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Hesperus
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<h2 id="variant-names">Variant names</h2> <p>Hesperus is the personification of the "evening star", the planet <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a> in the evening. His name is sometimes conflated with the names for his brother, the personification of the planet as the "morning star" Eosphorus (Greek Ἐωσφόρος, "bearer of dawn") or <a href="/facts/Phosphorus_(morning_star)/kUlzgeof">Phosphorus</a> (Ancient Greek: Φωσφόρος, "bearer of light", often translated as "<a href="/facts/Lucifer/JokALLUD">Lucifer</a>" in Latin), since they are all personifications of the same planet Venus. "Heosphoros" in the Greek <a href="/facts/Septuagint/jGpbyr2n">Septuagint</a> and "Lucifer" in <a href="/facts/Jerome/0qVqVA73">Jerome</a>'s Latin <a href="/facts/Vulgate/RCVJAlJE">Vulgate</a> were used to translate the Hebrew "<a href="/facts/Helel/JokALLUD">Helel</a>" (Venus as the brilliant, bright or shining one), "son of <a href="/facts/Shahar_(god)/Nqo1243g">Shahar</a> (Dawn)" in the Hebrew version of <a href="/facts/Book_of_Isaiah/TypwqRnK">Isaiah</a> 14:12. </p><p>Eosphorus/Hesperus was said to be the father of <a href="/facts/Ceyx_(husband_of_Alcyone)/sa5cBNKj">Ceyx</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Daedalion/RIxCIl43">Daedalion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In some sources, he is also said to be the father of the <a href="/facts/Hesperides/c6Xtx3oE">Hesperides</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus/ATQNCfQq">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, in his commentaries on <a href="/facts/Virgil/K9zjwwHS">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Eclogues/H7M4MhRX">Eclogues</a></i>, mentions that Hesperus inhabited <a href="/facts/Mount_Oeta/6uIJv05N">Mount Oeta</a> in <a href="/facts/Thessaly/G76Tml8X">Thessaly</a> and that there he had loved the young <a href="/facts/Hymen_(god)/dgxXPQDw">Hymenaeus</a>, son of <a href="/facts/Dionysus/4kBSl2Kp">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/facts/Ariadne/DEhC9Rd3">Ariadne</a>. Servius makes no distinction between the Evening Star and the Morning Star, calling them both Hesperus and the Lucifer of <a href="/facts/Mount_Ida/JcxvPg51">Ida</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="hesperus-is-phosphorus">"Hesperus is Phosphorus"</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Frege%2527s_puzzles/uWpYqTGD">Frege's puzzles</a></p> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_language/qwNCwF4W">philosophy of language</a>, "Hesperus is Phosphorus" is a famous sentence in relation to the <a href="/facts/Semantics/1L4WwLAP">semantics</a> of <a href="/facts/Proper_name/bMbxQSn7">proper names</a>. <a href="/facts/Gottlob_Frege/FXyStVYj">Gottlob Frege</a> used the terms "the evening star" (<i>der Abendstern</i>) and "the morning star" (<i>der Morgenstern</i>) to illustrate his distinction between <a href="/facts/Sense_and_reference/Je4PEFQJ">sense and reference</a>, and subsequent philosophers changed the example to "Hesperus is Phosphorus" so that it utilized proper names. <a href="/facts/Saul_Kripke/qEkI8qW8">Saul Kripke</a> used the sentence to posit that the knowledge of something necessary (in this case the identity of Hesperus and Phosphorus) could be empirical rather than knowable <i><a href="/facts/A_priori_and_a_posteriori/C567SkcV">a priori</a></i>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aurvandill/go5uGRsp">Aurvandill</a>, a figure in German mythology also known as Earendel</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hesperides/c6Xtx3oE">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lucifer/JokALLUD">Lucifer</a>, the Latin name for the Morning Star</li> <li>"<a href="/facts/The_Wreck_of_the_Hesperus/oXrSlJso">The Wreck of the Hesperus</a>", a poem by <a href="/facts/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow/vrQqjSn5">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspect_of_Venus/T7DzlQu1">Aspect of Venus</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Diodorus_Siculus/8u9UIDTz">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>The Library of History</i> translated by <a href="/facts/Charles_Henry_Oldfather/14RpqCws">Charles Henry Oldfather</a>. Twelve volumes. <a href="/facts/Loeb_Classical_Library/AIRXBouP">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html">Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diodorus_Siculus/8u9UIDTz">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2</i>. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540">Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus/HJRTmcfI">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus</i> translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. <a href="https://topostext.org/work/206">Online version at the Topos Text Project.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus/ATQNCfQq">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, <i>In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;</i> recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Publius Ovidius Naso</a>, <i>Metamorphoses</i> translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Publius Ovidius Naso</a>, <i>Metamorphoses.</i> Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029">Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hesperus">"Hesperus" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Collins Latin Dictionary plus Grammar, p. 231. ISBN 0-06-053690-X. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 4.27.1. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hyginus, Fabulae, 65 <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" target="_blank">/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ovid. Metamorphoses. Book XI, 295. <a href="/wiki/Ovid" target="_blank">/wiki/Ovid</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Servius. ad Aen. 4,484. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Serv. Ecl. 8.30 <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3D8%3Acommline%3D30" target="_blank">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3D8%3Acommline%3D30</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>