Electrical network frequency analysis

<h2 id="use-by-law-enforcement">Use by law enforcement</h2>
<p>The distinctive electrical hums have been used to provide forensic verification of audio recordings, a process fully automated in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
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<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0elNU0iOMY">The hidden background noise that can catch criminals</a> (Tom Scott/YouTube)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Cooper, A.J: "The electric network frequency (ENF) as an aid to authenticating forensic digital audio recordings – an automated approach". June 2008., Conference paper, AES 33rd International Conference, USA (2008) <a href="http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14411" target="_blank">http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14411</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Grigoras, C. : "Digital audio recording analysis – the electric network frequency criterion". Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2010-06-06., International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 63–76 (2005) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307075712/http://www.equinoxjournals.com/IJSLL/article/viewArticle/525" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120307075712/http://www.equinoxjournals.com/IJSLL/article/viewArticle/525</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Mateusz Kajstura, Agata Trawinska, Jacek Hebenstreit. "Application of the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion: A case of a digital recording". Forensic Science International, Volume 155, Issue 2, Pages 165–171 (20 December 2005) <a href="http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900766-2/abstract" target="_blank">http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900766-2/abstract</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Williams, Christopher (June 1, 2010). "Met lab claims 'biggest breakthrough since Watergate'". The Register. Retrieved September 15, 2021. <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>"Dem Verbrechen auf der Spur" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2011-02-16. <a href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landeskriminalamt-dem-verbrechen-auf-der-spur-1.1061222-2" target="_blank">http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landeskriminalamt-dem-verbrechen-auf-der-spur-1.1061222-2</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Williams, Christopher (June 1, 2010). "Met lab claims 'biggest breakthrough since Watergate'". The Register. Retrieved September 15, 2021. <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Williams, Christopher (June 1, 2010). "Met lab claims 'biggest breakthrough since Watergate'". The Register. Retrieved September 15, 2021. <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.com/2010/06/01/enf_met_police/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Maarten Huijbregtse, Zeno Geradts. "Using the ENF criterion for determining the time of recording of short digital audio recordings" (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Vol. 5718, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Computational Forensics, 2009. <a href="http://www.forensic.to/ENF%20processed.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.forensic.to/ENF%20processed.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Garg Ravi, Varna Avinash L., Wu Min: "Seeing" ENF: natural time stamp for digital video via optical sensing and signal processing. 28 November 2011. pp. 23–32. doi:10.1145/2072298.2072303. ISBN 9781450306164. S2CID 8009218., Conference paper, in proceedings of the 19th international ACM Multimedia Conference, USA (2011) <a href="9781450306164" target="_blank">9781450306164</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Garg, Ravi. "Research Projects". ece.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. <a href="https://archive.today/20120805080953/http://www.ece.umd.edu/~ravig/Research.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120805080953/http://www.ece.umd.edu/~ravig/Research.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Morelle, Rebecca (12 December 2012). "The hum that helps to fight crime". Retrieved 27 January 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle" target="_blank">/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Electrical network frequency analysis open-in-new

Electrical network frequency analysis