2025 in science

<h2 id="events">Events</h2>
<h3>January</h3>
<ul><li>1 January – Detailed <a href="/facts/Telemetry/Mz9czXTl">telemetry</a> data from the <a href="/facts/Parker_Solar_Probe/MDCAJsnl">Parker Solar Probe</a> is received, following its passage through the <a href="/facts/Sun%2527s_corona/W4WNqV9u">Sun's corona</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a></li>
<li>2 January
<ul><li>The biggest <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaur</a> <a href="/facts/Fossil_track/l6B0fCXB">fossil trackway</a> ever found in the UK is reported at a quarry in Oxfordshire, consisting of 200 huge footprints made during the mid-<a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a></li>
<li>Bioengineers at <a href="/facts/Rice_University/YvEYoWMn">Rice University</a> report having developed a novel "construction kit" for building custom sense-and-respond circuits in human cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a></li></ul></li>
<li>3 January – Researchers report discovering a new class of anti-<a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> antibodies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a></li>
<li>8 January – Scientists publish a comprehensive map of <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> locations within <a href="/facts/Human_cells/IjWXx31l">human cells</a>, offering potential new insights into how cells respond to infections and other changing circumstances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a></li>
<li>9 January – The <a href="/facts/El_Capitan_(supercomputer)/hQTdofIV">El Capitan</a> <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputer</a> is officially dedicated at the <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory/WuXIbIKz">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/facts/Livermore%2c_California/PKRFAQXw">Livermore</a>, United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a></li>
<li>10 January
<ul><li>The European <a href="/facts/Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service/LQBy5bBT">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> reports that <a href="/facts/2024/oobtmKEa">2024</a> was the world's hottest year on record, and the first calendar year to pass the symbolic threshold of <a href="/facts/1.5-degree_target/rXRsfk51">1.5°C</a> of <a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">global warming</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></li>
<li>The first fully <a href="/facts/3D_printed/lbvWU3t0">3D printed</a> <a href="/facts/Microscope/ldJp0CI3">microscope</a> is revealed by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Strathclyde/LxEo0GWC">University of Strathclyde</a>, made in just a few hours and for a fraction of the cost of traditional devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></li></ul></li>
<li>13 January – Researchers discover what could be the world's oldest three-dimensional map in a cave in the <a href="/facts/Paris_Basin/G92w0pS0">Paris Basin</a> of <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, dating back 13,000 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></li>
<li>15 January – The <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/facts/Gaia_(spacecraft)/dlvcdkoN">Gaia</a> spacecraft ends its operation after 11 years of mapping the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a> galaxy, during which time it made three trillion observations of two billion <a href="/facts/Stars/euBFuo07">stars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></li>
<li>16 January
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> researchers publish details of MatterGen, a <a href="/facts/Generative_AI/ykT3GGyT">generative AI</a> tool for materials design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li>The first two-dimensional (2D) mechanically interlocked material is demonstrated by Northwestern University, consisting of 100 trillion bonds per square centimetre, which its creators describe as having exceptional flexibility and strength.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Adding just 2.5% of the new material to <a href="/facts/Polyetherimide/39F7VyQb">Ultem</a> boosted the latter's <a href="/facts/Young%2527s_modulus/MV5JMCIM">tensile modulus</a> by 45%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></li>
<li>The air monitoring station at <a href="/facts/Mauna_Loa_Observatory/UzGq4e7V">Mauna Loa Observatory</a> in Hawaii reports that CO2 jumped by 3.58 parts per million (ppm) in 2024, exceeding the previous record of 3.36 ppm set in 2023. The global <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%2527s_atmosphere/h6A4HSzy">atmospheric concentration of CO2</a> is now at 427 ppm, more than 50% higher than the <a href="/facts/Pre-industrial/hzEubtAQ">pre-industrial</a> level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>21 January
