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Sunda megathrust
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<h2 id="tectonic-setting">Tectonic setting</h2> <p>The subducting plate consists of two protoplates, the <a href="/facts/Indian_plate/Apeb9LNF">Indian plate</a> and <a href="/facts/Australian_plate/H5M0HFt5">Australian plate</a>. Similarly, the overriding plate consists of two microplates, the <a href="/facts/Sunda_plate/ETfUFsTS">Sunda</a> and <a href="/facts/Burma_plate/2xVPfhKt">Burma</a> plates. The relative motion of the subducting and overriding plates varies slightly along strike due to these complexities but is always strongly oblique. The strike-slip component of the oblique convergence is accommodated by displacement on the <a href="/facts/Great_Sumatran_fault/kQv8Ac6f">Great Sumatran fault</a>, while the dip-slip component is taken up by the Sunda megathrust. </p> <h2 id="megathrust-geometry">Megathrust geometry</h2> <p>The Sunda megathrust is curviplanar, forming an arc in map view and, at least in Sumatra, increasing in dip from 5°-7° near the trench, then increasing gradually from 15°-20° beneath the <a href="/facts/Mentawai_Islands/obGxxWaA">Mentawai Islands</a> to about 30° below the coastline of Sumatra.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="earthquakes">Earthquakes</h2> <p>At this plate boundary, earthquakes occur along the Sunda megathrust and within both the subducting and overriding plates. The largest earthquakes are generated when the megathrust itself ruptures. Studies of both recent and <a href="/facts/Historical_earthquakes/klegVgzU">historical earthquakes</a> show that the megathrust is segmented.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The largest earthquakes occur on separate 'patches' along the megathrust surface (<a href="/facts/1797_Sumatra_earthquake/fJcQsD6a">1797</a>, <a href="/facts/1833_Sumatra_earthquake/B1bjqQQH">1833</a>, <a href="/facts/1861_Sumatra_earthquake/rDPqPNo6">1861</a>, <a href="/facts/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake/GpHsI7Wu">2004</a>, <a href="/facts/2005_Nias%25E2%2580%2593Simeulue_earthquake/l18dKaK9">2005</a> & <a href="/facts/September_2007_Sumatra_earthquake/A4onGeSF">2007</a>), with smaller events occurring at the boundaries between these patches (<a href="/facts/1935_Sumatra_earthquake/FrKGuX6t">1935</a>, <a href="/facts/1984_Northern_Sumatra_earthquake/fTc6DNFd">1984</a>, <a href="/facts/2000_Sumatra_earthquake/UHd89Kvc">2000</a> & <a href="/facts/2002_Sumatra_earthquake/PqJoYK3o">2002</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The rupture area of the 1861 event appears to be very similar to that for the 2005 event, suggesting that it can be regarded as a repeat event. The 2007 event is interpreted to be a partial failure of the rupture area of the 1833 event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The 2004 earthquake ruptured an enormous segment of the megathrust surface. Research into evidence for previous events of this size suggests that they are rare, with two candidate earlier events occurring soon after AD 1290–1400 and AD 780–990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The Java-Bali segment of the megathrust does not appear to be associated with great earthquakes, possibly due to mainly aseismic slip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-sunda-megathrust-earthquakes">List of Sunda megathrust earthquakes</h2> <p>This table lists Sunda Megathrust quakes with magnitudes of 7 or greater, or any known to have caused deaths. Historic records before 2004 are incomplete. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date/Time‡</th><th>Location</th><th>Coordinates</th><th>Fatalities</th><th><a href="/facts/Moment_magnitude_scale/jLCldUuF">Magnitude</a></th><th>Comments</th><th>Sources</th></tr><tr><td>1797-02-10</td><td>just north of <a href="/facts/Siberut/zMkwKbQ0">Siberut</a>, <a href="/facts/Mentawai_islands/obGxxWaA">Mentawai islands</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=1_S_99_E_">1°00′S 99°00′E / 1.0°S 99.0°E / -1.0; 99.0</a></td><td>300</td><td>8.4</td><td>See <a href="/facts/1797_Sumatra_earthquake/fJcQsD6a">1797 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1833-11-25</td><td>50 km NE of <a href="/facts/North_Pagai/BPlgl7Ax">North Pagai</a>, <a href="/facts/Mentawai_islands/obGxxWaA">Mentawai islands</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.5_S_100.5_E_">2°30′S 100°30′E / 2.5°S 100.5°E / -2.5; 100.5</a></td><td>"numerous victims"</td><td>8.8–9.2 Mw</td><td>See <a href="/facts/1833_Sumatra_earthquake/B1bjqQQH">1833 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1843-10-05</td><td><a href="/facts/Nias/ygdN6qUa">Nias</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=1.5_N_98_E_">1°30′N 98°00′E / 1.5°N 98.0°E / 1.5; 98.0</a></td><td>"many killed"</td><td>≥7.8 Mw</td><td>Caused a devastating tsunami. Maximum intensity XI (<i>Extreme</i>). See <a