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David Peck Todd
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<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2> <p>Todd was born in Lake Ridge, <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a>, the son of Sereno Edwards Todd and Rhoda (Peck) Todd. He prepared at John C. Overhiser's School in <a href="/facts/Brooklyn%2c_New_York/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn</a>. He studied at <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a> from 1870 to 1872, then at <a href="/facts/Amherst_College/wuUaPkCS">Amherst College</a> from 1873 to 1875, where he graduated <a href="/facts/Phi_Beta_Kappa/5TkV3tLw">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in the class of 1875. He earned his M.A. from Amherst in 1878. He was awarded an honorary degree from <a href="/facts/Washington_and_Jefferson_College/4QCIkRNd">Washington and Jefferson College</a> in 1888.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>Todd worked at the <a href="/facts/US_Naval_Observatory/81pxwM2R">US Naval Observatory</a> from 1875 to 1878, and at the US <a href="/facts/United_States_Naval_Observatory/81pxwM2R">Nautical Almanac Office</a> from 1878 to 1881. From 1881 to 1917 he was a professor of astronomy and director of the observatory at Amherst College. From 1882 to 1887, he was also a professor of astronomy and higher mathematics at nearby <a href="/facts/Smith_College/BqGRElj9">Smith College</a>. </p><p>He married <a href="/facts/Mabel_Loomis_Todd/LRceGvbW">Mabel Loomis</a> on March 5, 1879, and together they had one daughter, <a href="/facts/Millicent_Todd_Bingham/BJTTIFWJ">Millicent Todd Bingham</a>. His wife had had an affair with <a href="/facts/William_Austin_Dickinson/L20mKoIk">William Austin Dickinson</a>, the (married) brother of <a href="/facts/Emily_Dickinson/fzcaosRM">Emily Dickinson</a>. The affair was an open secret in Amherst, and David Todd seems to have accepted it willingly. A collection of the two lovers' letters were published in <i>Austin and Mabel: The Amherst Affair & Love Letters of Austin Dickinson and Mabel Loomis Todd</i> (<a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-374-10716-5). More information about the complex relationship among David Todd, Mabel Loomis Todd and Austin Dickinson can be found in After Emily: Two Remarkable Women and the Legacy of America’s Greatest Poet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>By 1917, David's deteriorating health and erratic mental behavior caused Amherst president <a href="/facts/Alexander_Meiklejohn/kIRHXGQ1">Alexander Meiklejohn</a> to force his early retirement from the College, and the couple moved to Coconut Grove, Florida.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In 1922 Mabel and Millicent made the difficult decision to have David institutionalized; for the remainder of his life he was in and out of various mental and care facilities. </p> <h2 id="astronomical-and-other-accomplishments">Astronomical and other accomplishments</h2> <p>Todd designed and erected several observatories, including those at <a href="/facts/Smith_College/BqGRElj9">Smith College</a> from 1886 to 1888 and at Amherst College from 1903 to 1906. He established Standard Time in <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a> in 1907. He was chief astronomer at the <a href="/facts/Lick_Observatory/GjdK0880">Lick Observatory</a> during the <a href="/facts/Transit_of_Venus/Ygk5w0WC">transit of Venus</a> in 1882, and created the first known photographs of the transit. At the time of the 2004 Transit of Venus, astronomers at the Lick Observatory found and animated Todd’s still photos. </p><p>He was a member of the <a href="/facts/American_Astronomical_Society/f5ohaItD">American Astronomical Society</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philosophical_Society_of_Washington/zM8Hqw57">Philosophical Society of Washington</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Japan_Society_(New_York)/dpb80VPc">Japan Society</a>. He was fellow of the <a href="/facts/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science/zfWYugCg">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, the Society of Natural and Physical Sciences, <a href="/facts/Cherbourg%2c_France/NAEthI1n">Cherbourg, France</a>; the Sociedad Geografica de Lima, Peru. In 1896 he was presented, by the <a href="/facts/Emperor_of_Japan/efBDe6cj">Emperor of Japan</a>, with the Imperial Saké Cup for services in the cause of education in Japan. </p><p>In addition, Todd was the organizer and leader of a number of important astronomical expeditions: </p> <ul><li>The New England expedition to Texas for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_July_29%2c_1878/U1D8FQN4">solar eclipse of July 29, 1878</a></li> <li>The American expedition to Japan for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_August_19%2c_1887/LX2PH46X">solar eclipse of August 19, 1887</a></li> <li>A U. S. scientific expedition to <a href="/facts/West_Africa/oV8Dk0kp">West Africa</a> in 1889 and 1890</li> <li>The Amherst expedition to Japan for the <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_August_9%2c_1896/9YRb3ECn">solar eclipse of August 9, 1896</a></li> <li>The Lowell expedition to <a href="/facts/Tripoli%2c_Libya/sIofmflD">Tripoli</a> for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_May_28%2c_1900/GuKLDUmH">solar eclipse of May 28, 1900</a></li> <li>The Amherst eclipse expedition to the <a href="/facts/Dutch_East_Indies/1vl6kw8p">Dutch East Indies</a> in 1901</li> <li>The Lowell Mars expedition to the Andes, 1907</li> <li>Expedition to Tripoli for the <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_August_30%2c_1905/ADSSwR6M">solar eclipse of August 30, 1905</a></li> <li>Expedition to Russia for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21%2c_1914/CgQ0BJGd">solar eclipse of August 21, 1914</a></li> <li>Expedition to Florida for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_June_8%2c_1918/G0UpWQCk">solar eclipse of June 8, 1918</a></li> <li>Expedition to Brazil and Argentina for <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse_of_May_29%2c_1919/b089U5jt">solar