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Galatas Palace
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<h2 id="archaeology">Archaeology</h2> Minoan chronology<table><tbody><tr><th>Timespan</th><th colspan="2">Period</th></tr><tr><td>3100–2650 BC</td><td>EM I</td><td rowspan="4">Prepalatial</td></tr><tr><td>2650–2200 BC</td><td>EM II</td></tr><tr><td>2200–2100 BC</td><td>EM III</td></tr><tr><td>2100–1925 BC</td><td>MM IA</td></tr><tr><td>1925–1875 BC</td><td>MM IB</td><td rowspan="2">Protopalatial</td></tr><tr><td>1875–1750 BC</td><td>MM II</td></tr><tr><td>1750–1700 BC</td><td>MM III</td><td rowspan="3">Neopalatial</td></tr><tr><td>1700–1625 BC</td><td>LM IA</td></tr><tr><td>1625–1470 BC</td><td>LM IB</td></tr><tr><td>1470–1420 BC</td><td>LM II</td><td rowspan="4">Postpalatial</td></tr><tr><td>1420–1330 BC</td><td>LM IIIA</td></tr><tr><td>1330–1200 BC</td><td>LM IIIB</td></tr><tr><td>1200–1075 BC</td><td>LM IIIC</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The site has been covered by two archaeological surveys. The first in the 1980s led by Nikos Panagiotakis, covered a very wide area (about 800 square kilometers) using an interview based system common at that time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The second between 2005 and 2007, led by L. Vance Watrous, was more narrowly focused (79 square kilometers) and used a field walking approach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Galatas was discovered in 1992 when illegal excavations revealed the existence of several buildings associated with the Minoans. The site, located at Galatas Kephala, some 30 km south of Heraklion, and near the modern village of Galatas, was excavated under the guidance of archaeologist Dr. George Rethemiotakis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> By 1997, he announced that a new Minoan palace had been discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Excavation of the 4000 square meter palace has unearthed a large, paved central courtyard oriented north and south, that measured 16 meters by 32 meters. This is a typical feature of other Crete palatial sites (i. e., <a href="/facts/Knossos/VFqh97kQ">Knossos</a>, <a href="/facts/Phaistos/WsrH2rFm">Phaistos</a>, <a href="/facts/Malia_(archaeological_site)/nkNY3nxr">Malia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zakros/yYHcN85W">Zakros</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> They found remnants of a four-wing building that once surrounded the central court, also reminiscent of other Minoan palatial sites. Another unique feature of this Minoan center was a huge hearth measuring 3 meters by 1.5 meters, the first discovered on Crete. Two other hearths intended for feasting were also discovered, along with numerous Minoan ceramic finds, indicating large feasting events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Work has also occurred on the settlement area associated with the palace. In 2007 a single-room shrine with goddess figure was found in Building 6, a large mansion southwest of the palace. The building had two occupation layers dated MM IIIA and LM 1A-B and included a <a href="/facts/Lustral_basin/mhSEUKdG">Lustral basin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Remains of the earlier Protopalatial settlement, destroyed in the area of the Neopalatial palace, cover a sizable area outside of that palace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The site was occupied beginning in the Early Minoan I (EM I) (c. 3100–2650 BC) period based on pottery traces. In the Protopalatial MM IB (c. 1925–1875 BC) period a settlement arose in the northern area. At the beginning of the Neopalatial Early MM IIIA period (c. 1750 BC) a palace was constructed after leveling the MM IB buildings in that area. The Protopalatial remains were used as fill. By the end of the Late Minoan IB the palace had been abandoned and then destroyed by conflagration though occupation continued in the associated settlement. This occupation continued until the LM III A2-B period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Minoan_pottery/R64MvA25">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minoan_chronology/Yl1F1t1A">Minoan chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minoan_art/QrPj8qkJ">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minoan_religion/3tKmhXyI">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minoan_eruption/q3MdFWcf">Minoan eruption</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Buell, D. Matthew, "The rise of a Minoan city and the (re) structuring of its hinterlands: A view from Galatas", Making Ancient Cities: Space and Place in Early Urban Societies, pp. 257-291, 2014</li> <li>Hamilakis, Yannis, "A footnote on the archaeology of power: animal bones from a Mycenaean chamber tomb at Galatas, NE Peloponnese", Annual of the British School at Athens 91, pp. 153-166, 1996</li> <li>McEnroe, John C., "Comparing the Neopalatial Palaces", Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age, New York, USA: University of Texas Press, pp. 81-92, 2010</li> <li>Rethemiotakis, Giorgos, "God Save Our Home: The Case of the Horns of Consecration from Galatas", Philistor. Studies in honor of Costis Davaras, hrsg. v. Eleni Mantzourani, Philip P. Betancourt (Prehistory Monographs 36), 2012</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rethemiotakis, Giorgos, and Kostis Christakis, "The Middle Minoan III Period at Galatas: Pottery and Historical Implications", British School at Athens Studies, vol. 21, pp. 93–105, 2013 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Marinatos, N., "Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1993 ISBN 0-87249-744-5 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Panagiotakis, N., "L’évolution archéologique de la Pédiada (Crète centrale): Premier bilan d’une prospection. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, 127(2), pp. 327–430, 2003 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Watrous, L. V., Buell, D. M., Kokinou, E., Soupios, P., Sarris, A., Beckmann, S., Rethemiotakis, G., Turner, L. A., Gallimore, S., & Hammond, M. D., "The Galatas survey: The socioeconomic and political development of a contested territory in central crete during the Neolithic to Ottoman periods", INSTAP Academic Press, 2017 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rethemiotakis, Giorgos, "Evidence on social and economic changes at Galatas and Pediada in the New-Palace period", Monuments, pp. 55-69, 2002. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rethemiotakis, Giorgos, "The hearths of the Minoan palace at Galatas", Meletemata, pp. 720-727, 1996 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rethemiotakis, Giorgos, "Social rank and political power. The evidence from the Minoan Palace at Galatas", in Elit en in Der Bronzezeit. Monographien des Rômisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 43. Mainz, pp. 9-26, 1999 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Shaw, Joseph W., "Setting in the palaces of Minoan Crete: a review of how and when", in Cretan Offerings: Studies in honour of Peter Warren, vol. 18, British School at Athens Studies, pp. 303-314, 2010 ISBN 978-0904887624 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>[1]Carignano, Micaela, "Reconstructing Minoan Dining Practice and Sociopolitical Organization in Neopalatial Households and Palaces" Cornell University, Dissertation, 2018 <a href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/59354/Carignano_cornellgrad_0058F_10805.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/59354/Carignano_cornellgrad_0058F_10805.pdf?sequence=1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rethemiotakis, Georgios, "A Shrine-Model from Galatas", in Cretan Offerings. Studies in Honour of Peter Warren, edited by Olga Krzyszkowska, BSA Studies 18, London: The British School at Athens, pp. 293–302, 2010 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Rethemiotakis, G. & Christakis, K. S., "Landscapes of power in Protopalatial Crete: new evidence from Galatas, Pediada", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 53, pp. 195–218, 2011 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Christakis, Kostis S., and Giorgos Rethemiotakis, "Identifying Household Activities: The Case of House 2 at Galatas Pediada", Hesperia Supplements, vol. 44, pp. 177–84, 2011 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Rethemiotakis, G. & Christakis, K. S., "Landscapes of power in Protopalatial Crete: new evidence from Galatas, Pediada", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 53, pp. 195–218, 2011 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>