Transfer efficiency depends not only on surface, but also on pathogen type. For example, avian influenza survives on both porous and non-porous materials for 144 hours.
The microbes may also be transmitted by poor use of cutlery or improper sanitation of dishes or bedlinen. Particularly problematic are toilet practices, which lead to the fecal–oral route. STDs are by definition spread through this vector.
Examples of some HHT diseases are listed below.
Chowell G, Blumberg S, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Viboud C (2014). "Synthesizing data and models for the spread of MERS-CoV, 2013: Key role of index cases and hospital transmission". Epidemics. 9: 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2014.09.011. PMC 4258236. PMID 25480133. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258236
Virlogeux V, Feng L, Tsang TK, Jiang H, Fang VJ, Qin Y, Wu P, Wang X, Zheng J, Lau EH, Peng Z, Yang J, Cowling BJ, Yu H (2018). "Evaluation of animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission of influenza A (H7N9) virus in China, 2013–15". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 552. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..552V. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17335-9. PMC 5765021. PMID 29323268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5765021
Majumder MS, Brownstein JS, Finkelstein SN, Larson RC, Bourouiba L (2017). "Nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus in South Korea, 2015". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 111 (6): 261–269. doi:10.1093/trstmh/trx046. PMC 6257029. PMID 29044371. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6257029
De Graaf M, Beck R, Caccio SM, Duim B, Fraaij PL, Le Guyader FS, Lecuit M, Le Pendu J, De Wit E, Schultsz C (2017). "Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event". Current Opinion in Virology. 22: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.001. PMC 7102779. PMID 27888698. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102779
Geoghegan JL, Senior AM, Di Giallonardo F, Holmes EC (2016). "Virological factors that increase the transmissibility of emerging human viruses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (15): 4170–4175. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4170G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521582113. PMC 4839412. PMID 27001840. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839412
Kucharski A, Mills H, Pinsent A, Fraser C, Van Kerkhove M, Donnelly CA, Riley S (2014). "Distinguishing Between Reservoir Exposure and Human-to-Human Transmission for Emerging Pathogens Using Case Onset Data". PLOS Currents. 6. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.e1473d9bfc99d080ca242139a06c455f (inactive 2024-11-02). PMC 3946006. PMID 24619563.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946006
Herfst S, Böhringer M, Karo B, Lawrence P, Lewis NS, Mina MJ, Russell CJ, Steel J, De Swart RL, Menge C (2017). "Drivers of airborne human-to-human pathogen transmission". Current Opinion in Virology. 22: 22–29. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.006. PMC 7102691. PMID 27918958. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102691
Riou J, Althaus CL (2020). "Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020". Eurosurveillance. 25 (4). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058. PMC 7001239. PMID 32019669. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7001239
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. PMC 7121484. PMID 31995857. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121484
Riou J, Althaus CL (January 2020). "Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (4). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058. PMC 7001239. PMID 32019669. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7001239
Meyer A, Esposito JJ, Gras F, Kolakowski T, Fatras M, Muller G (1991). "First appearance of monkey pox in human beings in Gabon". Médecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Santé Colonial. 51 (1): 53–7. PMID 1649373. /wiki/PMID_(identifier)
Friscolanti M (4 June 2009). "Canada's Pandemic Influenza Plan". Canadian Encyclopedia. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadas-pandemic-influenza-plan
Cook 2013, p. 208. - Cook N (2013). "10.1 Introduction; the role of fomites in the virus transmission". Viruses in Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and Control. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 205–215. ISBN 978-0-85709-887-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tRBaAgAAQBAJ&q=fomite&pg=PA208
Abad FX, R. M. Pintó, A. Bosch (October 1994). "Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60 (10): 3704–10. Bibcode:1994ApEnM..60.3704A. doi:10.1128/AEM.60.10.3704-3710.1994. PMC 201876. PMID 7986043. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201876
Cook 2013, p. 208. - Cook N (2013). "10.1 Introduction; the role of fomites in the virus transmission". Viruses in Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and Control. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 205–215. ISBN 978-0-85709-887-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tRBaAgAAQBAJ&q=fomite&pg=PA208
Welford MR, Bossak BH, Carter DA (22 December 2009). "Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases". PLOS ONE. 4 (12): e8401. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.8401W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008401. PMC 2791870. PMID 20027294. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791870
Kool JL (2005). "Risk of Person-to-Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 40 (8): 1166–1172. doi:10.1086/428617. PMID 15791518. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F428617
Wilson M (24 March 2020). "The untold origin story of the N95 mask". Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask
Kumar Nag P (2018). Office Buildings: Health, Safety and Environment. Springer. p. 85. ISBN 978-981-13-2577-9. 978-981-13-2577-9
Robilotti E, Deresinski S, Pinsky BA (2015). "Norovirus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 28 (1): 134–164. doi:10.1128/CMR.00075-14. PMC 4284304. PMID 25567225. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284304
Learned LA, Reynolds MG, Wassa DW, Li Y, Olson VA, Karem K, Stempora LL, Braden ZH, Kline R, Likos A, Libama F, Moudzeo H, Bolanda JD, Tarangonia P, Boumandoki P, Formenty P, Harvey JM, Damon IK (2005). "Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 73 (2): 428–34. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.428. PMID 16103616. https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2005.73.428
Welford MR, Bossak BH, Carter DA (22 December 2009). "Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases". PLOS ONE. 4 (12): e8401. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.8401W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008401. PMC 2791870. PMID 20027294. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791870