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Coral_bleaching/LVNHFp9A">Coral bleaching</a> on the southern <a href="/facts/Great_Barrier_Reef/3DkV4aad">Great Barrier Reef</a> in early 2024 is reported to have struck 80% of colonies, with some coral genera, such as <a href="/facts/Acropora/kkqHWoPo">Acropora</a>, experiencing a 95% mortality rate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></li>
<li>More than a third (34%) of the Arctic-boreal zone is now reported to be a source of carbon emissions, rather than a <a href="/facts/Carbon_sink/Gv7uXVmT">carbon sink</a>, a figure that rises to 40% when including emissions from fires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>The exoplanet <a href="/facts/WASP-127b/QGNMeTXQ">WASP-127b</a> is discovered to have wind speeds of up to 33,000 km/h, the fastest <a href="/facts/Jetstream/cVqkU0V3">jetstream</a> of its kind ever measured.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></li></ul></li>
<li>22 January – The <a href="/facts/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/a3CUnzUu">second Trump administration</a> imposes an immediate freeze on scientific grants, communications, hiring, and meetings at the <a href="/facts/National_Institutes_of_Health/G3Eytfcc">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) – by far the biggest supporter of <a href="/facts/Biomedical_sciences/4VD878s1">biomedical research</a> worldwide – impacting $47.4 billion worth of activities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li>23 January
<ul><li>Machine learning and 3D printing are used at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Toronto/FpGjQNm9">University of Toronto</a> to design nano-architected materials exhibiting the strength of <a href="/facts/Carbon_steel/QGYURvFA">carbon steel</a> but the lightness of <a href="/facts/Styrofoam/ULtGBPUN">Styrofoam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></li>
<li>A study of adults with <a href="/facts/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder/uSqjIyhd">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) finds that the condition may reduce <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">life expectancy</a> by 4.5 to 9 years for men, and 6.5 to 11 years for women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li></ul></li>
<li>24 January – A study by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Birmingham/b2YEFk2X">University of Birmingham</a> finds that <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicles/jhCbx5ur">electric vehicles</a> now have an average lifespan of 18.4 years, outlasting the average <a href="/facts/Diesel_engine/9B9opxvA">diesel</a> vehicle at 16.8 years and almost matching the average <a href="/facts/Petrol_engine/oj3XzkQU">petrol vehicle</a> at 18.7 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li>
<li>29 January – The <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) announces that it has begun monitoring the asteroid <a href="/facts/2024_YR4/ssV7tU2Q">2024 YR4</a>, which at the time had a 1 in 77 (1.3%) chance of impacting Earth on 22 December 2032.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></li></ul>
<h3>February</h3>
<ul><li>3 February – Researchers in <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">Cambridge</a> attach <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a> nanoflower catalysts on <a href="/facts/Perovskite_solar_cell/MXxKPjPq">perovskite</a>-based <a href="/facts/Artificial_photosynthesis/heXLEFYw">artificial leaves</a> for solar-driven <a href="/facts/Hydrocarbon/Dcg95Ju5">hydrocarbon</a> synthesis. Devices can produce <a href="/facts/Ethane/BGCzc6yh">ethane</a> and <a href="/facts/Ethylene/QMNBYLYn">ethylene</a> at high rates by coupling <a href="/facts/CO2/xGzpppEp">CO2</a> reduction with <a href="/facts/Glycerol/sRQ6NBQQ">glycerol</a> oxidation into value-added chemicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li>
<li>7 February – Researchers develop an AI chip, smaller than a grain of salt, that mounts on the tip of an optical fibre and uses a "diffractive neural network" to decode images at light speed with very low energy. This breakthrough promises advances in efficient <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a> and <a href="/facts/Quantum_communication/JDuxpHp8">quantum communication</a> technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></li>
