Lugh

<h2 id="name">Name</h2>
<h3>Etymology</h3>
The meaning of Lugh's name is still a matter of debate. Some scholars propose that it derives from a suggested <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European_language/cVLNoM3p">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *(h2)lewgh- meaning "to bind by oath" (compare <a href="/facts/Old_Irish/79xpaDv5">Old Irish</a> luige and <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a> llw, both meaning "oath, vow, act of swearing" and derived from a suffixed <a href="/facts/Proto-Celtic_language/RLla8fIB">Proto-Celtic</a> form, *lugiyo-, "oath"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> suggesting that he was originally a god of oaths and sworn contracts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> When Balor meets Lugh in the Second Battle of Moytura he calls Lugh a "babbler".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> 
In the past his name was generally believed to come from another suggested Proto-Indo-European root *leuk-, "flashing light", and since the Victorian era he has often been considered a <a href="/facts/Sun_god/Q2CS3IHN">sun god</a>, similar to the Greco-Roman <a href="/facts/Apollo/eBJV1wsJ">Apollo</a>. However, the figure of Lugh in Irish mythology and literature seems to be a better match with a <a href="/facts/Gallo-Roman_religion/5Pf6cVGl">romanized</a> god identified with <a href="/facts/Mercury_(god)/2omXHvrY">Mercury</a>, described by Julius Caesar in his <a href="/facts/De_Bello_Gallico/FQaJPwF9">De Bello Gallico</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> There are serious phonological issues with deriving the name from *leuk-, notably that Proto-Indo-European *-k- never produced Proto-Celtic *-g-;,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> for this reason, most modern specialists in Celtic languages no longer accept this etymology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>Epithets</h3>
<ul><li>Lámfada ([ˈl̪ˠaːβˠ ad̪ˠə] ("long hand") – possibly for his skill with a <a href="/facts/Spear/CAs47lgJ">spear</a> or his ability as a ruler<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li>Ildánach ("skilled in many arts")</li>
<li>Samildánach ("equally skilled in all the arts")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></li>
<li>Lonnansclech ("fierce / strong, combative")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li>
<li>Lonnbéimnech ("fierce striker")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li>Macnia ("young warrior / hero")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>Conmac ("dog-youth / lad of hounds")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
Lugh is typically described as a youthful warrior. In the brief narrative Baile in Scáil, Lugh is described as being very large and very beautiful and a spear-wielding horseman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
When he appears before the wounded Cú Chulainn in the Táin Bó Cúalnge he is described as follows:

<blockquote>A man fair and tall, with a great head of curly yellow hair. He has a green mantle wrapped about him and a brooch of white silver in the mantle over his breast. Next to his white skin, he wears a tunic of royal satin with red-gold insertion reaching to his knees. He carries a black shield with a hard boss of white-bronze. In his hand a five-pointed spear and next to it a forked javelin. Wonderful is the play and sport and diversion that he makes (with these weapons). But none accosts him and he accosts none as if no one could see him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></blockquote>
Elsewhere Lugh is described as a tall young man with bright red cheeks, white sides, a bronze-coloured face and blood-coloured hair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
In The Fate of the Children of Turenn Lugh's appearance is compared to the sun on several occasions. He is described by Bres as follows:

Then arose Breas, the son of Balar, and he said: "It is a wonder to me", said he, "that the sun to rise in the west today, and in the east every other day". "It would be better that it wer so", said the druids. "What else is it?" said he. "The radiance of the face of Lugh of the Long Arms", said they.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Elsewhere in the same passage, the following remark is made:

... they were not long there when they saw an army and a goodly host coming towards them from the East, and in the vanguard there was one young man high in authority over all; and like to the setting sun was the radiance of his face and forehead, and they were unable to gaze upon his countenance on account of its splendour. And this is who it was - Lugh Lamhfhada Loinnbheimionach ... from the Land of Promise ... and when the Cathbarr (Manannan's helmet) was let off of him the appearance of his face and forehead was as brilliant as the sun on a dry summer's day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
<h2 id="mythology">Mythology</h2>
<h3>Birth</h3>
Lugh's father is <a href="/facts/Cian/9za0dN3F">Cian</a> of the <a href="/facts/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann/4W3tw7KX">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>, and his mother is <a href="/facts/Ethniu/1kbPI9Dd">Ethniu</a> (Eithne in <a href="/facts/Modern_Irish/Kw97s2l4">Modern Irish</a>), daughter of <a href="/facts/Balor/bmmWrwNc">Balor</a> of the <a href="/facts/Fomorians/XulVpGPU">Fomorians</a>. In Cath Maige Tuired their union is a dynastic marriage following an alliance between the Tuatha Dé and the Fomorians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> In the <a href="/facts/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn/S8IvELm3">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a>, Cian gives the boy to <a href="/facts/Tailtiu/xpUWYo92">Tailtiu</a>, queen of the <a href="/facts/Fir_Bolg/gGmlE0Dy">Fir Bolg</a>, in <a href="/facts/Fosterage/QeNcgzJD">fosterage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> In the Dindsenchas, Lugh, the foster-son of Tailtiu, is described as the "son of the Dumb Champion".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> In the poem Baile Suthain Sith Eamhna Lugh is called "descendant of the poet."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
A <a href="/facts/Folklore/hcBN8qcd">folktale</a> told to <a href="/facts/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)/xmhLbfrn">John O'Donovan</a> by Shane O'Dugan of <a href="/facts/Tory_Island/o4UUs5Gq">Tory Island</a> in 1835 recounts the birth of a grandson of Balor who grows up to kill his grandfather. The grandson is unnamed, his father is called Mac Cinnfhaelaidh and the manner of his killing of Balor is different, but it has been taken as a version of the birth of Lugh, and was adapted as such by <a href="/facts/Lady_Gregory/2EHJnfjU">Lady Gregory</a>. In this tale, Balor hears a druid's prophecy that he will be killed by his own grandson. To prevent this he imprisons his only daughter in the Tór Mór (great tower) of <a href="/facts/Tory_Island/o4UUs5Gq">Tory Island</a>. She is cared for by twelve women, who are to prevent her from ever meeting or even learning of the existence of men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
On the mainland, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh owns a magic cow who gives such abundant milk that everyone, including Balor, wants to possess her. While the cow is in the care of Mac Cinnfhaelaidh's brother Mac Samthainn, Balor appears in the form of a little red-haired boy and tricks him into giving him the cow. Looking for revenge, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh calls on a <a href="/facts/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe/Va0rwfxd">leanan sídhe</a> (fairy woman) called <a href="/facts/Bir%C3%B3g/fzCITYRQ">Biróg</a>, who transports him by magic to the top of Balor's tower, where he seduces Ethniu. In time, she gives birth to triplets, which Balor gathers up in a sheet and sends to drown in a whirlpool. The messenger drowns two of the babies but unwittingly drops one child into the harbour, where he is rescued by Biróg. She takes him to his father, who gives him to his brother, <a href="/facts/Goibniu/7ljfyEIu">Gavida</a> the smith, in fosterage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
There may be further triplism associated with his birth. His father in the folktale is one of a triad of brothers, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh, Gavida, and Mac Samthainn, whereas in the Lebor Gabála, his father Cian is mentioned alongside his brothers Cú and Cethen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Two characters called <a href="/facts/Lugaid_(disambiguation)/EhIghWk8">Lugaid</a>, a popular <a href="/facts/Medieval/RqzEKB9v">medieval</a> Irish name thought to derive from Lugh, have three fathers: <a href="/facts/Lugaid_Riab_nDerg/tdmovI4w">Lugaid Riab nDerg</a> (Lugaid of the Red Stripes) was the son of the three <a href="/facts/Findemna/bbQeQnnR">Findemna</a> or fair triplets,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> and <a href="/facts/Lugaid_mac_Con_Ro%C3%AD/1uNxmgfE">Lugaid mac Con Roí</a> was also known as mac Trí Con, "son of three hounds".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> In Ireland's other great "sequestered maiden" story, the tragedy of <a href="/facts/Deirdre/a7KggxmT">Deirdre</a>, the king's intended is carried off by three brothers, who are hunters with hounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> The canine imagery continues with Cian's brother Cú ("hound"), another Lugaid, <a href="/facts/Lugaid_Mac_Con/5ACJpCUr">Lugaid Mac Con</a> (son of a hound), and Lugh's son <a href="/facts/C%C3%BAchulainn/tyqQkm4f">Cúchulainn</a> ("Culann's Hound").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> A fourth Lugaid was <a href="/facts/Lugaid_Lo%C3%ADgde/tocABQ3d">Lugaid Loígde</a>, a legendary <a href="/facts/King_of_Tara/AI7jx5Nk">King of Tara</a> and ancestor of (or inspiration for) Lugaid Mac Con.

