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Frederic Rzewski
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<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2> <p>Rzewski was born on April 13, 1938, in <a href="/facts/Westfield%2c_Massachusetts/YcjSHLRu">Westfield, Massachusetts</a>, to parents of Polish<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and Jewish descent,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and raised Catholic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> He began playing piano at age 5 and attended <a href="/facts/Phillips_Academy/qDYFx9Mj">Phillips Academy</a>, <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard</a>, and <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton</a>, where his teachers included <a href="/facts/Randall_Thompson/RA0ysBYU">Randall Thompson</a>, <a href="/facts/Roger_Sessions/0gdrESTs">Roger Sessions</a>, <a href="/facts/Walter_Piston/JxnN7KXQ">Walter Piston</a>, and <a href="/facts/Milton_Babbitt/JckTa6h5">Milton Babbitt</a>. In 1960, he went to Italy on a <a href="/facts/U.S.-Italy_Fulbright_Commission/PVqUjIQh">Fulbright grant</a>, a trip which was formative in his future musical development. In addition to studying with <a href="/facts/Luigi_Dallapiccola/bc6GFtR1">Luigi Dallapiccola</a> in Florence on a <a href="/facts/U.S.-Italy_Fulbright_Commission/PVqUjIQh">Fulbright scholarship</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> he began a career as a performer of new piano music, often with an improvisatory element.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>In 1966, Rzewski co-founded <a href="/facts/Musica_Elettronica_Viva/T2sWrk4A">Musica Elettronica Viva</a> with <a href="/facts/Alvin_Curran/U8xkSS7q">Alvin Curran</a> and <a href="/facts/Richard_Teitelbaum/t33P3LUN">Richard Teitelbaum</a> in <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>. Musica Elettronica Viva conceived music as a collective, collaborative process, with improvisation and live <a href="/facts/Electronic_instrument/dQSuuYtF">electronic instruments</a> prominently featured. In 1971, he returned to New York from Italy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In 1977, Rzewski became Professor of Composition at the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in <a href="/facts/Li%25C3%25A8ge/QjGaj3M9">Liège</a>, Belgium, then directed by <a href="/facts/Henri_Pousseur/865Soeld">Henri Pousseur</a>. Occasionally, he taught for short periods at schools and universities throughout the U.S. and Europe, including <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cincinnati/Bp7UKAtm">University of Cincinnati</a>, the <a href="/facts/California_Institute_of_the_Arts/496YyKAp">California Institute of the Arts</a>, the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_San_Diego/srMClpNv">University of California, San Diego</a>, the <a href="/facts/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague/KJqAqUxd">Royal Conservatory of The Hague</a>, and <a href="/facts/Trinity_College_of_Music/Fw1uU855">Trinity College of Music</a>, London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Many of Rzewski's works were inspired by <a href="/facts/Secular/uCj9a25U">secular</a> and socio-historical themes, show a deep political conscience and feature improvisational elements. His better-known works include <i><a href="/facts/The_People_United_Will_Never_Be_Defeated!/Sz6hpXNp">The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</a></i> (36 variations on the <a href="/facts/Sergio_Ortega_(composer)/9Pz0fVB2">Sergio Ortega</a> song "<a href="/facts/El_pueblo_unido_jam%25C3%25A1s_ser%25C3%25A1_vencido/jacczrsg">El pueblo unido jamás será vencido</a>"); <i>Coming Together</i>, a setting of letters from <a href="/facts/Sam_Melville/EUmxNv6j">Sam Melville</a>, an inmate at <a href="/facts/Attica_State_Prison/Kr7EFcyH">Attica State Prison</a>, at the time of <a href="/facts/Attica_Prison_riots/2j3C9Bh8">the riots there</a> (1972); <i>North American Ballads</i> (I. <i>Dreadful Memories</i>; II. <i>Which Side Are You On?</i>; III. <i>Down by the Riverside</i>; IV. <i>Winnsboro Cotton Mill Blues</i>) (1978–79); <i>Night Crossing with Fisherman</i>; <i>Fougues</i>; <i>Fantasia</i> and <i>Sonata</i>; <i>The Price of Oil</i>, and <i>Le Silence des Espaces Infinis</i>, both of which use graphical notation; <i>Les Moutons de Panurge</i>; and the <i>Antigone-Legend</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Rzewski's later compositions include <i><a href="/facts/Nanosonatas/vkxFMyLB">Nanosonatas</a></i> (2006–2010) and <i>Cadenza con o senza Beethoven</i> (2003), written for <a href="/facts/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Beethoven)/aAQXno8Y">Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto</a>. Rzewski played the solo part in the world premiere of his piano concerto at the 2013 <a href="/facts/BBC_Proms/kejAkqTX">BBC Proms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="personal-life-and-death">Personal life and death</h2> <p>In 1963, Rzewski married Nicole Abbeloos; they had five children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> While Rzewski never divorced Abbeloos, his companion for about the last 20 years of his life was Françoise Walot, with whom he had two children. He also had five grandchildren.