<li>10 February
<ul><li>The microlensing event <a href="/facts/MOA-2011-BLG-262L/stAH8tbH">MOA-2011-BLG-262L</a> is confirmed to be associated with the highest-velocity exoplanet system detected to date, moving at 541 km/s (1.2 million mph), which is close to the <a href="/facts/Escape_velocity/bdtme0tx">escape velocity</a> for the Milky Way galaxy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></li>
<li>Following an increase in the impact probability of <a href="/facts/2024_YR4/ssV7tU2Q">2024 YR4</a> – from 1.3% to 2.1% – the European Space Agency announces that it will use the advanced capabilities of the <a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb Space Telescope</a> to observe the asteroid, in order to better determine its size and trajectory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></li></ul></li>
<li>12 February
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/WEST_(formerly_Tore_Supra)/qk6noP8t">WEST</a> <a href="/facts/Tokamak/kDtb8Bsw">tokamak</a> in France is reported to have maintained plasma for 1,337 seconds, a new world record duration for <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fusion/hP0gLDqj">nuclear fusion</a> and 25% longer than a similar effort by China the previous month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li>
<li>A new blood test able to detect early-stage <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_cancer/6h9GIInW">pancreatic cancer</a> with 85% accuracy is developed by <a href="/facts/Oregon_Health_%2526_Science_University/I3vtQYF6">Oregon Health & Science University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li></ul></li>
<li>13 February – Scientists at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> report the creation of a solar-powered reactor that pulls <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> directly from the air and converts it into <a href="/facts/Sustainable_fuel/EnD6dsKV">sustainable fuel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li>15 February – A new record-low global <a href="/facts/Sea_ice/tgTbCYwg">sea ice</a> extent is reported, dipping below the previous lowest that occurred in early 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li>
<li>18 February
<ul><li>The impact probability of <a href="/facts/2024_YR4/ssV7tU2Q">2024 YR4</a> is raised by NASA, from 2.1% to 2.6%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> and then 3.1% in the same day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></li>
<li>The first 3D mapping of an <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanet</a> atmosphere is achieved by the European Southern Observatory's <a href="/facts/Very_Large_Telescope/xUQCLysQ">Very Large Telescope</a>. <a href="/facts/WASP-121b/EhxIk44N">WASP-121b</a> (also known as Tylos) is found to have powerful winds carrying elements like iron and titanium, creating intricate weather patterns across its atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></li></ul></li>
<li>24 February – NASA formally announces that asteroid <a href="/facts/2024_YR4/ssV7tU2Q">2024 YR4</a> now poses "no significant threat" to Earth in 2032 and beyond, as the chances of an impact drops to 1-in-59,000 (0.0017%). This means a <a href="/facts/Asteroid_impact_avoidance/VafHAlfG">planetary defense</a> mission to intercept and deflect the object in 2028 during a <a href="/facts/Flyby_(spaceflight)/BtJe76fP">close flyby</a> of Earth will not be necessary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></li>
<li>27 February
<ul><li><a href="/facts/OpenAI/V7WVK1t4">OpenAI</a> announces a research preview of <a href="/facts/GPT-4.5/lvk6du7u">GPT-4.5</a>, its largest and most advanced AI model to date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></li>
<li>Researchers at <a href="/facts/Amazon_Web_Services/UFVN2796">AWS</a> and <a href="/facts/Caltech/3FPcp7BL">Caltech</a> develop the Ocelot chip, using "cat qubits" to reduce <a href="/facts/Quantum_computing_error/lrUNMuob">quantum computing errors</a> by up to 90%, making error correction more efficient and scalable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></li></ul></li>
<li>28 February – An electronic device called "e-Taste", developed by <a href="/facts/Ohio_State_University/jfSr6u6u">Ohio State University</a>, is shown to replicate the perception of <a href="/facts/Taste/mdB8ysuK">taste</a>, which could enhance <a href="/facts/Virtual_reality/0psDGsxT">virtual reality</a> experiences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li></ul>
<h3>March</h3>

