Phase shift module

<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2>
<h3>Active versus passive</h3>
<p>Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy.
</p>
<ul><li>Active:
<ul><li>Applications: <a href="/facts/Active_electronically_scanned_array/X8EyLJmD">active electronically scanned array</a> (AESA), <a href="/facts/Passive_electronically_scanned_array/rN66gAr0">passive electronically scanned array</a> (PESA)</li>
<li>Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Noise_figure/XUtUWKDL">Noise figure</a> (NF)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Reciprocity_(electrical_networks)/cFe3yYLT">Reciprocity</a>: not reciprocal</li></ul></li>
<li>Passive:
<ul><li>Applications: <a href="/facts/Active_electronically_scanned_array/X8EyLJmD">active electronically scanned array</a> (AESA), <a href="/facts/Passive_electronically_scanned_array/rN66gAr0">passive electronically scanned array</a> (PESA)</li>
<li>Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting</li>
<li>NF: NF = loss</li>
<li>Reciprocity: reciprocal</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Analog versus digital</h3>
<ul><li>Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li>
<li>Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control.</li>
<li>Differential, single-ended or waveguide:
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Differential_signaling/jusjFQKo">Differential</a> <a href="/facts/Transmission_line/cYlqaPo3">transmission line</a>: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Antenna_(radio)/pGlcXBvc">Antenna</a> selection: <a href="/facts/Dipole/G1vRqruD">dipole</a>, tapered slot antenna (TSA)</li>
<li>Examples: coplanar strip, slotline</li></ul></li>
<li>Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.
<ul><li>Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, <a href="/facts/Monopole_antenna/fvr8EKce">monopole</a></li>
<li>Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Waveguide/tJS9Y0GH">Waveguide</a>
<ul><li>Antenna selection: waveguide, <a href="/facts/Horn_antenna/kVroJAmN">horn</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Frequency band</h3>
<h3>One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line</h3>
<ul><li>One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (<a href="/facts/Optical_fibre/5ruuIFbj">optical fibre</a>, <a href="/facts/Finline/PtQSrIpB">finline</a>, waveguide):
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Transverse_mode/nCIl5D6a">Modal</a></li>
<li>No TEM or <a href="/facts/Quasi-TEM_mode/PtQSrIpB">quasi-TEM mode</a>, not TTD or quasi-TTD</li>
<li>Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are <a href="/facts/Distortion/z8RJcwNy">distorted</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Two-conductor transmission line (<a href="/facts/Coplanar_waveguide/3G3P5uGk">CPW</a>, <a href="/facts/Microstrip/QkKwyAN7">microstrip</a>, <a href="/facts/Slotline/PtQSrIpB">slotline</a>, <a href="/facts/Stripline/RNdJWRQJ">stripline</a>):
<ul><li>Differential or single-ended</li>
<li>TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD</li></ul></li>
<li>Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter
<ul><li>A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.</li>
<li>A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for <a href="/facts/Squint_(antenna)/CBeRKkHo">squint</a>-free and <a href="/facts/Ultra_wideband/TQ4k9z8g">ultra wideband</a> (UWB) beam steering.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal</h3>
<ul><li><ul><li>Reciprocal: T/R</li>
<li>Non-reciprocal: T or R</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Technology</h3>
<ul><li>Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric, <a href="/facts/RF_MEMS/21eRnylT">RF MEMS</a>, liquid crystal):
<ul><li>Passive</li></ul></li>
<li>Semi-conducting (RF CMOS, <a href="/facts/Gallium(III)_arsenide/BakLFjpp">GaAs</a>. <a href="/facts/SiGe/eKH6o6Uz">SiGe</a>, InP, <a href="/facts/GaN/lmwUt4nk">GaN</a> or Sb):
<ul><li>Active: <a href="/facts/BJT/9BMcGv5Q">BJT</a> or <a href="/facts/Field_effect_transistor/TerYC6Nz">FET</a> transistor based <a href="/facts/MMIC/Gorz1mH1">MMICs</a>, RFICs or optical ICs</li>
<li>Passive: <a href="/facts/PIN_diode/H4hdX9Un">PIN diode</a> based hybrids</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Design</h3>
<ul><li>Loaded-line:
<ul><li>Distortion:
<ul><li>Distorted if lumped</li>
<li>Undistorted and TTD if distributed</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Reflect-type:
<ul><li>Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters)</li>
<li>Distortion:
<ul><li>Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler</li>
<li>Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Switched-network
<ul><li>Network:
<ul><li>High-pass or low-pass</li>
<li>
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
  
 or T</li></ul></li>
<li>Distortion:
<ul><li>Undistorted if the <a href="/facts/Metamaterial/3DeLU6ME">left-handed</a> high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Switched-line
<ul><li>Applications: UWB beam steering</li>
<li>Distortion: undistorted and TTD</li></ul></li>
<li>Vector summing</li></ul>
<h2 id="figures-of-merit">Figures of merit</h2>
<ul><li>Number of effective bits, if digital [bit]</li>
<li>Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA, V]</li>
<li>DC power consumption [mW]</li>
<li>Distortion: <a href="/facts/Group_velocity_dispersion/yYnGnjvF">group velocity dispersion</a> (GVD) [ps2/nm]</li>
<li>Gain [dB] if active, loss [dB] if passive</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Linearity/fChtg3KC">Linearity</a>: IP3, P1dB [dBm]</li>
<li>Phase shift / noise figure [°/dB] (phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)</li>
<li>Power handling [mW, dBm]</li>
<li>Reliability [cycles, MTBF]</li>
<li>Size [mm2]</li>
<li>Switching time [ns]</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/phase-shifters">"Phase Shifters"</a>, Micorwaves101.com</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030327163207/http://www.herley.com/index.cfm?act=app_notes¬es=iqv_phaseshift">Microwave Phase Shifter</a> information from <a href="/facts/Herley_Industries/PxVA4DNS">Herley General Microwave</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.activefrance.com/Antennas/Phase_Shifter8.pdf">[1]</a> A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com[<i>dead link</i>]</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12) <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10) <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21) <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Ed., by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons, 1998 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Robert Mailloux, Artech House, 2005 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Phased Array Antennas by Arun K. Bhattacharyya, John Wiley & Sons, 2006 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Microwave Phase Shifter Archived 2003-03-27 at the Wayback Machine information from Herley General Microwave <a href="http://www.herley.com/index.cfm?act=app_notes¬es=iqv_phaseshift" target="_blank">http://www.herley.com/index.cfm?act=app_notes¬es=iqv_phaseshift</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Phase shift module open-in-new

Phase shift module