<h3>Lugh joins the Tuatha Dé Danann</h3>
As a young man Lugh travels to <a href="/facts/Tara,_Ireland/qBlA4xKa">Tara</a> to join the court of King <a href="/facts/Nuada/dTxCv4vS">Nuada</a> of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The doorkeeper will not let him in unless he has a skill he can use to serve the king. He offers his services as a wright, a smith, a champion, a swordsman, a harpist, a hero, a poet, a historian, a sorcerer, and a craftsman, but each time is rejected as the Tuatha Dé Danann already have someone with that skill. When Lugh asks if they have anyone with all those skills simultaneously, the doorkeeper has to admit defeat, and Lugh joins the court and is appointed <a href="/facts/Chief_Ollam_of_Ireland/RTUkaWeX">Chief Ollam of Ireland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> He wins a flagstone-throwing contest against <a href="/facts/Ogma/WDRovulH">Ogma</a>, the champion, and entertains the court with his <a href="/facts/Harp/FhRqeCDf">harp</a>. The Tuatha Dé Danann are, at that time, oppressed by the Fomorians, and Lugh is amazed at how meekly they accept their oppression. Nuada wonders if this young man could lead them to freedom. Lugh is given command over the Tuatha Dé Danann, and he begins making preparations for war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h3>Sons of Tuireann</h3>
<a href="/facts/Tuireann/aG16x7sH">Tuireann</a> and Cian, Lugh's father, are old enemies, and one day his sons, Brian, <a href="/facts/Iuchar/AapdFGhd">Iuchar</a>, and <a href="/facts/Iucharba/AapdFGhd">Iucharba</a> spot Cian in the distance and decide to kill him. They find him hiding in the form of a pig, but Cian tricked the brothers into allowing him to transform back into a man before they killed him, giving Lugh the legal right to claim compensation for a father rather than just a pig. When they try to bury him, the ground spits his body back twice before keeping him down, and eventually confesses that it is a grave to Lugh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Lugh holds a feast and invites the brothers, and during it he asks them what they would demand as compensation for the murder of their father. They reply that death would be the only just demand, and Lugh agrees. He then accuses them of the murder of his father, Cian, and sets them on a series of seemingly impossible quests. The brothers go on an adventure and achieve them all except the last one, which will surely kill them. Despite Tuireann's pleas, Lugh demands that they proceed and, when they are all fatally wounded, he denies them the use of one of the items they have retrieved, a magic pigskin which heals all wounds. They die of their wounds and Tuireann dies of grief over their bodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h3>Battle of Magh Tuireadh</h3>
Using the magic artefacts the sons of Tuireann have gathered, Lugh leads the Tuatha Dé Danann in the <a href="/facts/Cath_Maige_Tuireadh/MSb2A8ID">Second Battle of Mag Tuireadh</a> against the <a href="/facts/Fomorians/XulVpGPU">Fomorians</a>. Prior to the battle, Lugh asked each man and woman in his army what art he or she would bring to the fray. He then addressed his army in speech, which elevated each warrior's spirit to that of a king or lord.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> Nuada is killed in the battle by Balor. Lugh faces Balor, who opens his terrible, poisonous eye that kills all it looks upon, but Lugh shoots a <a href="/facts/Sling_(weapon)/EwYNdjPG">sling</a> -stone that drives his eye out the back of his head, killing Balor and wreaking havoc on the Fomorian army behind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
After the victory Lugh finds <a href="/facts/Bres/lCDIr95c">Bres</a>, the half-Fomorian former king of the Tuatha Dé Danann, alone and unprotected on the battlefield, and Bres begs for his life. If he is spared, he promises, he will ensure that the cows of Ireland always give milk. The Tuatha Dé Danann refuse the offer. He then promises four harvests a year, but the Tuatha Dé Danann say one harvest a year suits them. But Lugh spares his life on the condition that he teach the Tuatha Dé Danann how and when to plough, sow, and reap.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h3>Later life and death</h3>
Lugh instituted an event similar to the <a href="/facts/Olympic_games/TXbdPIVS">Olympic games</a> called the <a href="/facts/Assembly_of_Talti/uJgEvrWv">Assembly of Talti</a> which finished on <a href="/facts/Lughnasadh/dPwvlXJR">Lughnasadh</a> (1 August) in memory of his foster mother, <a href="/facts/Tailtiu/xpUWYo92">Tailtiu</a>, at the town that bears her name, now <a href="/facts/Teltown/vIDpjjzm">Teltown</a>, <a href="/facts/County_Meath/wqpnWVpg">County Meath</a>. He likewise instituted Lughnasadh fairs in the areas of Carman and <a href="/facts/Naas/YnazYUbf">Naas</a> in honour of <a href="/facts/Carman/rzdnsFcj">Carman</a> and Nás, the eponymous tutelary goddesses of these two regions. Horse races and displays of martial arts were important activities at all three fairs. Lughnasadh is a celebration of Lugh's triumph over the spirits of the <a href="/facts/Celtic_Otherworld/FCU2sF96">Otherworld</a> who had tried to keep the harvest for themselves. It survived long into Christian times and is still celebrated under a variety of names. Lúnasa is now the <a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a> name for the month of August.
According to a poem of the <a href="/facts/Dindsenchas/MgYtNxlY">dindsenchas</a>, Lugh was responsible for the death of Bres. He made 300 wooden cows and filled them with a bitter, poisonous red liquid which was then "milked" into pails and offered to Bres to drink. Bres, who was under an obligation not to refuse hospitality, drank it down without flinching, and it killed him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
Lugh is said to have invented the board game <a href="/facts/Fidchell/xAHWvpaj">fidchell</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
One of his wives, Buach, had an affair with <a href="/facts/Cermait/BmQ2u646">Cermait</a>, son of <a href="/facts/The_Dagda/4KXtCJnG">the Dagda</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Lugh killed him in revenge, but Cermait's sons, <a href="/facts/Mac_Cuill/DH2FTkUM">Mac Cuill</a>, <a href="/facts/Mac_Cecht/75bspcSo">Mac Cecht</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mac_Gr%C3%A9ine/fmTrPSbB">Mac Gréine</a>, killed Lugh in return, spearing him through the foot then drowning him in <a href="/facts/Hill_of_Uisneach/0br3DXJk">Loch Lugborta</a> in <a href="/facts/County_Westmeath/TRJcMBtY">County Westmeath</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> He had ruled for forty years. Cermait was later revived by his father, the Dagda, who used the smooth or healing end of his staff to bring Cermait back to life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>