<ul><li>2 March – <a href="/facts/Firefly_Aerospace/4ezytxxr">Firefly Aerospace</a> successfully lands the <a href="/facts/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1/xAEm4tyE">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a> on the Moon as part of NASA's <a href="/facts/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services/g5gL2TuH">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> program, delivering payloads to <a href="/facts/Mare_Crisium/A7lP9nEF">Mare Crisium</a> with instruments to study lunar regoliths and the interactions between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li>4 March – <a href="/facts/De-extinction/vgHRND7m">De-extinction</a> company <a href="/facts/Colossal_Biosciences/oCzbW3I3">Colossal Biosciences</a> announces the creation of a "<a href="/facts/Woolly_mouse/cIh6ds50">woolly mouse</a>" with eight modified genes, expressing <a href="/facts/Mammoth/k9MnxS2k">mammoth</a>-like traits relevant to cold adaptation and providing a platform for validation of genome engineering targets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></li>
<li>5 March – Italian researchers report turning <a href="/facts/Light/jeofpMn4">light</a> into a <a href="/facts/Supersolid/2Vb1t2CV">supersolid</a> for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li>6 March – A study in <a href="/facts/Science_(journal)/uTyzjkwD">Science</a> finds that <a href="/facts/Butterfly/qlSgwlRx">butterfly</a> populations in the U.S. declined by 22% between 2000 and 2020, with 13 times as many species decreasing as increasing, raising concerns about future biodiversity loss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li>10 March – A study in the journal <a href="/facts/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America/w75CThX0">PNAS</a> finds that <a href="/facts/Microplastics/HzH0eKP5">microplastic pollution</a> reduces <a href="/facts/Photosynthesis/TMV7w693">photosynthesis</a> in plants and algae by up to 12%, leading to estimated annual food losses of 110–361 million tonnes of crops and up to 24 million tonnes of seafood. Without action to reduce plastic waste, this could lead to another 400 million people at risk of starvation within two decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></li>
<li>11 March
<ul><li>The discovery of 128 new <a href="/facts/Moons_of_Saturn/HA64rVRw">moons of Saturn</a> is reported, by astronomers using the <a href="/facts/Canada%25E2%2580%2593France%25E2%2580%2593Hawaii_Telescope/huj8fgn2">Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope</a>, bringing the gas giant's total number of confirmed satellites to 274.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li>Three new rocky <a href="/facts/Exoplanets/zjfmqfUf">exoplanets</a>, all smaller than Earth in size, are detected around <a href="/facts/Barnard%2527s_Star/9xrjwFXY">Barnard's Star</a>, the closest solitary star to our own Sun at just 5.96 light-years away. <a href="/facts/Barnard_b/sMhEaohA">Barnard b</a>, a candidate world that observations had hinted at previously, is also confirmed, bringing the total number of known planets around the star to four.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li></ul></li>
<li>13 March – The first image of two <a href="/facts/PINK1/RuIfEuWs">PINK1</a> proteins attached to the membrane of a <a href="/facts/Mitochondrion/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondrion</a> is obtained, via <a href="/facts/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy/Hjbcf4Ec">cryo-electron microscopy</a>, a potential breakthrough in developing treatments for <a href="/facts/Parkinson%2527s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></li>
<li>20 March – <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">Oxygen</a> is discovered in <a href="/facts/JADES-GS-z14-0/Wt6dnbGB">JADES-GS-z14-0</a>, then the most distant confirmed galaxy, located 13.4 billion light-years from Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></li>
<li>26 March
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aurorae/6agpj9Qs">Aurorae</a> are photographed on <a href="/facts/Neptune/1eucwHIC">Neptune</a> for the first time, seen by combining <a href="/facts/Visible_light/jeofpMn4">visible light</a> images from the <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> with <a href="/facts/Near-infrared_spectroscopy/gWCvHgYb">near-infrared</a> images from the <a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, although the planet was known to have aurorae since it was visited by <a href="/facts/Voyager_2/9FAEaHUr">Voyager 2</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li>