eclipse of May 29, 1919</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Todd_(crater)/qqS9JvuG">Todd crater</a> on <a href="/facts/Phobos_(moon)/qqS9JvuG">Phobos</a> (a moon or <a href="/facts/Natural_satellite/AE4KQKbq">satellite</a> of <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>) is named after him. In addition, asteroids <a href="/facts/511_Davida/8cHWwJte">511 Davida</a> and <a href="/facts/510_Mabella/cRyhexTT">510 Mabella</a> are named after him and his wife. </p> <h2 id="letter-from-james-clerk-maxwell-to-todd">Letter from James Clerk Maxwell to Todd</h2> <p>On the 19th of March 1879, <a href="/facts/James_Clerk_Maxwell/jtYyze61">Maxwell</a> wrote a letter to Todd. After Maxwell's death in November 1879, Todd sent the letter to <a href="/facts/G._G._Stokes/7RHJJ5Lj">G. G. Stokes</a>, who read the letter in January 1880 at a meeting of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>In 1879, the last year of his life, Maxwell wrote to the astronomer David Todd (1855–1939), at the Nautical Almanac Office in Washington, D.C., asking whether the data on the eclipses of Jupiter's moons were accurate enough to detect the Earth's motion through the ether. In that letter he comments on the "impossibility" of earthbound optical experiments for this purpose. The letter came to the attention of a colleague of Todd, <a href="/facts/Albert_Michelson/LHIAKkRN">Albert Michelson</a> (1852–1932), who had already carried out the best measurement, as of that time, of the speed of light in air.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></p></blockquote> <h2 id="writings">Writings</h2> <ul><li><i>Astronomy: The Science of the Heavenly Bodies.</i> New York: Harper, 1922 <a href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyscienc00toddgoog">[1]</a></li></ul> <p>Todd was also the author of <i>New Astronomy</i>; <i>Stars and Telescopes</i>, and many shorter articles. He also edited the Columbian Knowledge Series. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul> <li>Astronomy portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/37568">Works by David Peck Todd</a> at <a href="/facts/Project_Gutenberg/2l0R6GgQ">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20Peck%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Todd%2C%20D%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Peck%20Todd%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22D%2E%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22David%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Peck%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20Peck%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20Peck%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Todd%2C%20D%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Todd%2C%20D%2E%20Peck%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22David%20Todd%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Peck%20Todd%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20title%3A%22D%2E%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20title%3A%22David%20Todd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Peck%20Todd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22D%2E%20P%2E%20Todd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20Peck%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%20P%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22David%20Todd%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Todd%2C%20David%22%29%20OR%20%28%221855-1939%22%20AND%20Todd%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about David Peck Todd</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/16505">Works by David Peck Todd</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li> <li><a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n86858384">David P. Todd</a> at <a href="/facts/Library_of_Congress/TfB6dEN5">Library of Congress</a>, with 23 library catalog records</li> <li><a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0496b">David Peck Todd papers (MS 496b). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Eaton, Samuel John Mills; Woods, Henry (1902). Biographical and Historical Catalogue of Washington and Jefferson College. Philadelphia: G.H. Buchanan and Company. p. 571. OCLC 2379959. Retrieved 2010-04-04. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8ggAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=x8ggAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dobrow, Julie (2018). After Emily : two remarkable women and the legacy of America's greatest poet (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-393-24926-2. OCLC 1021807624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-0-393-24926-2" target="_blank">978-0-393-24926-2</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bingham, Millicent (1944). Ancestors' Brocades: The Literary Debut of Emily Dickinson. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. p. 398. OCLC 221563777. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Maxwell, James Clerk (1990). "Letter to David Peck Todd". The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell: 1874-1879. Cambridge University Press. pp. 767–769. ISBN 9780521256278. <a href="9780521256278" target="_blank">9780521256278</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Maxwell's letter to Todd". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 30: 108–110. 22 January 1880. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000067365494&view=1up&seq=130" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000067365494&view=1up&seq=130</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Maxwell's letter to Todd". Nature. 21: 314–315. 29 January 1880. <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210011061064&view=1up&seq=382" target="_blank">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210011061064&view=1up&seq=382</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Schwinger, J. (1986). Einstein's Legacy. Scientific American Library. 2012 e-book <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" target="_blank">/wiki/Julian_Schwinger</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>