<h3>In other cycles and traditions</h3>
<ul><li>In the <a href="/facts/Ulster_Cycle/DDVbtAXU">Ulster Cycle</a> he fathered <a href="/facts/C%C3%BAchulainn/tyqQkm4f">Cúchulainn</a> with the mortal maiden <a href="/facts/Deichtine/2HJuKU9A">Deichtine</a>. When Cúchulainn lay wounded after a gruelling series of combats during the <a href="/facts/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_Cuailnge/1Iq4Llmp">Táin Bó Cuailnge</a> (Cattle Raid of Cooley), Lugh appeared and healed his wounds over a period of three days.</li>
<li>In Baile in Scáil (The Phantom's Trance), a story of the <a href="/facts/Historical_Cycle/4KjXmtVu">Historical Cycle</a>, Lugh appeared in a vision to <a href="/facts/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles/aLFuURsd">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a>. Enthroned on a daïs, he directed a beautiful woman called the Sovereignty of Ireland to serve Conn a portion of meat and a cup of red <a href="/facts/Ale/tcpd1FVh">ale</a>, ritually confirming his right to rule and the dynasty that would follow him.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/facts/Fenian_Cycle/GSHnwK9v">Fenian Cycle</a> the <a href="/facts/Dwarf_(mythology)/jUqa7xD1">dwarf</a> <a href="/facts/Harp/FhRqeCDf">harper</a> Cnú Deireóil claimed to be Lugh's son.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Luigne/DKyAwreH">Luigne</a>, a people who inhabited Counties <a href="/facts/County_Meath/wqpnWVpg">Meath</a> and <a href="/facts/County_Sligo/zpx4qxQz">Sligo</a>, claimed descent from him.</li>
<li>Ainle is listed as the son of Lug Longhand (here called "Leo lam-fota")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> and is killed by Curnan the Blacklegged in the Rennes Dinsenchas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Ainle, whose name means "champion" is described as being renowned and glorious, but in the same poetic verse is also described as being a weakling with no grip in battle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li>Lugh appears in folklore as a <a href="/facts/Trickster/Cy3zGkJV">trickster</a>, and in <a href="/facts/County_Mayo/eM9BEJUF">County Mayo</a> thunderstorms were referred to as battles between Lugh and Balor, which leads some to speculate that he was a storm god.</li></ul>
<h2 id="family">Family</h2>
Lugh is given the <a href="/facts/Matriname/jz0yEjBk">matriname</a> mac Ethlenn or mac Ethnenn ("son of Ethliu or <a href="/facts/Ethniu/1kbPI9Dd">Ethniu</a>", his mother) and the <a href="/facts/Patronymic_surname/TgbueNfa">patriname</a> mac Cein ("son of <a href="/facts/Cian/9za0dN3F">Cian</a>", his father).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> He is the maternal grandson of the <a href="/facts/Fomorians/XulVpGPU">Fomorian</a> tyrant <a href="/facts/Balor/bmmWrwNc">Balor</a>, whom Lugh kills in the <a href="/facts/Cath_Maige_Tuired/MSb2A8ID">Battle of Mag Tuired</a>. Lugh's son is the hero <a href="/facts/C%C3%BA_Chulainn/tyqQkm4f">Cú Chulainn</a>, who is believed to be an incarnation of Lugh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
He had several wives, including Buí (AKA Buach or Bua "Victory") and Nás, daughters of Ruadri Ruad, king of Britain. Buí lived and was buried at <a href="/facts/Knowth/S1zUTK7S">Knowth</a> (Cnogba).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Nás was buried at <a href="/facts/Naas/YnazYUbf">Naas</a>, <a href="/facts/County_Kildare/5wzaeExa">County Kildare</a>, which is said to be named after her. Lugh had a son, Ibic "of the horses", by Nás.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> It is said that Nás dies with the noise of combat. Therefore it is difficult to know where she dies. Lugh's daughter or sister was Ebliu, who married <a href="/facts/Fintan_mac_B%C3%B3chra/BPj8bjec">Fintan</a>. By the mortal <a href="/facts/Deichtine/2HJuKU9A">Deichtine</a>, Lugh was the father to the hero <a href="/facts/C%C3%BA_Chulainn/tyqQkm4f">Cú Chulainn</a>.