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Rzewski died of an apparent heart attack in <a href="/facts/Montiano%2c_Magliano_in_Toscana/9VhnYcms">Montiano</a>, <a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscany</a>, Italy,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> on June 26, 2021, at the age of 83.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="appraisal">Appraisal</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Nicolas_Slonimsky/tXoGbE7n">Nicolas Slonimsky</a> said of Rzewski in 1993: "He is furthermore a granitically overpowering piano technician, capable of depositing huge boulders of sonoristic material across the keyboard without actually wrecking the instrument."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Michael Schell called Rzewski "the most important living composer of piano music, and surely one of the dozen or so most important living American composers".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In <i><a href="/facts/Christgau%2527s_Record_Guide%3a_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies/lbz769kj">Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies</a></i> (1981), <a href="/facts/Robert_Christgau/0U1Du9U9">Robert Christgau</a> reviewed <i>Coming Together/Attica/Moutons de Panurge</i>, an album recorded with vocals by performance artist Steve Ben Israel and released in 1973 by Opus One Records. "The design of 'Coming Together' is simple, even minimal", Christgau said. "Steve ben Israel reads and rereads one of Sam Melville's letters from Attica over a jazzy, repetitious vamp. Yet the result is political art as expressive and accessible as <i><a href="/facts/Guernica_(Picasso)/tK6bHRRp">Guernica</a></i>. In ben Israel's interpretation, Melville's prison years have made him both visionary and mad, and the torment of his incarceration is rendered more vivid by the nagging intensity of the music. The [LP's] other side features a less inspiring political piece and a percussion composition, each likable but not compelling, but that's a cavil. 'Coming Together' is amazing."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="selected-discography">Selected discography</h2> <h3>As composer</h3> <ul><li><i>Four North American Ballads</i>, played by Paul Jacobs (<a href="/facts/Nonesuch_Records/UEychVAY">Nonesuch Records</a> on <i>Paul Jacobs Plays Blues, Ballads & Rags</i> D-79006 (LP) & 79006-2 (CD re-issue ) 1980(LP) 1993 (CD)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i> and <i>Winnsboro Cotton Mill Blues</i> played by <a href="https://michaelnoble.net">Michael Noble</a> on <i>American Dissident</i> (198004840682) 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_People_United_Will_Never_Be_Defeated!/Sz6hpXNp">The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</a></i>, played by <a href="/facts/Stephen_Drury_(musician)/lXcvVn7Y">Stephen Drury</a> (<a href="/facts/New_Albion/XYflXUYx">New Albion</a> NA 063) 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Marc-Andr%25C3%25A9_Hamelin/RVhIfunj">Marc-André Hamelin</a> (<a href="/facts/Hyperion_Records/fVBanCnw">Hyperion Records</a> CDA67077) 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i>, played by Corey Hamm (Redshift Records TK431) 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i>De Profundis</i>, <i>4 North American Ballads</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Lisa_Moore_(musician)/jGDtm0Iv">Lisa Moore</a> (<a href="/facts/Cantaloupe_Music/Lk1ydaTL">Cantaloupe Music</a> 21014) 2003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><i>Main Drag</i> played by Alter Ego (<a href="/facts/Stradivarius_(record_label)/REALBoPo">Stradivarius</a> STR33631SD) 2003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><i>Fred – Music of Frederic Rzewski</i> played by <a href="/facts/Eighth_Blackbird/HnM5vlPI">Eighth Blackbird</a> (<a href="/facts/Cedille/W3Ux5jWa">Cedille</a> CDR90000-084) 2005<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i>Rzewski & Adams: Piano Works</i> played by <a href="/facts/Emanuele_Arciuli/P2pmtB2k">Emanuele Arciuli</a> (<a href="/facts/Stradivarius_(record_label)/REALBoPo">Stradivarius</a> STR33735) 2006<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Ralph_van_Raat/we3PG7l5">Ralph van Raat</a> (<a href="/facts/Naxos/utJLfXFF">Naxos</a> 8.559360) 2008<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Christopher_Hinterhuber/YGBTPD3w">Christopher Hinterhuber</a> (<a href="/facts/Paladino/EbIFSGK9">Paladino</a> PMR0037) 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><i>Four Pieces</i>, <i>Hard Cuts</i> and <i>The Housewife's Lament</i> played by Ralph van Raat et al. (Naxos 8.559759) 2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i> and <i>Four Hands</i> played by <a href="/facts/Ursula_Oppens/yM0y1dnz">Ursula Oppens</a> and <a href="/facts/Jerome_Lowenthal/N6tme4NY">Jerome Lowenthal</a> (Cedille CDR90000-158) 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><i>The People United Will Never Be Defeated!