on the endothelial cell surface followed by stable adhesion and transmigration of the white blood cell into the inflamed tissue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <h3>In inflammation</h3> <p>The systemic administration of soluble recombinant forms of human PSGL-1 such as rPSGL-Ig or TSGL-Ig can prevent <a href="/facts/Reperfusion_injury/3MWNux98">reperfusion injury</a> caused by leukocyte influx after an ischemic insult to various types of vascularized tissues (IRI). The protective effects of soluble recombinant forms of PSGL-1, acting as pan-selectin antagonists, has been studied in multiple animal models of solid organ transplant and ARDS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>In cancer</h3> <p>In mice PSGL-1 acts as an immune factor regulating multiple <a href="/facts/T-cell_checkpoints/ElM22IqY">T-cell checkpoints</a>. Consequently, the antagonsim of PSGL-1 engagement and signaling has been proposed as a promising target for future <a href="/facts/Checkpoint_inhibitor/lWqFxuz8">checkpoint inhibitor</a> anti-cancer drugs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>PSGL-1 has been shown to bind to VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation) but this binding only occurs under acidic pH conditions (pH < 6.5) such as can be found in tumor microenvironments (TME).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>In mice, PSGL-1 seems to facilitate <a href="/facts/T_cell_exhaustion/5z6PQ9UN">T cell exhaustion</a> in tumors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> PSGL-1 deficient mice treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies show a dramatic reduction in the growth of melanoma tumors as compared with wild-type mice treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Treatments with either soluble recombinant forms of PSGL-1 (PSGL-Ig) or monoclonal antibodies that bind and block PSGL-1 also reduce tumor growth in mouse models, especially when combined with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Furie B, Furie BC (April 2004). "Role of platelet P-selectin and microparticle PSGL-1 in thrombus formation". <i>Trends in Molecular Medicine</i>. 10 (4): 171–178. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molmed.2004.02.008">10.1016/j.molmed.2004.02.008</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15059608">15059608</a>.</li> <li>Sako D, Chang XJ, Barone KM, Vachino G, White HM, Shaw G, et al. (December 1993). "Expression cloning of a functional glycoprotein ligand for P-selectin". <i>Cell</i>. 75 (6): 1179–1186. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990327-M">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90327-M</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7505206">7505206</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23786141">23786141</a>.</li> <li>Moore KL, Eaton SF, Lyons DE, Lichenstein HS, Cummings RD, McEver RP (September 1994). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2931656-3">"The P-selectin glycoprotein ligand from human neutrophils displays sialylated, fucosylated, O-linked poly-N-acetyllactosamine"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 269 (37): 23318–23327. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2931656-3">10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31656-3</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7521878">7521878</a>.</li> <li>Veldman GM, Bean KM, Cumming DA, Eddy RL, Sait SN, Shows TB (July 1995). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.27.16470">"Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 270 (27): 16470–16475. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.27.16470">10.1074/jbc.270.27.16470</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7541799">7541799</a>.</li> <li>Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". <i>Gene</i>. 138 (1–2): 171–174. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8">10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298">8125298</a>.</li> <li>Guyer DA, Moore KL, Lynam EB, Schammel CM, Rogelj S, McEver RP, et al. (October 1996). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V88.7.2415.bloodjournal8872415">"P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a ligand for L-selectin in neutrophil aggregation"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. 88 (7): 2415–2421. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V88.7.2415.bloodjournal8872415">10.1182/blood.V88.7.2415.bloodjournal8872415</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8839831">8839831</a>.</li> <li>Goetz DJ, Greif DM, Ding H, Camphausen RT, Howes S, Comess KM, et al. (April 1997). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139768">"Isolated P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 dynamic adhesion to P- and E-selectin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>. 137 (2): 509–519. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.137.2.509">10.1083/jcb.137.2.509</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139768">2139768</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9128259">9128259</a>.</li> <li>Fuhlbrigge RC, Kieffer JD, Armerding D, Kupper TS (October 1997). "Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a specialized form of PSGL-1 expressed on skin-homing T cells". <i>Nature</i>. 389 (6654): 978–981. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..978F">1997Natur.389..978F</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F40166">10.1038/40166</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9353122">9353122</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4376296">4376296</a>.</li> <li>Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". <i>Gene</i>. 200 (1–2): 149–156. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3">10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149">9373149</a>.</li> <li>Snapp KR, Ding H, Atkins K, Warnke R, Luscinskas FW, Kansas GS (January 1998). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V91.1.154">"A novel P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope within the tyrosine sulfate motif of human PSGL-1 and blocks recognition of both P- and L-selectin"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. 91 (1): 154–164. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V91.1.154">10.1182/blood.V91.1.154</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9414280">9414280</a>.</li> <li>Bennett EP, Hassan H, Mandel U, Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Burchell J, et al. (November 1998). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.46.30472">"Cloning of a human UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-Galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that complements other GalNAc-transferases in complete O-glycosylation of the MUC1 tandem repeat"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 273 (46): 30472–30481. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.46.30472">10.1074/jbc.273.46.30472</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F216411">2066/216411</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9804815">9804815</a>.</li> <li>Wimazal F, Ghannadan M, Müller MR, End A, Willheim M, Meidlinger P, et al. (November 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-0039.1999.540507.x">"Expression of homing receptors and related molecules on human mast cells and basophils: a comparative analysis using multi-color flow cytometry and toluidine blue/immunofluorescence staining techniques"</a>. <i>Tissue Antigens</i>. 