<h2 id="possessions">Possessions</h2>
Lugh possessed a number of magical items, retrieved by the sons of Tuirill Piccreo in Middle Irish redactions of the <a href="/facts/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn/S8IvELm3">Lebor Gabála</a>. Not all the items are listed here. The late narrative Fate of the Children of Tuireann not only gives a list of items gathered for Lugh, but also endows him with such gifts from the sea god <a href="/facts/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir/rXY0oY8t">Manannán</a> as the sword <a href="/facts/Fragarach/0SYwRK1c">Fragarach</a>, the horse <a href="/facts/Enbarr/G1wmJ94V">Enbarr</a> (Aonbarr), the boat Scuabtuinne / Sguaba Tuinne ("Wave-Sweeper"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> his armour and helmet.

<h3>Lugh's spear</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/L%C3%BAin_of_Celtchar/5s6KuMQS">Lúin of Celtchar</a>
Lugh's spear (sleg), according to the text of <a href="/facts/The_four_jewels_of_the_Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann/s3UVJ3PV">The Four Jewels of the Tuatha Dé Danann</a>, was said to be impossible to overcome,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> taken to Ireland from <a href="/facts/Gorias/s3UVJ3PV">Gorias</a> (or Findias).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
Lugh obtained the Spear of Assal (Irish: Gae Assail) as fine (éric) imposed on the children of Tuirill Piccreo (or Biccreo), according to the short account in Lebor Gabála Érenn<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> which adds that the incantation "Ibar (<a href="/facts/Taxus_baccata/t63vbD6R">Yew</a>)" made the cast always hit its mark, and "Athibar (Re-Yew)" caused the spear to return.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
In a full narrative version called [A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann (The Fate of the Children of Tuireann),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> from copies no earlier than the 17th century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Lugh demands the spear named Ar-éadbair or Areadbhair (<a href="/facts/Early_Modern_Irish/6oShWS9k">Early Modern Irish</a>: Aꞃéadḃaiꞃ) which belonged to Pisear, king of Persia. Areadbhair's tip had to be kept immersed in a pot of water to keep it from igniting, a property similar to the <a href="/facts/L%C3%BAin_of_Celtchar/5s6KuMQS">Lúin of Celtchar</a>. This spear is also called "Slaughterer"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> in translation.
There is yet another name that Lugh's spear goes by: "A [yew] tree, the finest of the wood" (Early Modern Irish: eó bo háille d'ḟíoḋḃaiḃ),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> occurring in an inserted verse within The Fate of the Children of Tuireann. "The famous yew of the wood" (ibar alai fhidbaidha) is also the name that Lugh's spear is given in a tract which alleges that it, the Lúin of Celtchar and the spear Crimall that blinded Cormac Mac Airt were one and the same weapon (tract in TCD MS 1336 (H 3. 17), col. 723, discussed in the <a href="/facts/L%C3%BAin_of_Celtchar/5s6KuMQS">Lúin</a> page).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
Lugh's projectile weapon, whether a dart or missile, was envisioned to be symbolic of lightning-weapon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
Lugh's sling rod, named "Lugh's Chain", was the rainbow and the Milky Way, according to popular writer Charles Squire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Squire adds that Lugh's spear which needed no wielding was alive and thirsted so for blood that only by steeping its head in a sleeping-draught of pounded fresh poppy leaves could it be kept at rest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> When a battle was near, it was drawn out; then it roared and struggled against its thongs, fire flashed from it, and it tore through the ranks of the enemy once slipped from the leash, never tired of slaying.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h3>Sling-stone</h3>
According to the brief accounts in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, Lugh used the "sling-stone" (cloich tabaill) to slay his grandfather, Balor the Strong-Smiter in the <a href="/facts/Cath_Maige_Tuired/MSb2A8ID">Battle of Magh Tuired</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> The narrative Cath Maige Tured, preserved in a unique 16th-century copy, words it slightly different saying that Lugh used the sling-stone<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> to destroy the evil eye of Balor of the Piercing Eye (Bolur Birugderc).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>
The ammunition that Lugh used was not just a stone, but a tathlum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> according to a certain poem in Egerton MS. 1782 (<a href="/facts/Olim/jEbdJ56U">olim</a> W. Monck Mason MS.),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> the first quatrain of which is as follows:

<table><tbody><tr><td> Táthlum tromm thenntide tenn   robūi ag Tūath Dé Danann,   hī robriss súil Balair búain   tall ar toghail in tromshlúaigh  </td><td> A tathlum, heavy, fiery, firm,   Which the Tuatha Dé Danann had with them,   It was that broke the fierce Balor's eye,   Of old, in the battle of the great armies. </td></tr><tr><td>—Meyer (1905) ed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></td><td>—O'Curry (1873) tr.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
The poem goes on to describe the composition of this tathlum, as being formed from the blood collected from toads, bears, lions, vipers and the neck-base<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> of Osmuinn,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> mixed with the sands of the Armorian Sea and the Red Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h3>Fragarach</h3>
Lugh is also seen girt with the Freagarthach (better known as <a href="/facts/Fragarach/0SYwRK1c">Fragarach</a>), the sword of <a href="/facts/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir/rXY0oY8t">Manannán</a>, in the assembly of the Tuatha Dé Danann in the Fate of the Children of Tuireann.

<h3>Lugh's horse and magic boat</h3>
Lugh had a horse named <a href="/facts/Enbarr/G1wmJ94V">Aenbharr</a> which could fare over both land and sea. Like much of his equipment, it was furnished to him by the sea god Manannán mac Lir. When the Children of Tuireann asked to borrow this horse, Lugh begrudged them, saying it would not be proper to make a loan of a loan. Consequently, Lugh was unable to refuse their request to use Lugh's currach (coracle) or boat, the "Wave-Sweeper" (Irish: Sguaba Tuinne).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>
In the <a href="/facts/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la/S8IvELm3">Lebor Gabála</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Gainne and Rea were the names of the pair of horses belonging to the king of the isle of Sicily [on the (Tyrrhene sea)], which Lug demanded as <a href="/facts/%C3%89raic/c9u0gsrd">éraic</a> from the sons of Tuirill Briccreo.