</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Igor_Levit/fICD8yRV">Igor Levit</a> on <i>Igor Levit plays Bach, Beethoven, Rzewski</i> (<a href="/facts/Sony_Classical/1oNofSca">Sony Classical</a> 88875060962) 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><i>Songs of Insurrection</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Kotcheff/mEgUmjQ5">Thomas Kotcheff</a> (Coviello Contemporary COV 92021) 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><i>Sometimes</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Imani_Winds/zxnKBHDk">Imani Winds</a> on <i>Bruits</i> (Bright Shiny Things). 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><i>Winnsboro Cotton Mill Blues</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Christina_Petrowska-Quilico/ALPad7yJ">Christina Petrowska-Quilico</a> on <i>Retro Americana</i> (Navona Records NAV6361) 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><i>The Turtle and the Crane</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Christina_Petrowska-Quilico/ALPad7yJ">Christina Petrowska-Quilico</a> on <i>Vintage Americana</i> (Navona Records NAV6384) 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><i>Speaking Rzewski</i>, played by <a href="/facts/Stephane_Ginsburgh/PbEjsNto">Stephane Ginsburgh</a> on (<a href="/facts/Sub_Rosa_(label)/Adc2Qg06">Sub Rosa</a> SR523) 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>As pianist</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Braxton/IwH9vPlM">Anthony Braxton</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Creative_Orchestra_Music_1976/0aFt2VXT">Creative Orchestra Music 1976</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Arista_Records/2dREcUfC">Arista</a>, 1976)</li> <li>Anthony Braxton – <i><a href="/facts/For_Two_Pianos/VJKmXbMs">For Two Pianos</a></i> (Arista, 1980 [1982])<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li>Marc-Henri Cykiert, <i>Capriccio Hassidico</i> (<a href="/facts/Igloo_Records/jNmkhtvE">Igloo Records</a> IGL095) 1991<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cornelius_Cardew/tJzv931Y">Cornelius Cardew</a> – <i>We Sing For The Future!</i> 2001<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_Johnson_(composer)/IVq8Jzw7">Tom Johnson</a> – <i>An Hour for Piano</i> (1985)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Henri_Pousseur/865Soeld">Henri Pousseur</a> – Aquarius-Memorial (2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>Henri Pousseur – La Guirlande de Pierre (1995)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karlheinz_Stockhausen/XCrTaejh">Stockhausen</a> – <a href="/facts/Kontra-Punkte/zNapCAzU">Kontra-Punkte</a> (RCA Victrola, 1967)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karlheinz_Stockhausen/XCrTaejh">Stockhausen</a> – Klavierstück X (Wergo) 2014 CD re-issue<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><i>Rzewski Plays Rzewski: Piano Works 1975–1999</i> (7-CD box set, Nonesuch, 2002)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="literature">Literature</h2> <ul><li>Rzewski, Frederic. <i>Nonsequiturs—Writings & Lectures on Improvisation, Composition, and Interpretation</i> (Unlogische Folgerungen—Schriften und Vorträge zu Improvisation, Komposition und Interpretation). Edition Musiktexte, <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a>, 2007. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-9803151-8-5.</li> <li>Петров, Владислав Олегович. <i>Фредерик Ржевски: путь обновления традиций</i>. <a href="/facts/Astrakhan/JrIjkRUs">Astrakhan</a>: AIPKP, 2011, p. 100.</li> <li>Petrov, Vladislav O. <i>Frederic Rzewski: upgrade path traditions</i>. Astrakhan: AIPKP, 2011, p. 100.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Murray, Edward. "Rzewski, Frederic" in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, ed. <a href="/facts/Stanley_Sadie/Nlt00DMf">Stanley Sadie</a>. 20 vols. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-56159-174-2.</li> <li>Murray, Edward. "Rzewski, Frederic" in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and <a href="/facts/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)/qfVbW8KV">John Tyrrell</a>. 29 vols. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-56159-239-0.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eleonore_Sch%25C3%25B6nmaier/wfXYXwUR">Schönmaier, Eleonore</a>. "Fred's Dog" and "Nocturnes" in <a href="https://eleonoreschonmaier.com/dust-blown-side-of-the-journey/">Dust Blown Side of the Journey.</a> London: <a href="/facts/McGill%25E2%2580%2593Queen%2527s_University_Press/Xtp6vDSr">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>, 2017.