<li>A study in <a href="/facts/The_Lancet/UYtU5P4P">The Lancet</a> finds that cuts to foreign aid proposed by major donor countries, such as the US and UK, could undo decades of progress made to end <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a>/<a href="/facts/AIDS/RqLIEMuJ">AIDS</a> as a public health threat, with potentially 10.8m additional new infections by 2030.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>28 March – Research published by two high-schoolers proves that <a href="/facts/Upstream_contamination/CVhSuepn">upstream contamination</a> is possible even without the <a href="/facts/Marangoni_effect/5rkoHgSG">Marangoni effect</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></li>
<li>31 March – <a href="/facts/GPT-4.5/lvk6du7u">GPT-4.5</a> is reported to have passed the <a href="/facts/Turing_Test/wEvf9DIr">Turing Test</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></li></ul>
<h3>April</h3>
<ul><li>1 April – <a href="/facts/Fram2/Xh6rVmzY">Fram2</a> launches aboard a <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a> <a href="/facts/Falcon_9/mNck6vby">Falcon 9</a> rocket, becoming the first <a href="/facts/Crewed_spaceflight/VgVxsGmq">crewed spaceflight</a> to enter a <a href="/facts/Polar_orbit/JLUlIPlq">polar</a> <a href="/facts/Retrograde_orbit/1HCbwQqy">retrograde orbit</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> i.e., to fly over Earth's poles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li>
<li>2 April – The world's smallest <a href="/facts/Pacemaker/b90Qt8ND">pacemaker</a> – able to fit inside the tip of a syringe and be non-invasively injected into the body – is demonstrated by scientists at <a href="/facts/Northwestern_University/4dunJHBf">Northwestern University</a>. The device, measuring just 3.5 millimeters in length, is designed for temporary use and can be made to <a href="/facts/Biodegradation/d1UW4dfR">biodegrade</a> within a set number of days, depending on a patient's needs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>7 April – <a href="/facts/Colossal_Biosciences/oCzbW3I3">Colossal Biosciences</a> announces <a href="/facts/Romulus%2c_Remus%2c_and_Khaleesi/4DKHnA6A">Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi</a>, <a href="/facts/Genetic_engineering/vwdlDR61">genetically modified</a> <a href="/facts/Wolf/1n3ADMPP">grey wolves</a> which reproduced characteristics of extinct <a href="/facts/Dire_wolves/sWuMqFXL">dire wolves</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></li>
<li>8 April – Maxwell Labs, in collaboration with <a href="/facts/Sandia_National_Laboratories/LYsKDj45">Sandia National Laboratories</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_New_Mexico/7KnmajYB">University of New Mexico</a>, announces a laser-based photonic cooling system for computer chips, aiming to reduce data centre cooling energy use by up to 40% while improving processor performance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a></li>
<li>16 April
<ul><li>Scientists report a new method of generating electricity from falling rainwater using plug flow in vertical tubes, converting over 10% of the water's energy into electricity and producing enough power to light 12 LEDs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/OpenAI/V7WVK1t4">OpenAI</a> announces the launch of two new AI models, <a href="/facts/OpenAI_o3/AqTJCb7W">o3</a> and <a href="/facts/OpenAI_o4-mini/lE3hryks">o4-mini</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>17 April – The atmosphere of <a href="/facts/K2-18b/kKveseex">K2-18b</a>, a candidate <a href="/facts/Ocean_world/Ml33anp6">water world</a> located 124 light-years away, is found to contain large quantities of <a href="/facts/Dimethyl_sulfide/mUrg1jol">dimethyl sulfide</a> and <a href="/facts/Dimethyl_disulfide/XJE2Ge8b">dimethyl disulfide</a> – two compounds that, on Earth, are only known to be produced by life. This discovery, while requiring further proof, is described as "the strongest evidence to date for a <a href="/facts/Biosignature/vaG06nRB">biological activity</a> beyond the Solar System".