<h3>Lugh's hound</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Failinis/BkKC0wom">Failinis</a>
Failinis was the name of the whelp of the King of Ioruaidhe that Lugh demanded as éiric (a forfeit) in the <a href="/facts/Tuireann/aG16x7sH">Oidhead Chloinne Tuireann</a>. This concurs with the name of the hound mentioned in an "<a href="/facts/Ossianic/cb5jL8K2">Ossianic</a> Ballad",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> sometimes referred to by its opening line "Dám Thrír Táncatair Ille (They came here as a band of three)". In the ballad, the hound is called Ṡalinnis (Shalinnis) or Failinis (in the Lismore text),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> and belonged to a threesome from Iruaide whom the <a href="/facts/Fianna/BlrC3EjL">Fianna</a> encounter. It is described as "the ancient greyhound... that had been with Lugh of the Mantles, / Given him by the sons of Tuireann Bicreann"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>

<h2 id="comparative-mythology">Comparative mythology</h2>
Lugh has been connected with the pan-<a href="/facts/Celt/eMCVYAFz">Celtic</a> god <a href="/facts/Lugus/GxAqtHtI">Lugus</a>. Through Lugus, <a href="/facts/John_Rhys/YMNxJbkF">John Rhys</a> has argued Lugh is cognate with the <a href="/facts/Welsh_mythological/3sJWRF2m">Welsh mythological</a> figure <a href="/facts/Lleu_Llaw_Gyffes/HTf8QN8a">Lleu Llaw Gyffes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Sometimes Lugh is interpreted as a <a href="/facts/Storm_god/4JI0Prj5">storm god</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> and, less often today, as a <a href="/facts/Sun_god/Q2CS3IHN">sun god</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Thus, equating Lugh with the Roman gods <a href="/facts/Jupiter_(god)/JPetM2m9">Jupiter</a> or <a href="/facts/Sol_(Roman_mythology)/2np4L6mb">Sol</a>, respectively. Others have noted a similarity in Lugh's slaying of <a href="/facts/Balor/bmmWrwNc">Balor</a> to the slaying of <a href="/facts/Baldr/alBft7ng">Baldr</a> by <a href="/facts/Loki/uljXACee">Loki</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> Lugh's mastery of all arts led <a href="/facts/Marie_Henri_d%27Arbois_de_Jubainville/fuH42MfS">Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville</a> to link Lugus with the unnamed Gaulish god whom <a href="/facts/Julius_Caesar/ptR603Gv">Julius Caesar</a> identifies with <a href="/facts/Mercury_(mythology)/2omXHvrY">Mercury</a> and describes as the "inventor of all the arts".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>
St. Mologa has been theorized to be a Christian continuation of the god Lugh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>

<h2 id="toponymy">Toponymy</h2>
The County of Louth in <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a> is named after the village of Louth, which is named after the god Lugh. Historically, the place name has had various spellings; "Lugmad", "Lughmhaigh", and "Lughmhadh" (see <a href="/facts/County_Louth_Historic_Names/fxUKU1FT">Historic Names List</a>, for full listing). Lú is the modern <a href="/facts/Irish_orthography/tk5sPGW3">simplified spelling</a>. Other places named for Lugh include the cairn at Seelewey (Suidhe Lughaidh, or Lug's Seat), <a href="/facts/Dunlewey/HPmv7pn7">Dunlewey</a>, and Rath-Lugaidh in Carney, Sligo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> Seelewey was located in Moyturra Chonlainn and, according to local folklore, was a place where giants used to gather in olden days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>
The modern city of <a href="/facts/Lyon/hKh6EX67">Lyon</a> was founded as Colonia Copia Felix Munatia in 43 BC. By the end of the first century AD it was known as "<a href="/facts/Lugdunum/2g1hcfa0">Lugdunum</a>", a Latinized variant of the ancient <a href="/facts/Gaulish/CAQo48pc">Gaulish</a> name *Lugudunon, meaning "Fortress of Lugh".
One of the four regions in <a href="/facts/Galicia_(Spain)/9gQqlueg">Galicia</a> is called <a href="/facts/Lugo/zLtHF3gJ">Lugo</a>, in honour of this god.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Irish_mythology_in_popular_culture/cpCFdQz1">Irish mythology in popular culture: Lugh</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Perseus/d4KuuNRY">Perseus</a>, whose birth is similar to that of Lugh's</li>
<li><a href="/facts/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_Flidhais/xj49YeFL">Táin Bó Flidhais</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Triglav_(mythology)/K1scYpU6">Triglav (mythology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Triple_deity/uMx1xT5D">Triple deity</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Irish_clans/RHSgGdcb">Irish clans</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="explanatory-notes">Explanatory notes</h2>

<h3>References</h3>
Citations

Bibliography

(<a href="/facts/Baile_In_Sc%C3%A1il/aLFuURsd">Baile In Scáil</a>, The Phantom's Trance)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Myles_Dillon/9DWazuCv">Dillon, Myles Dillon</a>, ed. (1946), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YIrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Baile+in%22">"Baile in Scáil: The Phantom's Frenzy"</a>, The Cycle of the Kings, reedited by Mary Jones, Oxford: OUP, pp. 11–14, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781851821785, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222650/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YIrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Baile+in%22">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/phantom.html">text</a> via Celtic Literature Collective, accessed 5 August 2019</li></ul>
(<a href="/facts/Cath_Maige_Tuired/MSb2A8ID">Cath Maige Tuired</a>)
<ul><li>Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ">Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired</a>. Drucker. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222656/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. (Full text <a href="https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300010//index.html">here</a> via CELT.) <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/cmt/cmteng.htm">text</a> via sacred-texts.com</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Whitley_Stokes_(Celtic_scholar)/7o5n1ozm">Stokes, Whitley</a>, ed. (1891), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52">"The Second Battle of Moytura"</a>, Revue celtique, 12: 52–130, 306–308, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222653/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020, <a href="https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu12pari">text</a> via Internet Archive, <a href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html">text</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425085258/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2017 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> via CELT</li></ul>
(<a href="/facts/Compert_Con_Culainn/DYFA3RPa">Compert Con Culainn</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Compert_Con_Culainn/DYFA3RPa">Compert Con Culainn</a> (Recension I), ed. <a href="/facts/A.G._van_Hamel/vcrlRF6j">A.G. van Hamel</a> (1933). <a href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G301013">Compert Con Culainn and Other Stories</a>. Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 3. Dublin: <a href="/facts/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies/b5LDRczg">DIAS</a>. pp. 1–8.</li></ul>
(LGE)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/R.A.S._Macalister/PYhd3W3G">Macalister, R.A.S.</a>, ed. (1941), <a href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134">"Section VII: Invasion of the Tuatha De Danann"</a>, Lebor gabála Érenn, Part IV</li></ul>
(<a href="/facts/Metrical_Dindshenchas/MgYtNxlY">Metrical Dindshenchas</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Edward_Gwynn/7da2JMge">Gwynn, Edward J.</a> (1913), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1">The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 3</a>, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co., <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222648/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020, <a href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T106500C/index.html">e-text</a> via CELT</li>
<li>—— (1924), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft">The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 4</a>, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co., <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6wiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Loch+Lugborta%22">snippet</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222702/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6wiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Loch+Lugborta%22#v=snippet&q=%22Loch%20Lugborta%22&f=false">Archived</a> 16 September 2024 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> via Google, <a href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T106500D/index.html">e-text</a> via CELT</li></ul>
(Oidheadh Chlainne Tuireann, The Death of the Children of Tuireann)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tom_Peete_Cross/odKPQLbt">Cross, Tom Peete</a>; Slover, Clark Harris, eds. (1936). <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html">The Fate of the Children of Tuirenn</a>. Oxford: <a href="/facts/Henry_Holt_%26_Co/qA19oCUz">Henry Holt & Co</a>. pp. 49–81. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108072326/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2008. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eugene_O%27Curry/GEXrGtLD">O'Curry, Eugene</a>, ed. (1863), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157">"The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)"</a>, Atlantis, 4: 157–240, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421131346/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020</li>
<li>O'Duffy, Richard J., ed. (1888), <a href="https://archive.org/details/clannuisnigbeing00crai/page/n6/mode/2up">Oidhe Chloinne Tuireann: Fate of the children of Tuireann</a>, M.H. Gill & Son (for the Society for the Preservation of the Irish language)</li>
<li>——, ed. (1901). <a href="https://archive.org/details/oidhechloinnetui00oduf">Oidhe Chloinne Tuireann: Fate of the children of Tuireann</a>. M.H. Gill & Son (for the Society for the Preservation of the Irish language). (Some of the earlier notes on MSS in the earlier edition are wanting)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/2002/11/tionol2002_baillie.pdf">https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/2002/11/tionol2002_baillie.pdf</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306053836/https://www.dias.ie/wp-content/uploads/2002/11/tionol2002_baillie.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2021 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
(M G L Baillie
School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University, Belfast)