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Zimmermann/nqKWKF7P">Zimmermann, Walter</a>, <i>Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians</i>, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver). The 2020 edition includes a cd featuring the original interview recordings with <a href="/facts/Larry_Austin/bQjsS4NQ">Larry Austin</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_Ashley/LIHGdjep">Robert Ashley</a>, Jim Burton, <a href="/facts/John_Cage/L8UuNbIY">John Cage</a>, <a href="/facts/Philip_Corner/v7yqcbFC">Philip Corner</a>, <a href="/facts/Morton_Feldman/J6rPmL6Y">Morton Feldman</a>, <a href="/facts/Philip_Glass/uqwMI2Ty">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/facts/Joan_La_Barbara/BjuAy6rW">Joan La Barbara</a>, <a href="/facts/Garrett_List/pSw7rSkG">Garrett List</a>, <a href="/facts/Alvin_Lucier/XJ7C57Tb">Alvin Lucier</a>, John McGuire, Charles Morrow, J.B. Floyd (on <a href="/facts/Conlon_Nancarrow/0kwlQatc">Conlon Nancarrow</a>), <a href="/facts/Pauline_Oliveros/ahvILjMb">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="/facts/Charlemagne_Palestine/X1ls6y05">Charlemagne Palestine</a>, <a href="/facts/Ben_Johnston_(composer)/8FTGmQYn">Ben Johnston</a> (on <a href="/facts/Harry_Partch/YP5kVpDh">Harry Partch</a>), <a href="/facts/Steve_Reich/D8zYTljV">Steve Reich</a>, <a href="/facts/David_Rosenboom/lSTYfeeV">David Rosenboom</a>, Frederic Rzewski, <a href="/facts/Richard_Teitelbaum/t33P3LUN">Richard Teitelbaum</a>, <a href="/facts/James_Tenney/nbAyMz9o">James Tenney</a>, <a href="/facts/Christian_Wolff_(composer)/BLQIjPdy">Christian Wolff</a>, and <a href="/facts/La_Monte_Young/2e1t3m5X">La Monte Young</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.frogpeak.org/">Frog Peak Music (a composers' collective)</a> has scores of some of Rzewski's compositions.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040204185424/http://www.newalbion.com/artists/rzewskif/">Frederic Rzewski page on New Albion Records</a></li> <li><a href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/composers/composer/2815/">"Frederic Rzewski (biography, works, resources)"</a> (in French and English). <a href="/facts/IRCAM/oe5oKl4I">IRCAM</a>.</li> <li>Free scores by Frederic Rzewski at the <a href="/facts/International_Music_Score_Library_Project/TVgA4KwI">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP), which also hosts various live recordings of Rzewski playing his music.</li> <li><a href="https://www.secondinversion.org/2018/04/19/frederic-rzewski-at-80-directions-inevitable-or-otherwise/">Frederic Rzewski at 80: Directions Inevitable or Otherwise</a> at Second Inversion</li> <li><a href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Frederic+Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a> discography at <a href="/facts/Discogs/wdyMoREv">Discogs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3464896/">Frederic Rzewski</a> at <a href="/facts/IMDb_(identifier)/uWrqVYVy">IMDb</a></li></ul> <h3>Interviews</h3> <ul><li>Duffie, Bruce. "<a href="http://www.kcstudio.com/rzewski2.html">Composer/Pianist Frederic Rzewski: A Conversation with Bruce Duffie</a>". Interview from January 19, 1995.</li> <li>Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with Frederic Rzewski". <a href="http://cec.concordia.ca/econtact/12_2/interviews_golden.html"><i>eContact! 12.2 – Interviews (2)</i></a> (April 2010). Montréal: <a href="/facts/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community/Cbk7zQ4R">CEC</a>.</li> <li>Hoffman, Joel. <a href="http://therumpus.net/2015/07/the-rumpus-interview-with-frederic-rzewski/">The Rumpus Interview with Frederic Rzewski</a>. <i>The Rumpus</i> (July 2015).</li> <li>Varela, Daniel. <a href="http://www.furious.com/perfect/rzewski.html">Interview with Frederic Rzewski</a>. <i>Perfect Sound Forever</i> (March 2003).</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Schell, Michael (April 19, 2018). "Frederic Rzewski at 80: Directions Inevitable or Otherwise". Second Inversion. Retrieved April 19, 2018. <a href="https://www.secondinversion.org/2018/04/19/frederic-rzewski-at-80-directions-inevitable-or-otherwise/" target="_blank">https://www.secondinversion.org/2018/04/19/frederic-rzewski-at-80-directions-inevitable-or-otherwise/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Swed, Mark (July 15, 2020). "Listen to Rzewski's 'People United' and hear protest music that stirs the soul". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-07-15/how-to-listen-frederic-rzewski-people-united-will-never-be-defeated" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-07-15/how-to-listen-frederic-rzewski-people-united-will-never-be-defeated</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Schell, Michael (April 19, 2018). "Frederic Rzewski at 80: Directions Inevitable or Otherwise". Second Inversion. 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