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Financial engineering
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<h2 id="discipline">Discipline</h2> <p>Financial engineering draws on tools from <a href="/facts/Applied_mathematics/qyqklXXm">applied mathematics</a>, <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a>, <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a> and <a href="/facts/Economic_theory/HYctA2Dn">economic theory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In the broadest sense, anyone who uses technical tools in finance could be called a financial engineer, for example any <a href="/facts/Computer_programmer/WGTS1Jv9">computer programmer</a> in a <a href="/facts/Bank/l7VsKwas">bank</a> or any <a href="/facts/Statistician/9FBnXfeN">statistician</a> in a government economic bureau.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> However, most practitioners restrict the term to someone educated in the full range of tools of modern finance and whose work is informed by financial theory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It is sometimes restricted even further, to cover only those originating new financial products and strategies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Despite its name, financial engineering does not belong to any of the <a href="/facts/Fields_of_engineering/cYP3CE6L">fields</a> in traditional professional engineering even though many financial engineers have studied engineering beforehand and many universities offering a postgraduate degree in this field require applicants to have a background in engineering as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In the United States, the <a href="/facts/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology/3jGy7PH9">Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology</a> (ABET) does not accredit financial engineering degrees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In the United States, financial engineering programs are accredited by the <i>International Association of Quantitative Finance</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Quantitative_analyst/ozNLKatW">Quantitative analyst</a> ("Quant") is a broad term that covers any person who uses math for practical purposes, including financial engineers. Quant is often taken to mean "financial quant", in which case it is similar to financial engineer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The difference is that it is possible to be a theoretical quant, or a quant in only one specialized niche in finance, while "financial engineer" usually implies a practitioner with broad expertise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>"<a href="/facts/Rocket_scientist/2Ib02w7f">Rocket scientist</a>" (<a href="/facts/Aerospace_engineer/2Ib02w7f">aerospace engineer</a>) is an older term, first coined in the development of rockets in WWII (<a href="/facts/Wernher_von_Braun/pzhbJTCj">Wernher von Braun</a>), and later, the <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> space program; it was adapted by the first generation of financial quants who arrived on <a href="/facts/Wall_Street/Xt5SxcCN">Wall Street</a> in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> While basically synonymous with financial engineer, it implies adventurousness and fondness for <a href="/facts/Disruptive_innovation/ShoJutBR">disruptive innovation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Financial "rocket scientists" were usually trained in applied mathematics, <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a> or finance and spent their entire careers in risk-taking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> They were not hired for their mathematical talents, they either worked for themselves or applied mathematical techniques to traditional financial jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The later generation of financial engineers were more likely to have PhDs in mathematics, <a href="/facts/Physics/a7aH2y08">physics</a>, electrical and computer engineering, and often started their careers in academics or non-financial fields.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Financial_mathematics/P9otEltQ">Financial mathematics § Criticism</a>, and <a href="/facts/Financial_economics/oraavYoW">Financial economics § Challenges and criticism</a></p> <p>One of the prominent critics of financial engineering is <a href="/facts/Nassim_Taleb/KQTPVVzz">Nassim Taleb</a>, a professor of financial engineering at <a href="/facts/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University/xo5c9hFF">Polytechnic Institute of New York University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> who argues that it replaces common sense and leads to disaster. A series of economic collapses has led many governments to argue a return to "real" <a href="/facts/Engineering/RFVg8H3I">engineering</a> from financial engineering. A gentler criticism came from <a href="/facts/Emanuel_Derman/gtgQ8PBz">Emanuel Derman</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> who heads a financial engineering degree program at Columbia University. He blames over-reliance on models for financial problems; see <a href="/facts/Financial_Modelers%27_Manifesto/kB6Fq8yV">Financial Modelers' Manifesto</a>. </p><p>Many other authors have identified specific problems in financial engineering that caused catastrophes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aaron_Brown_(financial_author)/9nzXEQWb">Aaron Brown</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> named confusion between quants and regulators over the meaning of "capital"</li> <li><a href="/facts/Felix_Salmon/QX7jsgYM">Felix Salmon</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> gently pointed to the <a href="/facts/Copula_(probability_theory)/9tgrLvLF">Gaussian copula</a> (see <a href="/facts/David_X._Li/8Al78TH0">David X. Li § CDOs and Gaussian copula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)/HxAST88r">Ian Stewart</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> criticized the <a href="/facts/Black-Scholes_formula/TPPG5YWQ">Black-Scholes formula</a></li> <li>Pablo Triana<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> (<a href="/facts/Value_at_risk/u9AIbGqH">along with others</a> including Taleb and Brown) dislikes <a href="/facts/Value_at_risk/u9AIbGqH">value at risk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scott_Patterson_(author)/oaGA0NEz">Scott Patterson</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> accused <a href="/facts/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)/ozNLKatW">quantitative traders</a> and later <a href="/facts/High-frequency_trading/QWWwQgkI">high-frequency traders</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Douglas_W._Hubbard/KCGr7gIS">Douglas W. Hubbard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> notes that the Black–Scholes formula, along with <a href="/facts/Modern_portfolio_theory/VzQqKnuK">modern portfolio theory</a>, makes no attempt to explain an underlying structure to price changes.