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li>20 April – NASA's <a href="/facts/Lucy_(spacecraft)/qkg6fHA1">Lucy</a> spacecraft returns images of the <a href="/facts/Asteroid_belt/YHAq2Eh3">main belt asteroid</a> <a href="/facts/52246_Donaldjohanson/pXdrzPHr">Donaldjohanson</a>, revealing it to be a <a href="/facts/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)/eEds70t2">contact binary</a> and larger than originally estimated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li>22 April – Astronomers at MIT report the discovery of <a href="/facts/BD%252B05_4868Ab/9WtEu2Nr">BD+05 4868Ab</a>, a small rocky exoplanet located 142 light-years from Earth, which is rapidly disintegrating due to extreme heat from its nearby host star. The planet, orbiting every 30.5 hours, exhibits a <a href="/facts/Comet/w34utQCd">comet</a>-like tail of vaporised minerals extending up to 9 million kilometres. It is estimated to be losing mass equivalent to <a href="/facts/Mount_Everest/hspjxkgv">Mount Everest</a> each orbit and may completely evaporate within 1–2 million years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>27 April – Astronomers report the discovery of the <a href="/facts/Eos_cloud/ww9z3cuk">Eos cloud</a>, a vast <a href="/facts/Molecular_hydrogen_cloud/5jEwCJxs">molecular hydrogen cloud</a> located about 300 light-years from Earth, revealed through far-ultraviolet emission techniques. Expected to evaporate within 6 million years, Eos is among the largest and closest molecular clouds ever found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li>30 April
<ul><li>Engineers at <a href="/facts/ITER/SkpWL87b">ITER</a> complete the construction of the world's largest and most powerful pulsed superconducting electromagnet system, marking a major milestone on the path to sustained <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fusion/hP0gLDqj">nuclear fusion</a>. The Central Solenoid and surrounding magnets will confine plasma at 150 million °C, enabling ITER to produce 500 megawatts of fusion power from just 50 megawatts of input.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Minor_Planet_Center/v8T7sdK4">Minor Planet Center</a> announces two additional moons of <a href="/facts/Jupiter/95m7XjMT">Jupiter</a>, bringing the planet's <a href="/facts/Moons_of_Jupiter/Rq3GMt28">total moon count</a> to 97.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>May</h3>

<ul><li>8 May
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/ALICE_experiment/Nbg7fpEK">ALICE experiment</a> at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> detects the conversion of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> into <a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">gold</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></li>
<li>A study by <a href="/facts/Uppsala_University/zQbWhyqc">Uppsala University</a> in Sweden finds that <a href="/facts/Lack_of_sleep/uAUkKVEM">lack of sleep</a> can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Researchers found that just three nights of restricted sleep – around four hours a night – triggered changes in the blood linked to a higher risk of heart disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li></ul></li>
<li>9 May – <a href="/facts/Kosmos_482/q7yqqX3H">Kosmos 482</a>, an attempted Soviet <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a> <a href="/facts/Uncrewed_spacecraft/Reevc0WV">probe</a> which failed to <a href="/facts/Escape_velocity/bdtme0tx">escape</a> <a href="/facts/Low_Earth_orbit/rq1TwayJ">low Earth orbit</a>, crashes back to Earth after more than 53 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></li>
<li>13 May – Genes linked to <a href="/facts/Obsessive%25E2%2580%2593compulsive_disorder/bIhDh4dz">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD) are discovered for the first time. A study involving more than 2 million people identifies 250 genes linked to the condition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li>16 May – <a href="/facts/MoM-z14/1foLXde9">MoM-z14</a>, discovered using the <a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, is confirmed as the <a href="/facts/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects/xutYjJn3">most distant galaxy</a> ever detected, with a redshift of 14.44 placing its formation within 280 million years of the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a></li>
<li>20 May
<ul><li>The 150th anniversary of the signing of the <a href="/facts/Metre_Convention/CpK3VJVv">Metre Convention</a>, which established the <a href="/facts/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures/tPEu4X0s">BIPM</a>, one of the first <a href="/facts/International_organization/6yJu9qNB">international organizations</a>, is celebrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Google_DeepMind/n5ehBwCx">Google DeepMind</a> announces <a href="/facts/Veo_3/aypJSRTH">Veo 3</a>, a new state-of-the-art video generation model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> The company also boosts the performance of <a href="/facts/Gemini_2.5_Pro/eD5D8xBo">Gemini 2.5 Pro</a>, its flagship AI model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> releases a detailed report on the energy footprint of <a href="/facts/Generative_AI/ykT3GGyT">generative AI</a>. Some models are shown to require the equivalent of running a <a href="/facts/Microwave_oven/nS1B3wp2">microwave oven</a> for an hour to produce five seconds of video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li></ul></li>