(Rennes Dindshenchas)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Whitley_Stokes_(Celtic_scholar)/7o5n1ozm">Stokes, Whitley</a>, ed. (1894), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1tH7aa5KoAC&pg=PA272">"Rennes Dindshenchas"</a>, Revue celtique, 15: 272–336, 418–484, idx & corrigenda 284–312, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222659/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1tH7aa5KoAC&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020, <a href="https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu15pari/page/272/mode/2up">text</a> via Internet Archive; <a href="https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.15.001.t.text.html">e-text</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811050119/http://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.15.001.t.text.html">Archived</a> 11 August 2016 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> via UCD</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Whitley_Stokes_(Celtic_scholar)/7o5n1ozm">Stokes, Whitley</a>, ed. (1895), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31">"Rennes Dindshenchas"</a>, Revue celtique, 16: 31–83, 135–167 269–283, idx & corrigenda 284–312, <a href="http://archive.org/details/revueceltique16pari/page/33">text</a> via Internet Archive; <a href="https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.16.001.t.text.html">e-text</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802155130/https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.16.001.t.text.html">Archived</a> 2 August 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> via UCD</li></ul>
(<a href="/facts/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_Cuailnge/1Iq4Llmp">Táin Bó Cuailnge</a>, The Cattle Raid of Cooley)
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Kinsella/eWYmDhW2">Kinsella, Thomas.</a>, ed. (1969). The Táin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-280373-5.</li></ul>
(Other)
<ul><li>Cross, Tom Peete and Clark Harris Slover. Ancient Irish Tales, Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1936. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-56619-889-5.</li>
<li>Ellis, Peter Berresford. Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-508961-8.</li>
<li>MacKillop, James. Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-280120-1.</li>
<li>Ovist, Krista L. The integration of Mercury and Lugus: Myth and history in late Iron Age and early Roman Gaul. Chicago: University of Chicago Divinity School dissertation, pp. 703, 2004. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/305095727">(link)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222655/https://www.proquest.com/docview/305095727">Archived</a> 16 September 2024 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Squire, Charles (1905). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ">The Mythology of the British Islands: An Introduction to Celtic Myth, Legend, Poetry, and Romance</a>. London: <a href="/facts/Blackie_and_Son/LDy9xeAV">Blackie and Son</a>.</li>
<li>Wood, Juliette. The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art. Thorsons Publishers, 2002. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-00-764059-5.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Olmsted, Garrett. The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans. University of Innsbruck, 1994. p.117 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. pp.296-297 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Olmsted, Garrett. The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans. University of Innsbruck, 1994. p.117 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.1200 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.273-276 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Brophy, Michael (1886). Sketches of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Burns and Oates. pp. 146, 158. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrkXAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QrkXAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">de Burgh, Thomas J. (14 February 2015). Ancient Naas. [Extracted from the Journal of the County Kildare Archaeological Society. ] - Scholar's Choice Edition. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 978-1-296-02343-0. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="978-1-296-02343-0" target="_blank">978-1-296-02343-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.273-276 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Matasović, Ranko, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009, p. 247. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.273-276 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §134 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §134 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 100–101 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.273-276 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Peter Schrijver, Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 348-348 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">See, however, Matasović, Ranko, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009, p. 248: "*Lugu … perhaps originally 'the shining one'". <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.1200 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §53–83 Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §53–83 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 74–83 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §74 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §55 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 74–75 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Carmody, Isolde (16 December 2012). "Lug comes to Tara". storyarchaeology.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024. <a href="https://storyarchaeology.com/lug-comes-to-tara/" target="_blank">https://storyarchaeology.com/lug-comes-to-tara/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.1200 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">MacNeill, Eoin (1953). Duanaire Finn: The book of the lays of Fionn. Irish Texts Society. p. 205. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Baile in Scáil: The Phantom's Frenzy, Dillon (1946), pp. 11–14;text via Celtic Literature Collective, accessed 5 August 2019 - Dillon, Myles Dillon, ed. (1946), "Baile in Scáil: The Phantom's Frenzy", The Cycle of the Kings, reedited by Mary Jones, Oxford: OUP, pp. 11–14, ISBN 9781851821785, archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YIrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Baile+in%22" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7YIrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Baile+in%22</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">O'Rahilly, Cecile (1975). Táin Bó Cúalnge [The Cattle-Raid of Cooley]. Recension 1. Corpus of Electronic Texts (translation) (in Irish and English). Cork, IE: University College. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2019. <a href="https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T301012/index.html" target="_blank">https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T301012/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Ó Dálaigh, Gofraidh Fionn. "Ar an doirseoir ris an deaghlaoch". suburbanbanshee.net. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2019. <a href="http://suburbanbanshee.net/irishptr/irepoems/tabhasdo.html" target="_blank">http://suburbanbanshee.net/irishptr/irepoems/tabhasdo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">The Fate of the Children of Tuireann, O'Curry (1863), pp. 176–177 - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Oide Cloinne Tuireann. Dublin, IE: M.H. Gill and Son. 1901. p. 67. Retrieved 21 August 2020. <a href="https://archive.org/details/fateofchildrenof00sociiala/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/fateofchildrenof00sociiala/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §8 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §8 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 58–59 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lebor Gabála Érenn §59 Archived 15 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" target="_blank">/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Rennes Dinnsenchas, #99 "Tailtiu", Stokes (1895), pp. 50–51 - Stokes, Whitley, ed. (1895), "Rennes Dindshenchas", Revue celtique, 16: 31–83, 135–167 269–283, idx & corrigenda 284–312 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Skene, William Forbes (1890). Celtic Scotland: Land and people. Edinburgh, Scotland. p. 413. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tDsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">John O'Donovan (ed. & trans.), Annala Rioghachta Éireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters Vol. 1, 1856, pp. 18–21, footnote S; T. W. Rolleston, Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, 1911, pp. 109–112; Augusta, Lady Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men, 1094, pp. 27–29 <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">John O'Donovan (ed. & trans.), Annala Rioghachta Éireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters Vol. 1, 1856, pp. 18–21, footnote S; T. W. Rolleston, Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race, 1911, pp. 109–112; Augusta, Lady Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men, 1094, pp. 27–29 <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" target="_blank">/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Macalister (1941) ed. tr. Lebor Gabála Érenn,¶314 - Macalister, R.A.S., ed. (1941), "Section VII: Invasion of the Tuatha De Danann", Lebor gabála Érenn, Part IV <a href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Cf. O'Curry (1863), pp. 170–171, n 161, n162 - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">e.g. According to the Rennes Dindsenchas §14, Cú killed Cethen, and there once was a well-known phrase that "Thou hast acted for me Cú and Cethen".[27] <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Vernam Hull (ed. & Trans.), "Aided Meidbe: The Violent Death of Medb" Archived 29 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Speculum v.13 issue 1. (Jan. 1938), pp. 52–61 <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/medb.html" target="_blank">http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/medb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">James MacKillop, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 273 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Deirdre, or the Exile of the sons of Usnech" Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (ed. & trans. unknown) <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/usnech.html" target="_blank">http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/usnech.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">MacKillop 1998, pp. 102–104, 272–273 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Lugh". bardmythologies.com. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. <a href="http://bardmythologies.com/lugh/" target="_blank">http://bardmythologies.com/lugh/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §53–83 Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §53–83 Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 74–83 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"The Fate of the Children of Tuirenn" Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Cross & Slover (1936), pp. 49–81 <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html" target="_blank">http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"The Fate of the Children of Tuirenn" Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Cross & Slover (1936), pp. 49–81 <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html" target="_blank">http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/turenn.html</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §120 Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §120; Stokes (1891), pp. 92–93 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §74, ed. CMT §74; Stokes (1891), pp. 80–111 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §74, ed. CMT §74; Stokes (1891), pp. 80–111 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Gwynn (1913), pp. 216–223, The Metrical Dindshenchas Part III. Poem 40: Carn Huí Néit Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine - Gwynn, Edward J. (1913), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 3, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co., archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"John gives Celtic board game a new lease of life". Independent.ie. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017. <a href="https://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerryman/news/john-gives-celtic-board-game-a-new-lease-of-life-29498070.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerryman/news/john-gives-celtic-board-game-a-new-lease-of-life-29498070.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Bergin, Osborn (1927), Roger Sherman Loomis (ed.), "How the Dagda Got His Magic Staff", Medieval studies in memory of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis, H. Champion, p. 399, archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 e-text via www.maryjones.us <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" target="_blank">/wiki/Osborn_Bergin</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Gwynn (1924), pp. 278–291, The Metrical Dindshenchas Part IV. Poem 86:"Loch Lugborta Archived 31 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine" - —— (1924), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 4, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Bergin, Osborn (1927), Roger Sherman Loomis (ed.), "How the Dagda Got His Magic Staff", Medieval studies in memory of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis, H. Champion, p. 399, archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 e-text via www.maryjones.us <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" target="_blank">/wiki/Osborn_Bergin</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Cnú Deireóil Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine", Mackillop (1998) ed., Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095619885" target="_blank">https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095619885</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Gwynn (1924), pp. 9–11, The Metrical Dindshenchas Part IV. Poem/Story 3:"Druim Cliab Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine", and notes, p. 377 - —— (1924), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 4, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Rennes Dinnsenchas, #82 "Druim Cliab", Stokes (1895), pp. 32–33 - Stokes, Whitley, ed. (1895), "Rennes Dindshenchas", Revue celtique, 16: 31–83, 135–167 269–283, idx & corrigenda 284–312 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=AzQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Gwynn (1924), pp. 9–11, The Metrical Dindshenchas Part IV. Poem/Story 3:"Druim Cliab Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine", and notes, p. 377 - —— (1924), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 4, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/metricaldindsenc04royauoft</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.1200 <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries Archived 24 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p.369 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" target="_blank">/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Hull, Eleanor (1898). The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Hull" target="_blank">/wiki/Eleanor_Hull</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Gwynn (1913), pp. 40–47 The Metrical Dindshenchas, Part 3. Poem 4: Cnogba - Gwynn, Edward J. (1913), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 3, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co., archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Gwynn (1913), pp. 48–53 The Metrical Dindshenchas, Part 3. Poem 5: Nás - Gwynn, Edward J. (1913), The Metrical Dindshenchas: Part 3, Todd Lecture Series X, Hodges, Figgis & Co., archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7rQiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">O'Curry (1863) tr., p. 193, 192n "Scuabtuinné, that is, the Besom, or Sweeper of the Waves" - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Hall, Vernam (1930) ed. tr., "The four jewels of the Tuatha Dé Danann", Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 18: 73–89. "No battle was maintained against the spear of Lug or against him who had it in his hand," <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Macalister (1941) ed. tr. Lebor Gabála Érenn, ¶305, ¶315, ¶357. - Macalister, R.A.S., ed. (1941), "Section VII: Invasion of the Tuatha De Danann", Lebor gabála Érenn, Part IV <a href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">However, Vernam Hull edited a "Four Jewels" text which swaps weapons between owners in the attached verse portion, making it Lug's sword that came from Gorias. Something similar happens in the verse invoked in Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland, and in Comyn ed. tr., Lugh's sword is from Gorias, Lugh's spear is from Findias (Lugh becomes owner of both). <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" target="_blank">/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Macalister (1941) ed. tr. Lebor Gabála Érenn, ¶305, ¶315, ¶357. - Macalister, R.A.S., ed. (1941), "Section VII: Invasion of the Tuatha De Danann", Lebor gabála Érenn, Part IV <a href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Macalister (1941) ed. tr. Lebor