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Evolutionary programming
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>It was first used by <a href="/facts/Lawrence_J._Fogel/KVK6L72R">Lawrence J. Fogel</a> in the US in 1960 in order to use simulated <a href="/facts/Evolution/Hj0qAaBk">evolution</a> as a learning process aiming to generate <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It was used to evolve <a href="/facts/Finite-state_machine/GMusWd0a">finite-state machines</a> as predictors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> Timeline of EP - selected algorithms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Description</th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><td>1966</td><td>EP introduced by Fogel et al.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td>Improved fast EP - <a href="/facts/Cauchy_distribution/3HS6D3Xk">Cauchy</a> mutation is used instead of Gaussian mutation</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>Generalized EP - usage of <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A9vy_distribution/g3fVHgGz">Lévy</a>-type mutation</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>Diversity-guided EP - Mutation step size is guided by diversity</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>Adaptive EP - The number of successful mutations determines the strategy parameter</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>Social EP - Social cognitive model is applied meaning replacing individuals with cognitive <a href="/facts/Agent-based_model/C3C1vR8s">agents</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>Immunised EP - <a href="/facts/Artificial_immune_system/SxB3gsaB">Artificial immune system</a> inspired mutation and selection</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>Mixed mutation strategy EP - Gaussian, Cauchy and Lévy mutations are used</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>Fast Convergence EP - An algorithm, which boosts convergence speed and solution quality</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>Immune log-normal EP - <a href="/facts/Log-normal_distribution/V2RXmmlE">log-normal</a> mutation combined with artificial immune system</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>ADM-EP - automatically designed mutation operators</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Genetic_algorithm/WP2AFWuW">Genetic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Genetic_operator/M0VhYIBW">Genetic operator</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225015603/http://www.aip.de/~ast/EvolCompFAQ/Q1_2.htm">The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation: What's Evolutionary Programming (EP)?</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-inspired/evolution/evolutionary_programming.html">Evolutionary Programming by Jason Brownlee (PhD)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118233236/http://www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-inspired/evolution/evolutionary_programming.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-18 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Slowik, Adam; Kwasnicka, Halina (1 August 2020). "Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems". Neural Computing and Applications. 32 (16): 12363–12379. doi:10.1007/s00521-020-04832-8. ISSN 1433-3058. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Abido, Mohammad A.; Elazouni, Ashraf (30 November 2021). "Modified multi-objective evolutionary programming algorithm for solving project scheduling problems". Expert Systems with Applications. 183: 115338. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115338. ISSN 0957-4174. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957417421007673" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957417421007673</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Slowik, Adam; Kwasnicka, Halina (1 August 2020). "Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems". Neural Computing and Applications. 32 (16): 12363–12379. doi:10.1007/s00521-020-04832-8. ISSN 1433-3058. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Brameier, Markus (2004). "On Linear Genetic Programming". Dissertation. Retrieved 27 December 2024. <a href="http://d-nb.info:80/1011533146/34" target="_blank">http://d-nb.info:80/1011533146/34</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution". Evolutionary Computation. 2009. doi:10.1109/9780470544600.ch7. ISBN 978-0-470-54460-0. <a href="978-0-470-54460-0" target="_blank">978-0-470-54460-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Abraham, Ajith; Nedjah, Nadia; Mourelle, Luiza de Macedo (2006). "Evolutionary Computation: from Genetic Algorithms to Genetic Programming". Genetic Systems Programming: Theory and Experiences. Studies in Computational Intelligence. 13. Springer: 1–20. doi:10.1007/3-540-32498-4_1. ISBN 978-3-540-29849-6. <a href="978-3-540-29849-6" target="_blank">978-3-540-29849-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Slowik, Adam; Kwasnicka, Halina (1 August 2020). "Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems". Neural Computing and Applications. 32 (16): 12363–12379. doi:10.1007/s00521-020-04832-8. ISSN 1433-3058. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-04832-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Fogel, LJ; Owens, AJ; Walsh, MJ (1966). rtificial intelligence thorough simulated evolution. New York: Wiley. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Xin Yao; Yong Liu; Guangming Lin (July 1999). "Evolutionary programming made faster". IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 3 (2): 82–102. doi:10.1109/4235.771163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Iwamatsu, Masao (1 August 2002). "Generalized evolutionary programming with Lévy-type mutation". Computer Physics Communications. 147 (1): 729–732. Bibcode:2002CoPhC.147..729I. doi:10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00386-7. ISSN 0010-4655. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010465502003867" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010465502003867</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Alam, Mohammad Shafiul; Islam, Md. Monirul; Yao, Xin; Murase, Kazuyuki (1 June 2012). "Diversity Guided Evolutionary Programming: A novel approach for continuous optimization". Applied Soft Computing. 12 (6): 1693–1707. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2012.02.002. ISSN 1568-4946. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568494612000567" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568494612000567</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Das, Swagatam; Mallipeddi, Rammohan; Maity, Dipankar (1 April 2013). "Adaptive evolutionary programming with p-best mutation strategy". Swarm and Evolutionary Computation. 9: 58–68. doi:10.1016/j.swevo.2012.11.002. ISSN 2210-6502. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221065021200079X" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221065021200079X</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Nan, LI; Xiaomin, BAI; Shouzhen, ZHU; Jinghong, ZHENG (1 January 2014). "Social Evolutionary Programming Algorithm onUnit Commitment in Wind Power Integrated System". IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 47 (3): 3611–3616. doi:10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.00384. ISSN 1474-6670. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667016421658" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667016421658</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gao, Wei (1 August 2015). "Slope stability analysis based on immunised evolutionary programming". Environmental Earth Sciences. 74 (4): 3357–3369. Bibcode:2015EES....74.3357G. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4372-0. ISSN 1866-6299. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-015-4372-0" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-015-4372-0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Pang, Jinwei; Dong, Hongbin; He, Jun; Feng, Qi (July 2016). "Mixed mutation strategy evolutionary programming based on Shapley value". 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). pp. 2805–2812. doi:10.1109/CEC.2016.7744143. ISBN 978-1-5090-0623-6. <a href="978-1-5090-0623-6" target="_blank">978-1-5090-0623-6</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Basu, Mousumi (14 September 2017). "Fast Convergence Evolutionary Programming for Multi-area Economic Dispatch". Electric Power Components and Systems. 45 (15): 1629–1637. doi:10.1080/15325008.2017.1376234. ISSN 1532-5008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Mansor, M.H.; Musirin, I.; Othman, M.M. (April 2017). "Immune Log-Normal Evolutionary Programming (ILNEP) for solving economic dispatch problem with prohibited operating zones". 2017 4th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA). pp. 163–167. doi:10.1109/IEA.2017.7939199. ISBN 978-1-5090-6774-9. <a href="978-1-5090-6774-9" target="_blank">978-1-5090-6774-9</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Hong, Libin; Drake, John H.; Woodward, John R.; Özcan, Ender (1 January 2018). "A hyper-heuristic approach to automated generation of mutation operators for evolutionary programming". Applied Soft Computing. 62: 162–175. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.10.002. ISSN 1568-4946. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568494617306051" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568494617306051</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>