<li>21 May
<ul><li>The world's first <a href="/facts/Gonorrhoea/xulQCkLF">gonorrhoea</a> vaccine is launched by NHS England, with an efficacy of 30–40%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></li>
<li>A major clinical trial, published in <a href="/facts/The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition/kqYm9SLK">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>, reveals that <a href="/facts/Vitamin_D/No0zQB2W">vitamin D</a> supplements can reduce biological aging, preserving <a href="/facts/Telomeres/RQ4Gp9LT">telomeres</a> and potentially adding three years to lifespan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li>
<li>The discovery of <a href="/facts/2017_OF201/pdqXUDE9">2017 OF201</a>, a new dwarf planet candidate in the outer Solar System, is reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>22 May
<ul><li>A review by <a href="/facts/Murdoch_University/Y0uQpnWH">Murdoch University</a> in Australia finds that agricultural soils now hold around 23 times more <a href="/facts/Microplastics/HzH0eKP5">microplastics</a> than the oceans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Infrared/44XdJNcc">Infrared</a> <a href="/facts/Contact_lenses/0nzxq5Rm">contact lenses</a> allowing people to see in the dark, even with their eyes closed, are created by a team in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></li></ul></li>
<li>27 May – Engineers at <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> develop a new fuel cell based on a reaction between sodium metal and air, with potentially three times as much energy per pound as the current best <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion</a> batteries used in EVs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a></li>
<li>28 May
<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Tianwen-2/WjrXu655">Tianwen-2</a> asteroid <a href="/facts/Sample_return/0bcaFtVx">sample return</a> and <a href="/facts/Comet/w34utQCd">comet</a> exploration mission is successfully launched by the <a href="/facts/China_National_Space_Administration/q3s4bGYt">China National Space Administration</a> aboard a <a href="/facts/Long_March_3B/7HAsDyeL">Long March 3B</a> <a href="/facts/Rocket/b6j4keIl">rocket</a>. The mission will explore the <a href="/facts/Co-orbital/q7jR91z6">co-orbital</a> <a href="/facts/Near-Earth_asteroid/UwnPRnSN">near-Earth asteroid</a> <a href="/facts/469219_Kamo%25CA%25BBoalewa/kTelFcj7">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a> and the <a href="/facts/Main-belt_comet/bm3r9bTk">main-belt comet</a> <a href="/facts/311P%2fPANSTARRS/wyXTu6D4">311P/PANSTARRS</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a></li>
<li>In tests on mice, a combination of <a href="/facts/Rapamycin/9hdLP135">Rapamycin</a> and <a href="/facts/Trametinib/89L861Kk">Trametinib</a> is found to extend lifespan by around 30% and works better than either of the drugs alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a></li></ul></li>
<li>29 May – The first delivery of <a href="/facts/MRNA/oUL6qxQn">mRNA</a> into <a href="/facts/White_blood_cells/vsDunUK0">white blood cells</a> hiding <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a> is demonstrated, using specially formulated nanoparticles known as LNP X. The mRNA instructs the cells to reveal the hidden virus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a></li></ul>

<h3>June</h3>
<ul><li>11 June – The first ever view of the <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a>'s south pole is revealed by the <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/facts/Solar_Orbiter/CQJEtpI0">Solar Orbiter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a></li>
<li>17 June – Scientists in China demonstrate a parallel <a href="/facts/Optical_computing/aPl6UjC9">optical computing</a> chip capable of 100 simultaneous wavelength-based operations, using a soliton microcomb and Mach–Zehnder interferometer mesh, marking a major step toward scalable, light-based AI hardware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a></li>
<li>22 June – The <a href="/facts/Royal_Observatory%2c_Greenwich/gDxv9o65">Royal Observatory Greenwich</a> celebrates its 350th anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a></li>