Gabála Érenn, ¶319, Poem LXV, pp. 282–291 - Macalister, R.A.S., ed. (1941), "Section VII: Invasion of the Tuatha De Danann", Lebor gabála Érenn, Part IV <a href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft/page/134</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">O'Curry (1863), pp. 157–240, O'Duffy (1888), Cross & Slover (1936), pp. 49–81 - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Bruford, Alan (1966), "Gaelic Folk-Tales and Mediæval Romances: A Study of the Early Modern Irish 'Romantic Tales' and Their Oral Derivatives", Béaloideas, 34: 264, doi:10.2307/20521320, JSTOR 20521320, archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Bruford&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Alan_Bruford&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Joyce, P. W. (Patrick Weston), 1827–1914, tr. "The Fate of the Children of Turenn; or, The Quest for the Eric-Fine", Old Celtic Romances (3rd ed., 1907) (reprint 1920) <a href="https://archive.org/details/oldcelticromance00joyciala/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/oldcelticromance00joyciala/</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">The Fate of the Children of Tuireann, O'Curry (1863), pp. 204–205 - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">This tract was recapped by Hennessy (1889), in his introduction, p. xiv, to his edition of Mesca Ulad. The tract occurs in the manuscript of TCD MS 1336 (H 3. 17) immediately after the h text of the Expulsion of the Déssi, Kuno Meyer, Anecdota, I, pp. 15–24. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OooNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR14" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=OooNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR14</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">O'Rahilly, T. F. Early Irish History and Mythology (1946), pp. 60–65 <a href="/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly" target="_blank">/wiki/T._F._O%27Rahilly</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Squire (1905), p. 62. - Squire, Charles (1905). The Mythology of the British Islands: An Introduction to Celtic Myth, Legend, Poetry, and Romance. London: Blackie and Son. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Squire (1905), p. 62. - Squire, Charles (1905). The Mythology of the British Islands: An Introduction to Celtic Myth, Legend, Poetry, and Romance. London: Blackie and Son. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Squire (1905), p. 62. - Squire, Charles (1905). The Mythology of the British Islands: An Introduction to Celtic Myth, Legend, Poetry, and Romance. London: Blackie and Son. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEAAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">op. cit. ¶312, ¶312, ¶364 <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Old Irish: liic talma § 133, i.e. lía "stone" of the 'tailm "sling". <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Old_Irish_language</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Gray (1982) tr., The Second Battle of Moytura §133 Archived 31 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, ed. CMT §133 Archived 31 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine; Stokes (1891), pp. 100–101 - Gray, Elizabeth A., ed. (1982). Cath Maige Tuired: The Second battle of Mag Tuired. Drucker. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2020. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BjzYAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">eDIL s.v. táthluib Archived 3 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.dil.ie/40228" target="_blank">http://www.dil.ie/40228</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">O'Curry, Eugene (1873). "Lecture XII Sling-Stones of composition manufacture". On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. Vol. 2. Williams and Norgate. p. 252. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" target="_blank">/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Gwynn, Edward J. (1935). "Some Irish Words". Hermathena. 24 (49): 64–65. JSTOR 23037229. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gwynn" target="_blank">/wiki/Edward_Gwynn</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Meyer, Kuno, ed. (1905), "Von dem Schleuderstein Tathlum", Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, 5: 504, archived from the original on 16 September 2024, retrieved 3 March 2020 <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Meyer" target="_blank">/wiki/Kuno_Meyer</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">O'Curry, Eugene (1873). "Lecture XII Sling-Stones of composition manufacture". On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. Vol. 2. Williams and Norgate. p. 252. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" target="_blank">/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">eDIL s.v. méide Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine 'the lower part of the neck at its union with the trunk ' <a href="http://www.dil.ie/31755" target="_blank">http://www.dil.ie/31755</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">O'Curry italicizes it as a proper name. Meyer edits the text as ós muin, but Edward J. Gwynn sheds no light as to meaning since he skips over this ingredient while listing up all the other components derived from animals.[63] <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">O'Curry, Eugene (1873). "Lecture XII Sling-Stones of composition manufacture". On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. Vol. 2. Williams and Norgate. p. 252. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" target="_blank">/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">O'Curry (1863) tr., p. 193, 192n "Scuabtuinné, that is, the Besom, or Sweeper of the Waves" - O'Curry, Eugene, ed. (1863), "The Fate of the Children of Tuireann ([A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann)", Atlantis, 4: 157–240, archived from the original on 21 April 2024, retrieved 2 March 2020 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Macalister ed., ¶319 (loc. cit.) <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Stern, L. Chr. ed., tr. (into German), in: "Eine ossianische Ballade aus dem XII. Jahrhundert", Festschrift Whitley Stokes zum siebzigsten Geburtstage, 1900, pp. 7–12, edited from LL 207b <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6wCAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=s6wCAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Whitley Stokes, Book of Lismore, fo. 153 b. recension of the ballad in the Notice on Festschrift above, in: Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, 3, p. 432– <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hLEikZQOWYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_hLEikZQOWYC</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">O'Curry, Eugene (1862), ed. tr. "Tri Thruaighe na Scéalaigheachta (Three Sorrows of Storytelling)" The Atlantis 3: 396–7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yOsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">The four verses excerpted by O'Curry do not include the hound's name, but the text actually does mention Failinis, the name of the hound in the full texts edited by Stokes and by Stern. <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. pp.273-276 <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Hutton, Ronald (2011). "Medieval Welsh Literature and Pre-Christian Deities". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 61: 57–85. <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Ward, Alan (2011). The Myths of the Gods: Structures in Irish Mythology. p.13 <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. pp.296-297 <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Borlase, William Copeland (1897). The Dolmens of Ireland. Indiana University: Chapman and Hall. pp. 796, 802, 806, 813. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6:17 Archived 16 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" target="_blank">/wiki/Julius_Caesar</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Hutton, Ronald (2011). "Medieval Welsh Literature and Pre-Christian Deities". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 61: 57–85. <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Borlase, William Copeland (1897). The Dolmens of Ireland. Indiana University: Chapman and Hall. pp. 796, 802, 806, 813. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Borlase, William Copeland (1897). The Dolmens of Ireland. Indiana University: Chapman and Hall. pp. 796, 802, 806, 813. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Borlase, William Copeland (1897). The Dolmens of Ireland. Indiana University: Chapman and Hall. pp. 796, 802, 806, 813. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA802</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Lugh open-in-new

Lugh