href="/facts/1843_Nias_earthquake/zKBntJt8">1843 Nias earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1861-02-16</td><td><a href="/facts/Nias/ygdN6qUa">Nias</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=1_N_97.5_E_">1°00′N 97°30′E / 1.0°N 97.5°E / 1.0; 97.5</a></td><td>905</td><td>8.5</td><td>Caused major tsunami. See <a href="/facts/1861_Sumatra_earthquake/rDPqPNo6">1861 Sumatra earthquake</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1907-01-04 05:19</td><td>just west of <a href="/facts/Simeulue/IagGf2Xk">Simeulue</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.5_N_95.5_E_">2°30′N 95°30′E / 2.5°N 95.5°E / 2.5; 95.5</a></td><td>2,188</td><td>8.2–8.4</td><td><a href="/facts/Tsunami_earthquake/TmNqon9M">Tsunami earthquake</a> that caused a tsunami that devastated Simeulue and Nias, see <a href="/facts/1907_Sumatra_earthquake/w6GojQQc">1907 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1935-12-28 02:35</td><td>just west of the <a href="/facts/Batu_Islands/jj2q3baN">Batu Islands</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=0_N_98.2_E_">0°00′N 98°12′E / 0.0°N 98.2°E / 0.0; 98.2</a></td><td></td><td>7.7</td><td>See <a href="/facts/1935_Sumatra_earthquake/FrKGuX6t">1935 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>1984-11-17 06:49</td><td>Between Nias and the Batu Islands</td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=0.2_N_98.03_E_">0°12′N 98°02′E / 0.20°N 98.03°E / 0.20; 98.03</a></td><td></td><td>7.2</td><td>See <a href="/facts/1984_Northern_Sumatra_earthquake/fTc6DNFd">1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2000-06-04 16:28</td><td>70 km NNW of <a href="/facts/Enggano_Island/p36LBDsk">Enggano Island</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=4.72_S_102.09_E_">4°43′S 102°05′E / 4.72°S 102.09°E / -4.72; 102.09</a></td><td>103–141</td><td>7.9</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2000_Sumatra_earthquake/UHd89Kvc">2000 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2002-11-02 01:26</td><td>8 km north of <a href="/facts/Simeulue_Regency/SUdLJL5M">Simeulue Regency</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.82_N_96.09_E_">2°49′N 96°05′E / 2.82°N 96.09°E / 2.82; 96.09</a></td><td>3</td><td>7.4</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2002_Sumatra_earthquake/PqJoYK3o">2002 Sumatra earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2004-12-26 00:58</td><td>50 km north of <a href="/facts/Simeulue_Regency/SUdLJL5M">Simeulue Regency</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=3.3_N_95.87_E_">3°18′N 95°52′E / 3.30°N 95.87°E / 3.30; 95.87</a></td><td>227,898</td><td>9.2–9.3 Mw</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake/GpHsI7Wu">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2005-03-28 16:09</td><td>Bangkaru, <a href="/facts/Banyak_Islands/56QX9wVH">Banyak Islands</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.08_N_97.11_E_">2°05′N 97°07′E / 2.08°N 97.11°E / 2.08; 97.11</a></td><td>1,303</td><td>8.6 Mw (HRV)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2005_Nias%25E2%2580%2593Simeulue_earthquake/l18dKaK9">2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2007-09-12 11:10</td><td>125 km SW of <a href="/facts/Bengkulu/ko4SAoR2">Bengkulu</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=4.517_S_101.382_E_">4°31′01″S 101°22′55″E / 4.517°S 101.382°E / -4.517; 101.382</a></td><td>25</td><td>8.4 Mw (HRV)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2007_Bengkulu_earthquakes/A4onGeSF">2007 Bengkulu earthquakes</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2007-09-12 23:49:04 UTC</td><td>205 km NW of <a href="/facts/Bengkulu/ko4SAoR2">Bengkulu</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.506_S_100.906_E_">2°30′22″S 100°54′22″E / 2.506°S 100.906°E / -2.506; 100.906</a></td><td>-</td><td>7.9 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2007_Bengkulu_earthquakes/A4onGeSF">2007 Bengkulu earthquakes</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2007-09-13 03:35:26 UTC</td><td>165 km SSW of <a href="/facts/Padang/3KamynUX">Padang</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.16_S_99.851_E_">2°09′36″S 99°51′04″E / 2.160°S 99.851°E / -2.160; 99.851</a></td><td>-</td><td>7.0 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2007_Bengkulu_earthquakes/A4onGeSF">2007 Bengkulu earthquakes</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2008-02-20 08:36:35 UTC</td><td>310 km SSE of <a href="/facts/Banda_Aceh/h9FeU9wj">Banda Aceh</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.778_N_95.978_E_">2°46′41″N 95°58′41″E / 2.778°N 95.978°E / 2.778; 95.978</a></td><td>3</td><td>7.4 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2008_Simeulue_earthquake/2fa4TRI1">2008 Simeulue earthquake</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2008-02-25 08:36:35 UTC</td><td>160 km SSW of <a href="/facts/Padang/3KamynUX">Padang</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.352_S_100.018_E_">2°21′07″S 