<li>23 June – The <a href="/facts/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory/n7t9ANEu">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a> releases images from its <a href="/facts/First_light_(astronomy)/pHI5o0r0">first light</a>, which includes the <a href="/facts/Virgo_Cluster/dBsDKTzT">Virgo Cluster</a>, the <a href="/facts/Trifid_Nebula/5TrcpQrP">Trifid</a> and <a href="/facts/Lagoon_Nebula/CqhkDm5t">Lagoon</a> nebulae, and the discovery of roughly 2,000 <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a></li>
<li>25 June – A previously unknown <a href="/facts/Organelle/vhDFnGbs">organelle</a>, described as a <a href="/facts/Hemifusome/KaS1aNr4">hemifusome</a>, is found to exist within human cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a></li></ul>
<h3>July</h3>
<ul><li>2 July – The third ever confirmed <a href="/facts/Interstellar_object/qo0Rr0Q7">interstellar object</a> to pass into our Solar System, 3I/ATLAS, is discovered by the <a href="/facts/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System/Q72tHLVc">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a> (ATLAS).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a></li>
<li>3 July – A study in <a href="/facts/Frontiers_in_Plant_Science/9cCGE5YU">Frontiers in Plant Science</a> finds that climate change could disrupt the habitat overlap between wild <a href="/facts/Vanilla_(genus)/GeFJWkE6">vanilla</a> species and their pollinators by 2050, threatening the survival of both. This mismatch may endanger global vanilla supply and limit the genetic diversity needed for future crop resilience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="predicted-and-scheduled-events">Predicted and scheduled events</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/2025_in_spaceflight/Lm6Bggbs">2025 in spaceflight</a>
<ul><li>September – NASA will launch its <a href="/facts/Pandora_Mission/cygkeH0W">Pandora Mission</a>, which aims to observe 20 stars and their 39 exoplanets.</li></ul>
<h3>Date unknown</h3>
<ul><li>NASA's <a href="/facts/Interstellar_Mapping_and_Acceleration_Probe/LNmXvnvo">IMAP probe</a> will launch toward <a href="/facts/Lagrange_point/XCAN4o3P">Lagrange point 1</a> to collect <a href="/facts/Interstellar_dust/Uy6hlL29">interstellar dust</a> and investigate <a href="/facts/Space_weather/FfwUCv2G">space weather</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory/n7t9ANEu">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a> is expected to begin science operations in late 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Funding_of_science/T0dr3vUI">Science-related</a> <a href="/facts/Government_budget/5wR3hBvM">budgets</a>
<ul><li> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">US</a>: Various details about planned science-related spending for 2025 have been described with some information on the planned research subjects or areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li>Category:Science events</li>
<li>Category:Science timelines</li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_emerging_technologies/00drktJ6">List of emerging technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_years_in_science/2HIsmEp0">List of years in science</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to 2025 in science at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:9">"2024 first year to pass 1.5C global warming limit". BBC News. BBC News. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 11 January 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd7575x8yq5o" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd7575x8yq5o</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:118">"FACT SHEET: President Biden's 2025 Budget Invests in Science and Technology to Power American Innovation, Expand Frontiers of What's Possible | OSTP". The White House. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2024/03/13/fact-sheet-president-bidens-2025-budget-invests-in-science-and-technology-to-power-american-innovation-expand-frontiers-of-whats-possible/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2024/03/13/fact-sheet-president-bidens-2025-budget-invests-in-science-and-technology-to-power-american-innovation-expand-frontiers-of-whats-possible/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Mervis, Jeffrey. "Biden's lean science budget could mean tough choices for agencies". Science. Retrieved 23 March 2024. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/biden-s-new-science-budget-doesn-t-ask-money-meet-all-his-priorities" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/biden-s-new-science-budget-doesn-t-ask-money-meet-all-his-priorities</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

2025 in science open-in-new

2025 in science