54 (5): 499–507. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1399-0039.1999.540507.x">10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540507.x</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10599889">10599889</a>.</li> <li>Epperson TK, Patel KD, McEver RP, Cummings RD (March 2000). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.11.7839">"Noncovalent association of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and minimal determinants for binding to P-selectin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 275 (11): 7839–7853. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.11.7839">10.1074/jbc.275.11.7839</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10713099">10713099</a>.</li> <li>André P, Spertini O, Guia S, Rihet P, Dignat-George F, Brailly H, et al. (March 2000). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16251">"Modification of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 with a natural killer cell-restricted sulfated lactosamine creates an alternate ligand for L-selectin"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 97 (7): 3400–3405. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.040569797">10.1073/pnas.040569797</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16251">16251</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725346">10725346</a>.</li> <li>Frenette PS, Denis CV, Weiss L, Jurk K, Subbarao S, Kehrel B, et al. (April 2000). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193129">"P-Selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is expressed on platelets and can mediate platelet-endothelial interactions in vivo"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>. 191 (8): 1413–1422. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.191.8.1413">10.1084/jem.191.8.1413</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2193129">2193129</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10770806">10770806</a>.</li> <li>Woltmann G, McNulty CA, Dewson G, Symon FA, Wardlaw AJ (May 2000). "Interleukin-13 induces PSGL-1/P-selectin-dependent adhesion of eosinophils, but not neutrophils, to human umbilical vein endothelial cells under flow". <i>Blood</i>. 95 (10): 3146–3152. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.V95.10.3146">10.1182/blood.V95.10.3146</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10807781">10807781</a>.</li> <li>Tsuchihashi S, Fondevila C, Shaw GD, Lorenz M, Marquette K, Benard S, et al. (January 2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.176.1.616">"Molecular characterization of rat leukocyte P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and effect of its blockade: protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. 176 (1): 616–624. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.176.1.616">10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.616</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365457">16365457</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=P-selectin+glycoprotein+ligand-1">P-selectin+glycoprotein+ligand-1</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/facts/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine/Hzty0MCX">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Veerman KM, Carlow DA, Shanina I, Priatel JJ, Horwitz MS, Ziltener HJ (February 2012). "PSGL-1 regulates the migration and proliferation of CD8(+) T cells under homeostatic conditions". Journal of Immunology. 188 (4): 1638–1646. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103026. PMID 22250093. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Sako D, Chang XJ, Barone KM, Vachino G, White HM, Shaw G, et al. (December 1993). "Expression cloning of a functional glycoprotein ligand for P-selectin". Cell. 75 (6): 1179–1186. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90327-m. PMID 7505206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sako D, Comess KM, Barone KM, Camphausen RT, Cumming DA, Shaw GD (October 1995). "A sulfated peptide segment at the amino terminus of PSGL-1 is critical for P-selectin binding". Cell. 83 (2): 323–331. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90173-6. PMID 7585949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Somers WS, Tang J, Shaw GD, Camphausen RT (October 2000). "Insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte tethering and rolling revealed by structures of P- and E-selectin bound to SLe(X) and PSGL-1". Cell. 103 (3): 467–479. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00138-0. PMID 11081633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Veldman GM, Bean KM, Cumming DA, Eddy RL, Sait SN, Shows TB (July 1995). "Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (27): 16470–16475. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.27.16470. PMID 7541799. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.27.16470" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.27.16470</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Entrez Gene: SELPLG selectin P ligand". <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6404" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6404</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Li F, Wilkins PP, Crawley S, Weinstein J, Cummings RD, McEver RP (February 1996). "Post-translational modifications of recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 required for binding to P- and E-selectin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (6): 3255–3264. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.3255. PMID 8621728. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.6.3255" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.6.3255</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wilkins PP, Moore KL, McEver RP, Cummings RD (September 1995). "Tyrosine sulfation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is required for high affinity binding to P-selectin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (39): 22677–22680. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.39.22677. PMID 7559387. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.39.22677" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.39.22677</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sako D, Comess KM, Barone KM, Camphausen RT, Cumming DA, Shaw GD (October 1995). "A sulfated peptide segment at the amino terminus of PSGL-1 is critical for P-selectin binding". Cell. 83 (2): 323–331. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90173-6. PMID 7585949. S2CID 65420. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990173-6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990173-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Pouyani T, Seed B (October 1995). "PSGL-1 recognition of P-selectin is controlled by a tyrosine sulfation consensus at the PSGL-1 amino terminus". Cell. 83 (2): 333–343. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90174-4. PMID 7585950. S2CID 17480260. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990174-4" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990174-4</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Zarbock A, Müller H, Kuwano Y, Ley K (November 2009). "PSGL-1-dependent myeloid leukocyte activation". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 86 (5): 1119–1124. doi:10.1189/jlb.0209117. 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