100°01′05″E / 2.352°S 100.018°E / -2.352; 100.018</a></td><td></td><td>7.2 Mw (USGS)</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2009-09-30 10:16:10</td><td>45 km WNW of <a href="/facts/Padang/3KamynUX">Padang</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=0.725_N_99.856_E_">0°43′30″N 99°51′22″E / 0.725°N 99.856°E / 0.725; 99.856</a></td><td>6,234</td><td>7.6 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes/u4VofIpf">2009 Sumatra earthquakes</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2010-04-06 22:15:02 UTC</td><td>215 km SW of <a href="/facts/Medan/H97MoB2C">Medan</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=2.36_N_97.132_E_">2°21′36″N 97°07′55″E / 2.360°N 97.132°E / 2.360; 97.132</a></td><td>62 injuries</td><td>7.8 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2010_Banyak_Islands_earthquake/PWRU6nNR">2010 Banyak Islands earthquake</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2010-05-09 05:59:42 UTC</td><td>215 km SSE of <a href="/facts/Banda_Aceh/h9FeU9wj">Banda Aceh</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=3.747_N_96.013_E_">3°44′49″N 96°00′47″E / 3.747°N 96.013°E / 3.747; 96.013</a></td><td>-</td><td>7.2 Mw (USGS)</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2010-10-25 14:42:22 UTC</td><td>240 km W of <a href="/facts/Bengkulu/ko4SAoR2">Bengkulu</a></td><td><a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunda_megathrust¶ms=3.464_S_100.084_E_">3°27′50″S 100°05′02″E / 3.464°S 100.084°E / -3.464; 100.084</a></td><td>435 & 100 <a href="/facts/Declared_death_in_absentia/ymkPxgMN">missing</a></td><td>7.7 Mw (USGS)</td><td>See <a href="/facts/2010_Mentawai_earthquake_and_tsunami/XD8ySJT8">2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sieh, Kerry (March 2007). "The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 01 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Chlieh, M.; Avouac J.P.; Sieh K.; Natawidjaja D.H.; Galetzka J. (2008). "Heterogeneous coupling of the Sumatran megathrust constrained by geodetic and paleogeodetic measurements" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 113 (B05305): B05305. Bibcode:2008JGRB..113.5305C. doi:10.1029/2007jb004981. Retrieved 2009-11-05. <a href="/wiki/Danny_Hilman_Natawidjaja" target="_blank">/wiki/Danny_Hilman_Natawidjaja</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sieh, Kerry (March 2007). "The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 01 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sieh, Kerry (March 2007). "The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 01 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sieh, Kerry (March 2007). "The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 01 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Monecke, K.; Finger W.; Klarer D.; Kongko W.; McAdoo B.G.; Moore A.L.; Sudrajat S.U. (2008). "A 1,000-year sediment record of tsunami recurrence in northern Sumatra". Nature. 455 (7217): 1232–1234. Bibcode:2008Natur.455.1232M. doi:10.1038/nature07374. S2CID 4420620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Newcomb, K.R.; McCann W.R. (1987). "Seismic history and seismotectonics of the Sunda Arc" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 92 (B1): 421–439. Bibcode:1987JGR....92..421N. doi:10.1029/JB092iB01p00421. Retrieved 2009-11-06. <a href="ftp://ftp.gps.caltech.edu/pub/avouac/Ge277-2007-fall/Newcomb_JGR1987.pdf" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.gps.caltech.edu/pub/avouac/Ge277-2007-fall/Newcomb_JGR1987.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kalashnikova Tamara. "Destructive historical tsunamis at the western coast of Sumatra, Tsunami Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics Siberian Division Russian Academy of Sciences". Tsun.sscc.ru. Retrieved 2010-10-26. <a href="http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226tsun.htm" target="_blank">http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226tsun.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kerry Sieh* (2006-08-15). "Sieh, K. 2006. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 364 no. 1845 1947–1963". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6737. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. PMID 16844643. S2CID 8562675. <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Sieh" target="_blank">/wiki/Kerry_Sieh</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia". Drgeorgepc.com. Retrieved 2010-10-26. <a href="http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1833Indonesia.html" target="_blank">http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1833Indonesia.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kalashnikova Tamara. "Destructive historical tsunamis at the western coast of Sumatra, Tsunami Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics Siberian Division Russian Academy of Sciences". Tsun.sscc.ru. 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