</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Rickards/A8CYGP5J">James Rickards</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> posits that the "key assumptions" underpinning <a href="/facts/Financial_risk_management/sXAcYTh9">financial risk management</a> are flawed.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/facts/Financial_innovation/QzWRcgS0">financial innovation</a> often associated with financial engineers was mocked by former chairman of the Federal Reserve <a href="/facts/Paul_Volcker/sYR6IjVA">Paul Volcker</a> in 2009 when he said it was a code word for risky securities, that brought no benefits to society. For most people, he said, the advent of the <a href="/facts/Automated_teller_machine/8y5eVFUr">ATM</a> was more crucial than any <a href="/facts/Asset-backed_security/9YqV07nY">asset-backed bond</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Outline_of_finance/pQFtoDwS">Outline of finance § Education</a>, and <a href="/facts/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)/ozNLKatW">Quantitative analysis (finance) § Education</a></p> <p>The first <a href="/facts/Master_of_Financial_Engineering/yjN2RR5X">Master of Financial Engineering</a> degree programs were set up in the early 1990s. The number and size of programs has grown rapidly, to the extent that some now use the term "financial engineer" to refer to a graduate in the field.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The financial engineering program at <a href="/facts/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University/xo5c9hFF">New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering</a> was the first curriculum to be certified by the <a href="/facts/International_Association_of_Financial_Engineers/oMW4wdwG">International Association of Financial Engineers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The number, and variation, of these programs has grown over the decades subsequent (see <a href="/facts/Master_of_Quantitative_Finance/yjN2RR5X">Master of Quantitative Finance § History</a>); and lately includes undergraduate study, as well as <a href="/facts/Professional_certification_in_financial_services/RE63bkNt">designations</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Certificate_in_Quantitative_Finance/RE63bkNt">Certificate in Quantitative Finance</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Actuarial_science/KxmCE0ME">Actuarial science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computational_finance/FpaueLxt">Computational finance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Financial_modeling/Qhk0pV2W">Financial modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_finance_topics/pQFtoDwS">List of finance topics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mathematical_finance/P9otEltQ">Mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantitative_analyst/ozNLKatW">Quantitative analyst</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Beder, Tanya S.; Marshall, Cara M. (2011). <i>Financial Engineering: The Evolution of a Profession</i>. John Wiley & Sons.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Marek Capiski and Tomasz Zastawniak, Mathematics for Finance: An Introduction to Financial Engineering, Springer (November 25, 2010) 978-0857290816 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>David Ruppert, Statistics and Data Analysis for Financial Engineering, Springer (November 17, 2010) 978-1441977861 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"MS in Financial Engineering". Columbia University Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-18. <a href="http://ieor.columbia.edu/ms-financial-engineering" target="_blank">http://ieor.columbia.edu/ms-financial-engineering</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tanya S. Beder and Cara M. Marshall, Financial Engineering: The Evolution of a Profession, Wiley (June 7, 2011) 978-0470455814 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Qu, Dong (2016). Manufacturing and Managing Customer-Driven Derivatives. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-63262-8. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118632621?keywords=dong%20qu&qid=1444725736&ref_=sr_1_2&sr=8-2" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118632621?keywords=dong%20qu&qid=1444725736&ref_=sr_1_2&sr=8-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Robert Dubil, Financial Engineering and Arbitrage in the Financial Markets, Wiley (October 11, 2011) 978-0470746011 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"What is Financial Engineering?". International Association of Financial Engineers. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2012-07-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630202827/http://www.iafeguide.org/financial-engineer.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120630202827/http://www.iafeguide.org/financial-engineer.php</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ali N. Akansu and Mustafa U. Torun. (2015), A Primer for Financial Engineering: Financial Signal Processing and Electronic Trading, Boston, MA: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-801561-2 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Salih N. Neftci, Principles of Financial Engineering, Academic Press (December 15, 2008) 978-0123735744 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Robert Dubil, Financial Engineering and Arbitrage in the Financial Markets, Wiley (October 11, 2011) 978-0470746011 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Entry requirements | Imperial College Business School. 2016. Entry requirements | Imperial College Business School. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/programmes/msc-risk-management/entry-requirements/ Archived 2016-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. [Accessed 30 June 2016]. Add to My References <a href="http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/programmes/msc-risk-management/entry-requirements/" target="_blank">http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/programmes/msc-risk-management/entry-requirements/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Master Financial Engineering postgraduate distance learning-TU Kaiserslautern". <a href="https://www.zfuw.uni-kl.de/en/science-engineering/financial-engineering" target="_blank">https://www.zfuw.uni-kl.de/en/science-engineering/financial-engineering</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"List of Member Societies". ABET. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 26 April 2013. <a href="http://www.abet.org/member-society-list/" target="_blank">http://www.abet.org/member-society-list/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"{title}". Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-08-21. <a href="http://iaqf.org/" target="_blank">http://iaqf.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Espen Gaarder Haug, Derivatives Models on Models, Wiley (July 24, 2007) 978-0470013229 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Richard R. Lindsey and Barry Schachter (editors), How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite, Wiley (August 3, 2009) 978-0470452578 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Emanuel Derman, My Life as a Quant: Reflections on Physics and Finance, Wiley (September 16, 2004) 978-0471394204 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Aaron Brown, Red-Blooded Risk: The Secret History of Wall Street, Wiley (October 11, 2011) 978-1118043868 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Aaron Brown, The Poker Face of Wall Street, Wiley (March 31, 2006) 978-0470127315 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Salih N. Neftci, Principles of Financial Engineering, Academic Press (December 15, 2008) 978-0123735744 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Aaron Brown, Red-Blooded Risk: The Secret History of Wall Street, Wiley (October 11, 2011) 978-1118043868 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Dan Stefanica, A Primer for the Mathematics of Financial Engineering, FE Press (April 4, 2008) 978-0979757600 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Akansu, Ali N.; Kulkarni, Sanjeev R.; Malioutov, Dmitry M., Eds. (2016), Financial Signal Processing and Machine Learning, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press, ISBN 978-1-118-74567-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Random House (April 17, 2007) 978-1400063512 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Emanuel Derman, Models.Behaving.Badly.: Why Confusing Illusion with Reality Can Lead to Disaster, on Wall Street and in Life, Free Press (July 24, 2012) 978-1439164990 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Whodunit? Rocket Scientists on Wall Street". Minyanville. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-07-22. <a href="http://www.minyanville.com/business-news/markets/articles/quants-quant-traders-trading-quantitative-traders/7/9/2012/id/42227" target="_blank">http://www.minyanville.com/business-news/markets/articles/quants-quant-traders-trading-quantitative-traders/7/9/2012/id/42227</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Recipe for Disaster: The Formula that Killed Wall Street". Wired. February 23, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2012-07-22. <a href="https://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/17-03/wp_quant?currentPage=all" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/17-03/wp_quant?currentPage=all</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Stewart, Ian (February 12, 2012). "The Mathematical Equation that Caused the Banks to Crash". London: Wired. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2012-07-22. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/12/black-scholes-equation-credit-crunch" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/12/black-scholes-equation-credit-crunch</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>< Pablo Triana, The Number That Killed Us: A Story of Modern Banking, Flawed Mathematics, and a Big Financial Crisis , Wiley (December 6, 2011) 978-0470529737 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>< Scott Patterson, The Quants: How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It, Crown Business (February 2, 2010) 978-0307453372 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>< Scott Patterson, Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System, Crown Business (June 12, 2012) 978-0307887177 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Douglas W. Hubbard. The Failure of Risk Management, p. 67, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-38795-5 <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Testimony of James G. Rickards, Senior Managing Director for Market Intelligence, Omnis, Inc., McLean, VA" (PDF) U.S. House Committee on Science, Space and Technology (September 10, 2009). Retrieved May 16, 2011 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007063524/http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/oversight09/sept10/rickards.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091007063524/http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/oversight09/sept10/rickards.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Crisis may be worse than Depression, Volcker says". Reuters. Feb 20, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2013-09-05. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083853/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/02/20/usa-economy-volcker-idUKN2029103720090220" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083853/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/02/20/usa-economy-volcker-idUKN2029103720090220</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"What is Financial Engineering?". International Association of Financial Engineers. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2012-07-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630202827/http://www.iafeguide.org/financial-engineer.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120630202827/http://www.iafeguide.org/financial-engineer.php</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"{title}". Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-04-25. <a href="http://www.poly.edu/academics/departments/finance" target="_blank">http://www.poly.edu/academics/departments/finance</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"The Department of Finance and Risk Engineering". Polytechnic Institute of NYU. Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2012-05-09. <a href="http://archive.poly.edu/fe/people/faculty/adjunct/index.php" target="_blank">http://archive.poly.edu/fe/people/faculty/adjunct/index.php</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>