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Turno
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<h2 id="operation">Operation</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Caciquism/VFSMbWXN">Caciquism</a></p> <p>Under the <i>turno</i>, the incoming government would first be chosen by the king and would then "make" the election (the so-called <i><a href="/facts/Encasillado/qFE4teuM">encasillado</a></i> or "pigeonholing"), ensuring victory. After a period in office, it would then be the turn of the opposition. The key to the system was the link between the minister of the interior, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (<i><a href="/facts/Cacique/VFSMbWXN">caciques</a></i>). These <i>caciques</i> in most constituencies would instruct their clients how to vote. A similar system in <a href="/facts/History_of_Portugal_(1834%25E2%2580%25931910)/RL0wNjxM">Portugal</a> was called rotativismo [pt]. </p> <h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2> <p>The <i>Turno Pacífico</i> was put in place by <a href="/facts/Antonio_C%25C3%25A1novas_del_Castillo/XjEa7F0F">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a> and saw to it that the two "official" parties of the Cánovas Restoration, the Partido Conservador (or Liberal-Conservatives) and Partido Liberal (or the Liberals), retained power in alternation. Both parties upheld the monarchy and could be seen as factions of the "governing class".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>After almost a century of political instability and many civil wars, the <a href="/facts/Restoration_(Spain)/3f3fszrc">Restoration</a> of 1874 sought to achieve political stability in Spain. Under the <i>turno</i>, no sector of the bourgeoisie felt isolated and patronage could be doubled. It worked effectively until 1898, surviving the death of <a href="/facts/Alfonso_XII/ohLGDClr">Alfonso XII</a> in 1885,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> but then became more difficult to operate because of divisions within the major parties and the growing mobilization of sectors of the electorate. </p> <h2 id="cessation">Cessation</h2> <p>Despite being modelled on the United Kingdom, Spanish democracy lacked a responsiveness to popular opinion as (until about 1914) the outcome of elections was broadly decided in advance. Growing opposition was first apparent after Spain's defeat in the <a href="/facts/Spanish%25E2%2580%2593American_War/ScKbBPAv">Spanish–American War</a>. A period of grave instability occurred in 1918 and 1919, but between 1920 and 1923, a serious attempt was made to reconstruct the <i>turno</i>. It was brought to an end by the <a href="/facts/1923_Spanish_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/uecoAzMc">military coup</a> by General <a href="/facts/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera/5AG4htEX">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> in September 1923.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="election-results-under-the-turno">Election results under the <i>turno</i></h2> Electoral performance of the two main parties, 1876–1923<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">Deputies</td></tr><tr><td>Date</td><td>% non-voters</td><td><a href="/facts/Conservative_Party_(Spain)/IAllHvWz">Conservatives</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Liberal_Party_(Spain%2c_1880)/KfANJMeI">Liberals</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td>Others</td></tr><tr><td>23 January 1876</td><td>45</td><td>333</td><td>27</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>20 April 1879</td><td></td><td>293</td><td>56</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>20 August 1881</td><td>29</td><td>39</td><td>297</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>27 April 1884</td><td>28</td><td>318</td><td>31</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>4 April 1886</td><td></td><td>56</td><td>278</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>1 February 1891</td><td></td><td>253</td><td>74</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>5 March 1893</td><td></td><td>44</td><td>281</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>12 April 1896</td><td></td><td>269</td><td>88</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>27 March 1898</td><td></td><td>68</td><td>266</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>16 April 1899</td><td>35</td><td>222</td><td>93</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>19 May 1901</td><td>33</td><td>79</td><td>233</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>26 April 1903</td><td></td><td>234</td><td>102</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>10 September 1905</td><td></td><td>115</td><td>229</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>21 April 1907</td><td>33</td><td>252</td><td>69</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>8 May 1910</td><td>17</td><td>102</td><td>219</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>8 March 1914</td><td>24.7</td><td>188</td><td>85</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>9 April 1916</td><td>20.3</td><td>88</td><td>230</td><td>91</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Francisco J. Romero Salvado (2012). Spain 1914-1918: Between War and Revolution. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-61449-3. For the following four decades two monarchist or 'dynastic' parties rotated in office: the Conservatives, headed by Cánovas himself, and the Liberals, led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. The succession in government of these two groups was so systematic that the Canovite order was known as Turno Pacífico (Peaceful Rotation). The governing class was formed by the representatives of the dominant landowning oligarchies of Castilian wheat growers and Andalusian wine and olive oil producers. As the years went by, the group also included large financial interests such as banks, state companies and big concerns like railways. Thus liberal democracy in Spain, as in most European countries at the time, was a sham and a way to disguise the supremacy of these privileged groups in society. It perpetuated the co-existence of modern liberal institutions with a semi-feudal socio-economic order. […] The ruling system avoided confrontation and instead sought compromise and stability. The party in power at election time respected the strongholds of the dynastic opposition and even the most important seats of such enemies as the Republicans on the Left and the Carlists on the Right. <a href="978-1-134-61449-3" target="_blank">978-1-134-61449-3</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-Revolution-of-1868-and-the-Republic-of-1873#ref587772" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-Revolution-of-1868-and-the-Republic-of-1873#ref587772</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Angel Smith, Historical Dictionary of Spain, p. 624. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFuxO9NO-voC&dq=Turno+Pacifico+spain+year&pg=PA624" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IFuxO9NO-voC&dq=Turno+Pacifico+spain+year&pg=PA624</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Excluding dissident and independent factions of these parties <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Excluding dissident and independent factions of these parties <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>